IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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FhotogFaphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STMH 

WiBSTIR,N.Y.  U5M 

(716)t73-4S03 


•■«:s.!. 


y.<^ 


^A 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVl/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historicai  IMicroreproductions  /  institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiquet 


T«chnical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notas  tacliniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction.  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 


n 

n 


Coiourad  covars/ 
Couvertura  da  coulaur 


I      I    Covars  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagAa 


Covars  restored  jnd/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurAe  et/ou  pelliculte 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


G    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  iiure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaisaant  dans  la  texte, 
mais,  lorsqua  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t4  filmAaa. 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  At*  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  Lea  ditails 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  aont  paut-*tra  uniquaa  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifier 
una  image  raproduite.  ou  qui  pauvent  axiger  una 
modification  dana  la  m*thoda  normals  de  filmage 
aont  indiquAa  ci-dessous. 


r~~1   Coiourad  pages/ 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagaa  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag*es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur*es  et/ou  pellicul*es 

Pages  diacolourad,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  d*color*es.  tachet*es  ou  piqu*es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 

Showthrough/ 
,  Tranaparance 

Quality  of  prin 

Qualit*  in*gaia  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  material  suppl*mentaire 


r~l  Pagaa  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~y|  Pages  diacolourad,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r77  Showthrough/ 

I      j  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refMmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Las  pages  totalement  ou  partieliement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  una  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  *t*  film*es  *  nouveau  de  faqon  A 
obtenir  la  mailleure  image  possible. 


d 

e 
b 
rl 
ri 
n 


H 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  suppl*mentaires: 


Pagsi  389-392  ara  miNing. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  chackad  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  r*duction  indiqu*  ci-deaaous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


J 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


r« 

l«tails 
M  du 
nodifiar 
n  una 
ilmage 


)S 


Tha  copy  filmad  hara  haa  baan  raproduoad  thanka 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

Stminary  of  Qutbtc 
Library 

Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
posaibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
Cilming  contract  apacif  icationa. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illu3tratad  impraa* 
•ion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
aion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  impraaaion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  aymboi  ^-^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  aymbol  y  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appliaa. 

IMapa,  plataa,  charta,  ate,  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thoaa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axpoaura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornar,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framaa  aa 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrama  illustrata  tha 
mathod: 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  i  la 
ginArosit*  da: 

S4minairt  d«  Qu4b«c 
BiMiothAqiM 

Laa  imagaa  suivantaa  ont  4tA  raproduitas  avac  la 
plua  grand  aoin,  eompta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nanat*  da  l'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
conformity  avac  laa  conditiona  du  contrat  da 
f  ilmaga. 

Laa  axampiairas  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  ImprimAa  sont  filmAs  mti  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  mn  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  aalon  la  caa.  Tous  laa  autras  axampiairas 
originaux  aont  filmia  an  commandant  par  la 
pramlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  daa  symbolas  sulvants  apparaltra  sur  la 
darniAra  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
caa:  la  symbols  ~»>  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  y  aignifia  "FIN". 

Laa  cartaa.  planchaa.  tablaaux,  etc..  pauvant  Atra 
filmte  A  daa  taux  da  reduction  difftrants. 
Loraqua  la  document  ast  trop  grand  pour  itra 
raproduit  mn  un  saul  cliche.  11  ast  film*  A  partir 
da  I'angla  aupAriaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  i  droite. 
at  da  haut  9n  baa.  ^n  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagaa  nAcassaira.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illuatrant  la  mAthoda. 


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^^  dipf  fffvofare  ^«|  their  o:ii»  sats^om'^ft 

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tor  i^tr)^  Ib^  liif^ttffta^  i^liainod  i^  itui#Mki*  ^- 


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the  fo^  find  one  of  the  fixed  ftart.  The  fif 
comet^Vii  'very  different,  dome  of  them 
«n  all  fides  like  haik-»^imd  are  caHed  hairf  cometsi 
ers  have  a  long  €efry  tranfparent  taOi  |»^aill|'^6m 
the  part  which  i«  ^ppofite  to  the  fiui.  Their  iiiagni« 
tudes  alfo  are  difii^ent.  Some  appear  no  hiraer  tW 
fla/s'cif  ^  firft' magnitude;  others  larger  than  tfat  moon. 

They  move  about  the  fun,  in  very  eccentric  ellipreti 
-and  mre  of  much  greater  dehfity  than  the  earth  f  for 
Tome  of  tliem  are  heated,  in  every  J)eriod,  to  fnch  a  de.^^ 
gree  as  ivould  vitrify  or  diflipate  any  fubftAoee  known  to    . 
us.    $ir  Ifaac  Newtoli  computed  the  heat  of  the  coii|et 
that  appeared  in  thie  year  l68o,.when  nweft^li^gi^ 
to  be  2,cb6  times  hotter  than  red  hot  iron  |  and  lm||||i^ 
ing  thtis)^ated*itmuft  retain  its  heat  liH  it  emnesrdM^ 
iigatn,  aithoHgh  its  period  (hould  be  more  ^lin  JQ»ooo 
years ;  and  It  it  computed  to  be  only  575.    The  noni- 
her  of  comets  helotiginf  to  oiiriyftem  is  ttnknown*  -^ 

Cf  tie  JixeJ  Start.}    The  iblar  fjftem  is  furrouudedl 
with  the  fixed  ftars )  fo  called,  bleanfe  they  at  all  timet 
preicrVe  the  fame;  fituatioii  in  regard  to  elKfa  «ther* 
Thef^  ftarsjU^hett^Newed  with  thel>eftteleico(«s  appear  : 
no  Ergerthii||poinC6/which  proves  that  they«i%at^ai;. 
imiMenfe  diftavice  ftofti  us.    Although  their  dHl^iee  ia'  • 
not  certainly  kniJwni  yet  it  b  the  {psnoal  opimon'^af^'' 
trohomers,  th>t  they  kre  at  leaft  ,100,000  tiaHev  fitfthcr 
,  fronf  us  than  we  are  from  the%n ;  ^nd  thai  oinr  Am 
viewied  from  a  $xed#tf^ wimUt  appeat*  tto  h\ 
a  iUtr  doertoiis.    A  jfeund  would  not  liiiii; 
rim*  or  the  dog  ftar»  w^hit  neamr  to 
9^y  ^  ^^  ^1^  ftars,  hi  |3Q,ooo  fears* 
ftying  at  tlie  tatef  (^48aiii|es«n  hour»  would 
^s  in  4^468^000  yftam^I  lig^tw  whi«^  i«  ^ 
from  one  body  tomnother  almoft  hifta^ 
up|iiitr##iie  ia  piifling&Mn'the^Kd  tot  to 
till^iiyb  .m  tiikmg  a  wopfg^  nhnti  tbe  « 


^i| 


^4 


INTRODUCTiaK. 


««botit  three  yeatt  und  one  month ;  fo  that  if  all  the  tic- 
jtd  ftari  were  now  Arock  ont  of  ^liftence*  they  would 
appear  to  ai  to  keep  their  Aatloni  fipr  thatfpace  of  time 
to  come.  It  is  impoffible,  thereftip^  that  ihey  fliould 
borrow  their  Kght  from  the  fiin^  ai  4o  the  planets. 

Aftronoffl^rs  reckon  the  number  of  ftart  at  a843>  of 
which  to  are  of  the  Jrfii  6$  of  the  fic^nJ,  ^05  of  the 
thirJt  485  of  the  Jbm'ib,  648  of  the  0ht  and  1420  of  the 
Jxth  magnitude.  Thefe  (tars  are  divided  into  80  con- 
ftellations;  la  of  which  are  in  the  zodiac,  36  in  the 
northern,  and  3a  in  the  ibuthem  hemifphere.  'They  are 
diftinguiihed  from  the  planets  by  their  twinkling. 

To  confider  thefe  ftars  as  deiigned  merely  to  oecorate 
the  (ky,  and  form  a  rich  and  beautiful  canopy  for  this 
earth,  would  derogate  from  the  wifdom  of  the  Creator. 
Aftronomers  therefore,  with  much  reafon,'Jiave  confid- 
ered  the  fixed  ftars  as  fo  i^any  funs«  attended  with  a 
number  of  revolving  planets,  which  they  illuminate, 
^a^lrai  and  cherifh.  If  .this  be  true,  there  are  as  many 
i^^||bis  as  there  are  §xed  ftars.  Thefe  may  alfo  Tevolve 
roimd  one  common  centre,  forming  one  immenibffftem 
of  fyftems.  All  thefe  fyftems,  we  may  conceive,  are 
£lled  with  inhabitants  fviited  to  their  refpeAive  climes ; 
and  are  fo  many,  theatres,  on  which  the  great  Creator 
aiid  Governor  of  the  Univerfe  difplays  his  infinite  pow- 
ei*,  wifdom  and  eoo'dnefs.  Such  a  view  of  the  ftarry 
heavens  muft  fill  the  mind  of  every  contemplative  be- 
holder with  fuhlime,  magnificent  and  glorious  ideas  of 
•the  Creator. 


Of  the  EARTHS 


y : 


The  Earthy  though  called  H  globe,  is  not  perfe^y 
Inch ;  ijts'diameterfromeaft  to  weft,is  34  miles  longer 
than  ^t  from  nor'Ji  to  foiith.  The  dtan^ter  of  the 
.earth's  prfit  is  about  i88,d|§;<p^94S  miles,  and  its  circum- 
fierence  560,622,477  milea^  Its  hourly '^lotion  in  lU 
orbit  it  67,376  milesy  whidi  i>  140  times  peatec  thak^ 
rthat  of  a  cannon  ball,  which  mov«»  ^^i  S^ii|^  in  a 
sataute,  tad  would  be  as  years  I24  mliiiljikfiriaoui's 
#f^  ^om  this  earth  to  the  fui. 


liilU'i 


fHtRODUCTfON. 


♦y 


Hie  nri's  ^ike  the  reft  of  the  plancts»  h«s  two  mo- 
tious,  one  round  iu  azii»ihc  other  round  the  fun. 

Jt  is  S4»96o  milof  in  ctrc|iinfettace,  and  bjr  its  rota-- 
lion  on  its  axis  onclMa  24  hours  froih  weft  to  eaft»  cauf*' 
es  a  cdminoal  fuccSon  of  dar  and  night,  and  tn^ffar' 
Mt  motion  of  the  heavenly  bodtei  from  ea(l  to  weft*  Bf 
this  motion  on  its  axis  the  inhabitants,  who  live  on  the 
equator,  are-  catried  1645' miles  in  an  hour*  It  com- 
pletes its  revolution  round  the  fun  onec  in  a  year,  and* 
oecafions  the  difference  in  the  length  of  the  days  and 
nights,  and  the  ag.recable  variety 'in  the  feafohs. 

Notwithftandine  thd  reeminginequaltty  in  thediftit-- 
bution  of  light  and  darlcncfsf  it  is  certain,  that  through-< 
out  the  whole  Worldi  there  h  nearly  an  equal  proportion' 
of  light  diffufed  on  every  part,  abftraded  from  what  is 
abforbed  by  clotids,  vapours,  and  the  ainiofphcre  itfelf.- 
"f  he  equatorial  regions  have  indeed  the  moft  intenfe  light' 
during  the  day,  biit  the  niglns  are  long  and  dark  ;  while 
on  the  other  hand,  in  tl^iiortherly  and  foutherly  parts,' 
though  the  fun  fliinel  leis  powerfully,  yet  the  leogjli  of 
time  Uiat  he  appears  above  the  horizon,  witk  the  great* 
et  diiration  of  t^41i^ht>  makes  up  for  the  feemin^  de*' 
fietency.  ,  ^ 

That  the  earth,  or  plincf  Whichwe  ihhiabit,  is  round,  . 
if  evident :  Fir/l,  from  the  confideration  that  this  Ihape' 
is  beft  adapted  to  motion.  Seeondfy,  froni  the  appearance 
af  its  ihadow  in  eclipfes  of  the  moOn,  which  is  always' 
bounded  by  a  circular  line.  Thirdfy,  ftom  anaIogy>$  all^ 
the  other  planets  being  globular  j  and  Fotuiify,  uond  its*: 
Uavihg  been  many  times  circumnavigated.*' 

•   -    •     As' 

*'  MageHdH  (ajlVd'frcNii  Sevliie  in  Spaia,  under  the  aufpice»  of 
Charlcf  V.  loth  Of  Aueuft|j^i9,  and  ^avtog  dUcoVered  the  1S/1\- 
gcHaiiic  Stratto  in  Sottfh  itSerica^  he  crafii4  the  Pacific  Oeeto, 
and  arrived  at  the  I%tUippfQeiilanda»whdt;^  wa»  poi%Dcdi.r 
Hit  ihip  returned  by  way  of  the  Cafrof  Qc^  Ho{n^  SM»  ol 
Sept.  f5»a. 

Sf^  Frantis  BraJ^  failed  fr<]iM|^outh,'  i^thXtecemWery  i577  : 
entered  the  Pacific  Oce«B.  ai^^Meerlng  round  America,  rettirued 
November  5,  15  8a  He  .was  a  man  of  great  generofi^.  The 
booty  >[vhich  he 'took,  and  even  the  wedges  of  gold  gjlSg  biiuiA 
return  for'hii  pre£ait$  to  Indian  Chiefs,  he  divided  in j tm|»ropor<> 
tional  (hares  with  the  codnnoa  (aikMrt. 


#' 


I# 


INTRODUCTIOK. 


Af  ntny  And  it  dUBcolt  to  conccWe  how  peepl^  can 
Hand  OA  tbc  oppofitc  ftdc  ei^fhe  clobt  without  UWwv 
•iff,  their  coDccptinn  amy  bi  aftfttd  by  Aippofiop  all 
tfiff  variotti  bodiit  on  the  taifhl  Tifific*^  were  of  iron,, 
and  a  very  large nwgnet wci e  plaaaom  the  central  then 
all  bodies  betoff  a^traAed  towardi  the  centre  by  the  mag. 
net,  they  ooula  not  fall  of*  which  way  Co  ever  the  earth 
ihoold  tai  n.  Nbw  the  attraftion  of  gravitatto*  eperatei 
on  sU  bodies  at  that  of  magnetifm  does  oniron  m^a 

It  is  now  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  we  nom 
think  we  are  (landing  upright  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
eaith.  We  fliall  think  the  fiinie  at  ten  o'clock  this  eve- 
ning, when  the  earth  (ball  have  turned  hulf  toiind,  be> 
caufe  we  fball  then  perceive  no  difference  of  pofture. 
We  (hall  dien  be  exaAly  in  the  pofition  of  thofe  petfoni 
who  now  ftand  on  the  oppofite  fide  of  the  eat  th.  Since 
they  are  as  Arongly  attradled  towards  the  centre  of  the. 
earth  as  we  are*  uey  can  be  in  no  more  danger  of  falling- 
downward*  than  we  are  at  present  of  falling,  upwards 

DOCTRINE 

'    fimtt  CtMnnM  (kited  from  Pfymouth  with  tiro  fmftll  (hipt  the 
tH  of  Aueuft,  1586 ;  pafled  through  the  Strait*  of  Mafellan )  took^ 
■kwy  rich  prises  alonfh,  the  coa(v  of  Chili  and  Peru ;  and  near* 
C^aUtornia  |M9ffeflcd  himfelf  of  the  St  i^n,  an  Acapuleo  flUp,  with, 
a  cargo  of  iininmi(c  valuer    He  completed  the  ciwnduugr^ation  < 
M  the  globe  the  9^  of  Scptcnibcr,  1 588. 
.  Between  the  yean  I5981,  and  x6x6^  OUmtr  dr  Nfi  of  UtrevhtfL. 
JsmuMaivt  Gmft  SpiUtnitrger^  a  Flemiiig,  H^iUiim  8ti0iiUmt%<_ 
ifoikindcr,  and  fimtitit  Utrmit,  (aeceOktdj  (ailed  round  the. 
^obe. 

Lti^nfoK  (ailed  in  September,  1.740;  doubled.  Cape  Horn  in. 
a  dangerou<  fcafon  \  loft  moft  of  hit  men  by.  the  fcurry,  and  with 
only  one  remaining  {hip,  the  Centurion,  croffed  the  Great  Pacifie 
Ocean,  which  is  10,000  miles  over ;  XtKlk  a  Spanidi  galieon  on 
her  paflage  from  Aeapidce  to  Manilla^  and  retumed  home  in 

Juw,i744*  -      'Ijft. 

i^rm,  BtHg^imilht*  Frenehnbpi,  ^ffWrn^HStACattrHt  fiicceiBVely 
drcihnnavigated  the  globe,  between  the  yeies  1764  and  X769.. 

fl*ftmm  CmV  in  the  (hip  Endeavour,  failed  from  Plymouth  thd 
%Mx  of  Auguft,  1768,  and,  after  a  moft  fatisfaaoTy  voyage, return- 
ed the  xsth  of  June  X77t*  fUmjIuot  txa,  a  fccondvojf^ge,  the< 
.  S4thof  February,  i7;6s  madeiHiy  import&nt  difcoveries,  and  ^ 
Was  hilled  on  th«  ifla^d  of  Owh^iee  by  the  natives^  the  14th  or 
February^  17  7  9.  !&  (hips,  under  the  cottmvid  of  Capuin/Clark^ 
returned^  i6th  of  Odober,  1780. 

4ince  tiii  time,  i^aoy  others  f^om  Atbcrkt,  ai  weUai^  Eatop *| 
niv«niadB  voyages  round  the  world. 


mTROBUCTION. 


t? 


DOCTRINE  i>f  the  SPHERE. 

DijSmfimi  Md  PHmhli/i  A,  SPHEKlk,  with  aftroi*. 
•merstji  the  wl^i^  name  of  the  worldi  ••  being  of  » 
globular  figure.    *^ 

In^  gco^aphy,  the  circkf  yMeh  the  fiiii  apparentlf 
deicribei  la  the  heavent,  are  fuppofed  to  be  extended  as 
far  at  the  earth,  and  marked  on  its  furface.  We  may 
imaeine  as  many  eircles  as  we  pleaft  to  be  defcribed 
on  the  earth,  and  their  planes  to  be  eitended  to  the  ce- 
leftial  fphere,  till  thef  make .  concentric  ones  on  the 
heavens..  Each  circle  is-  divided  into  360  equal-  parts, 
called  degrees  ;  each  degree  is  divided  into  60  feconds. 
The  circles  fuppofed  by  geographers  to  be  defcribed  in 
this  manner,  are  denominated  gredi  and  iefi  circles. 

Creat  Circle*  are  thofe  which  divide  either  the  celefl 
Ual  or  terredrial  fphere  into  two  equal  parts.  Of  thefe 
lliere  are  fix — the  Equator,  the  Meridian,  the  Eclip/ic, 
the  Horizon,  and  the^  two  Col  arcs. 

.  Lef*  Ctrdii  are  tbofe  which  divide  the  fphere  into  two 
unequal  parts  ;  of  which  there  are  four,  the  two  trapitt 
and  the  tw/>  poltur  cireUt^ 

jtxis  ami  Poles  of  the  EariL'}>    The  axu  of  the  eaitb 
is  an  imaginary  line  pailing  through  its  centre  from 
north  ur  fjuuttu   The  extreme  points  of  the  axis  are  cull*' ' 
tdflitfoies^  , 

^"^quatornj  The  equator  is  that  line  or  circle  which 
tocorapaHes  the  middle  of  the  earth,  dividing  the  north- 
ern half  from  the  fouthern.  This  h'ne  is  often  called 
the  equinoaio/t  becaufe  when  the  fun  appears  therein,  the 
day$  and  nights  are  eqiial  in  all  carts  of  the  worlds 
From  tliia  line  latitude  is  reckonedyr 

Meridian.J  This  drcle»  reprcilnted  on  the  artificiiJ 
j^lolie  by  a  brafs  ringii^aiEs  through  the  poles  of  uie 
earth,  and  t^iC  e»<ifi&  a^the  %i^r,  croifing  the  equator  at 
right  angles,  and  dividing  the  globe  into  eaftern  and  weft* 
ern  hemifpheres.  It  is  eaUed  neridiau  from  the  Latiii 
meridkst,ndd^<^  i  becaui^pihen  the  fun  c^mes  10  tltt 
^Uthp^rt  of  this  circle  it  is  called  noon,  and  the  day  is 
hall^ntw  /There  are  an  infinite  number  o|  mcridisuis, 
whiich  vary/as  you  travel  eaft  or  weft.  Ge^j^pheis  af- 
fftme^ne  of  the  meridians  for  the  firft  y  coihiiil^f  that 
which  pafles  through  the  nMtropoUs  of  their  ev^'liQUitry. 


'I 


li 


IKT&ODUCTIOK. 


'^h^ 


The  ncrMim  of  Pbilidtlphia^it  cIm  firft  for  Ameticani  ^ 
that  of  London  lor  tht  EngUilitind  Pluii  for  the  fttncb.y 

ZtSm.'}  If  two  drckt  wm  drawn  parallel  to  ^ 
eclipdcy  at  the  dlftanee  of  eMil  degrafi  oo  each  6dc^ 
if,  tlM  4i^>  ^  gi^lc  inekllMd  betwean  thefe  two  par- 
aUeltf  niteen  d^vcet  broad*  and  dhrided  in  the  middle 
br  the  ecliptic,  will  comprehend  within  it  the  orbits  of 
all  the  planets,  and  it  called  the  Zodiac^ 

Edifis,'\    The  tcifik  is  a  great  circle,  in  the  plane 
of  which  the  earth  performs  her  annual  reirolation  rooad 
the  fan,  or  in  which  the  fon  feems  to  move  rom\d  the 
earth  once  in,a  year.    X^is  circle    is  called  the  tct^e 
from  the  word  fcUffi^  becauft  no  eclipTc  of  ihe  fun  or 
noon  happens,  but  when  the  moon  is  in  or  near  the 
plane  of  &is  circle.    It  makes  an  angle  with  the  equa-. 
tor  of  23^  %%'  and  interfcAt  it  in  two  ffppofite  parts,, 
called  the  iqnkoSial  pmnft  i  becaufe,  when  the  fun  is  in. 
either  of  thefe  points,  he  has  no  declination,  and  (hines. 
aqually  to  both  poks,  and  the  day  is  then  equal  to  the 
night  all  over  the  world.     The  times  when  the  fun. 
piSfos  ibroiMPhtftefe  poinu»  are  the  20th  of  Mirch,  and' 
the  foth  of  September  \  the  fonner  is  called  th<.  wmalu 
the  latter  the  auhmuial  equinox* 

The  etMftie  is  divided  into  twelve  equal  parts,  o£« 
Ibirty  degreea  each,  called /i^r  Thefc  hcgin  at  the 
vernal  interfedton  of  the  ecliptic  with  the  equator,. and. 
are  nombered  from  weft  to  euft.  Thenamrs  and  char- 
fAers  of  the  ngns,  with  the  months  in  which  the  fun. 
Mtcrs  them,  are  as  follows ; 


Satin  names  tf 

\  Aries 

%  '*'auros 
jiUei^inl 

4  Cancer 

5  Leo 

6  Virgo 

2  Libra 
f:0T|?i6 
|i  Sagittaftus 
f  g  Capi^Ci^.'ntjhS 


F.i\%l\jb  nmtt. 
The  Ranv 
The  Bull 
The  Twins 
The  Ciab 
The  Lion 
The  Virgin 
The  Scaks 
The  Scorplcb 
The  Archer 
Th^  Goat 
The  W}j»?r  Bearer 
Tnc  FfS^s 


0Mra€' 
ten. 

» 

f     08 


U9tubt  in  v>kicb  ttt:. 
fun  einen  tktmm, 

March 

April. 

M^y 

June 
a    July 
iqt     Auguf:. 
^    September- 
ni    CXaober 
^     November 
y^;   December 
Sf'   January        > 
K     rebruary 


K 


'^  %l  fcw*'tjic  i?f#  city  of  WAMiNCTeN  ii  «6v  rcekgoed  tKft. 
M  ANiiM  for  the  AaericsA  Sufcsi 


fM- 


iimori^TKHr. 


Hm  irft  fii  w«  ailkd  mrtkmh.and  the  latter  >M»- 
$m  ficnt  I  kteM^k  tht  Jj^rsMr  puiftft  that  half  of  tht 
•dipcic  vhicli  Km  to  tiirttonliward  of:  the  etpunodol, 
aod  t^  -  Imer.  chat  half  which  lies  to  the  fouthward. 

■Uor4mm,y   TIk  ^i>t—ii»  r^^pfefcntcd  on  th«  ^rtifictal) 
globi*  bj  a  broad  woodau  circk,  Jifiiic»  it  iii''»  upper 
and  lower  heoBNiilphercs.      There  arc,  ipmraphkaUr 
feeaking,  two  horUons,.  the  Jii^^  and  tha  rwkmti^ 
The  ,^igiKM>  horboitt  ii  that  cirUe  which  limits  our  prt^C 
pe6r  wiiere  tha  Act  aod  the  land»  or  water,  appear  to 
meet    ThemlfiHM/or  real  horizon,  ia  a  circi  wk)! 
plane  j'A  « throvghtthe  centre,  of  the  earth,  dividing  ii 
irto  %,-r    .id  lower hemifpheres. 

Tilt  hor)«on  it  divided  into  four  quarters,  and  each 
i|ua.^.;>  into  M> degrees.  The  four  qoartering  points, 
vis.  ra{^  wed(  noiSi*  andrfouth,  arc  called  the  €otdv  W. 
/Mnfi.  The  poles  of^  the  horiion  are  the  lumik  and 
the  nadir.  The  former  is  the  point  dircQlf  orer  our 
heads  ;  the  latter  the  point  dire^y  under  our  feet.. 

£«Atfv/.]<  The  two  meridians  that>  pafs-^  through  the 
lour  abova  meh^ned*  poinM  haire  particular  names  ; 
that  which  pafle*  through  the  fit (l  degives  of  Aries  and- 
Libra  is  called  the  equinoOia/  Co&ire,  and.  that  which 
pafles  through' the  iirft  degrees  of  Cancer  and  Capri-*- 
corn  is  termed'  the  /olfiiiiaf  Co/uns..  Thei'e  Coliires  cut 
each  other  at  right  angles  in  the  poles  o^the  wqrld^ 

Tropics."]     The  iropks  are  two   circles  drawn  paral- 
le!  to  the  equator,  at  the^diftance  of  a^f  28'  on  each  fide 
of  it^    Thefe  cir<:les  form  the  limits  of  the  ecliptic,  or 
the  fun V  declination  from,  the  equatoK    That  which  is 
in  the  northern  hemifphere  is  called  tl^  tropic  of  Can- 
cer, becaufe  it  touches  the  ecliptic  in  the  Ago  Cancer  t^ 
and.  tliat  in  the  fouthem<  hemifphere  h  calfed  tiM  trop- 
ic of  Ct^ritern^.  becaufe  it  toudies^  the  ecliptic  intho 
hgn  Caprieorn.      Qki  the  afk-  of  JUne  the  fun  is  in 
€ancer«aAdwe  have  the  longed  daf.    On  the  art  ft  oC 
December  the  fuii  is  in  Ca^corn^  and  we  hare  the 
&orteft  daf.   They  are  called  troftiai  from  ^  Oreek 
word  TaB»o  to  ami,  becaufe  when  the  ^^ WPivay  at 
^em»  he  returns  90^  to  the  tquaton        '  f^i^' 

Pdlar  CW«.]    The   two  poUr  dnUf  s^'   '"  " 
toond  the  pales  of  the  i«f  th  at  the  diftam^i^#^* 


ao 


IMTRODUCTION. 


The  northern  is  called  the  jtrffic  cirde,  from  AfcStSi  Of 
the  bear,  a  conftellation  fitaated  near  that  place  in  the 
heavens  ;  the  fouthtnH  being  o^ofite  to  the  fanner,  is 
called  the  AniarSk  clrck.  The  polar  circles  bound  the 
places  where  the  fun  fet»  daily.  Beyond  them  the  fun 
revolves  without  fecting. 

Zcmul  The  furfacc  of  die  earth  it  Aippofed  to  be 
divided  into  five  uneq^ial  parts,  called  stMi^/,  each  of 
which  is  terminated  by  two  parallels  of  latitude.  Of 
thefe  frve  zones,  one  is  called  the  torr'td  or  burning 
zone  ;.  tw^  ire  ftyled/«^^  or  frozen  ;  and  two /m/frdAr  ^ 
names  inc^k.aiive  of  the  quality  of  the  heat  and  cold  to* 
which  their  fituatiotis  are  liable*  - 

The  torrid  zone  is  that  portion  of  the  earth  over  eve^ 
ry  part  of  which  the  fun  is  perpendicular  at  fome  time* 
of  the  year.     The  breadth  of  this  zone    i%  forty -/even' 
degrees  :  extending  from  twenty-three  degrees  and  a^ 
half  north  latitude,. to  twenty^three  degrees  and  a  half 
fbuth.     The  equator  paHes  through  the  middle  of  this 
s»one,  which  is  terminated  on  the  north  by  the  parallel 
of  latitude  called  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  and  on  th^  fouth 
by  the  parallel  called  the  tropic  ©f  Capricorn.     The* 
ancients  confidered  this  zone  as  uninhabitable,  on  ac- 
count of  tlie  heat  which  they  thought  too  great  to  be 
fuppoited  by  any  human  being,  or  even  by  the  vegeta- 
ble creation ;,  but  experience  has  long.fmce  refuted  this» 
notion. 

Many  parts  of  the  torrid  zone  are  remarkably  popui 
lous  ;  and  it  has  been  found  that  tlie  long  nights,  great 
dews,  regular  rains  and  breezes  which  prevail  in  aim  oft; 
every  part  of  the  ton  id  zone,  render  the  eartfi  not  only 
inhabiiable,  but  alfo  fo  fruitful,  that  two  harvefts  a« 
year  are  very  common.  All  forts  of  fpices  and  drugs 
arc  almoft  folcly  produced  there  ;  and  it  furniflies  more 
perfeifl  metals,  precious  Hones,  and  pearls,,  than  all  the 
reft  of  the  earth  together. 

The  frigid  zones  are  thofe  regions  round  the  pole 
where  the  fun  does  not  rife  for-  fome  days  in  the  winter, 
ror  fet  for  fome  days  in  the  fummer.  ITie  two  poles 
arc  tlie  centres  of  thefe  zones,  which  extend  from  thefe 
poidts  tatwcaty-three  degrees,  and  twenty-eight  minutes. 

The  northern  frigid,  zone  comprehends  Nova>2embla»^ 
Li^and,  part  of  Norway,  Baffin's  Bay,  part  of  Green* 


rNTRODUGTION. 


i^ 


lAnd;  flud'  part  of  Siberia.  The  ibmhern  ftigid  zene 
Has  no  land  known  to  in.  The  tj»o  temperate  zones 
are  the  fpaces  caatainad< between  the  tropics  and  polar 
drcles. 

The  norAem  temperate  zone  contains  alhioft'all  Evi^ 
rope,  th»  greater  part  of  Afia,  part  of  Afi^ica,  the  Unit- 
ed Sutes  of  America,  and  the  Britiflt  CdkHties.  The 
ibuthem  temperate  zone  comprifes  the  fouth  part  of 
New.HbUand,  (inckiding  Botany  Bay)sCape  of  Good- 
Hope,  and  Cape  Horn. 

In  thie  frigid  zones  the  longeft  day  is  nefer  (hort  of  S4/ 
Bours  $  in  tho- temperate  zones  not  quite  fo-much,  and^ 
is  the  torrid  never  more  than  i4>  hours. 

Ckmatti ]  Tht  WDtd  iBmatthsiS  two  ftgnifications,  the  * 
ifnt  MMnMw^.aod  the  other  geographical..  Th  common'* 
hmguage,  the  werd'is  ufed  to  denote  the  difference  * 
in  Se  ftaibns^.and  the  temperatuie  of  the  air.  When 
two  places  differ  in  thefe  reipefts,  .they  arc  iaid>to  be  in^ 
di£R:rent  climates*. 

InjSLgf^c^McdCttit^,  a  dimate  is  attaA  of^theearth's 
fbrface„inclttdcd  b^ween  the  eqoator  and  :a-: parallel ioC* 
Utitude,  or  between  two  parallels  of  fnch  a  breadth,  as- 
that  the  length  of  the  day  in  the  one  be  half  an  houy* 
I6nger<  than  In •  the  other;  Within. the  ppkr- circles, . 
however,  the  breadth  of  aietrcle  is  ftich*  th^t  the  length 
of  a  day,  or.  the  time  of  thefim''^  continuance  above  the. 
horizon  without  fetting,.is^a' month  loogerin  one  paial- 
lel«  as  you  proceed  northerly,  than  i^tSe  othen 

There  are  t&irtyi;  cRmates  between  the  equator  andi 
either  pole* .  in  the  firft  twenty 'four,  beiwieen  the  equa> 
tor  and  each:  polar  circle,  the  period  of  increafe  forev*- 
ery  clinKite  is  half  an  hour.  Ih  th^tHer  fix;  between 
the  polar  circles  and  either  pole,,  the  period  of  increafe' 
for  each  climate  is  a  month.  T-hefe  climates  contin- 
ually' decreafe  in  breadth ■  as  y^vt  pjoceed  -  from:  thb 
equator.. 

-  Latitvde.'i    The.  Aif/W/ of .  a  place  is  its^diftanee.ffbm^ 
^e  equator,  reckoned  in  degrdes*  &c.  .north  or  fouth»> 
on  the  meridian.     The  greateil  latitudes  are  tl)Jo(ie  of  thr* 
tx>ks,  which  are  ninety  degrees  dtftant  fiom  the  e^^a^ 
tor.     If  the  place  be  fituated  between  thele^mitor 'and^ , 
the  adrth  pole,  it  is  iaid  to  be.tnmrr^  latitude  (  ifit  M' 

.   .  hetiiei^'t 


J      '    r- 


*v 


INTRODU'CTlOKr: 


between  ^e  cqoator  and  the  fouth  pole,  it  if  *i$  fouflf' 
latitude. 

VmgUnde.']    Every  place  on  tKe  fOTface  of'  thfe  eartir 
ha<;  it<  meridian.    The  longittkfe  of  a  place  is  the  dittance' 
of  its  meridian  from  fome  other  fixed  meridian,  incaf<^ 
ured  on  the  equator.     Longitude  ii-  either  fi^^r  tveft.- 
All  places  eafi  of  the.  fixed  or  firfV  meridian  are  in  eafi^ 
longitude  ;  all  weft,  in  weft  longitude.     Oft  the  eqtia- 
tor,  a  degree  of  longitude  U  eqnal  to  fixtjr  geographical 
miles.;  andofcour^,  a  minute  on  the  eqaator  is  eqaal; 
to  a  mile.'   But  as  all  the  meridians  cut  the  eqaator  at 
right  angles,  and  approitch  nearer  and  nearer  to  cach^ 
other,  until  at  laft  they  crofi;  at  the  poles,  it  is  obTiouS". 
that  the  degrees  of  longitude  will  leflcn  as  you  go  from^ 
the  equator  to  either  pole  ;  "fo  ths|t  in  the  fixtieth  degree^ 
of  latitude,  a  degree  of  longittide  is  but  thirty  mrlesj  or^ 
half  as  long  as  a  degree  on  the  equaior. 

Of  the  GLOBES,  and  their  USE. 

A'N  artijultil  Globe  is  a  rouftd  body,  whofe  furface  ii^ 
eirery  where^  eqtially  remote  froiii  the  centrci  But  by^ 
the  globes  here  is  ifteant  two  ^berfcal  bddles,  whofe' 
conveic  furfaces  are  fnppofed  to  give  a  true  reprefenta- 
tlonofthc  earth  and  heavens,  as  vtfiblcby  obftrvation.  * 
One  of  thefc  is  callecl  the  terrejlriaf^  the":  other-  the  ce^- 
Itfiutl  globe.  0h  the^  convex  lurface  of  the  tcrreftrial'J 
globe,  all  the  parts'of  the  earth' and  fea  are  delineated^< 
in  their  relative  fke,  fornti  and  fituation.    ; 

On  the  furface  of  the  r<'/<j/?w/  globe,  the  ifnages  of 
the  feveral  conftellationsi  and  the  unformed  ftars,  are' 
delineated ;,  and  the  relative*  magnitude  and  pofition^ 
which  the  ftars  are  obferved  to  have  in  the  heavens,' 
carefully  prefirvedi 

In  order  to  render  theiVglobulai-  bodies  ittofe  tffeful,> 
Uiey  are  fitted  up  with  certain  appurtenances,  whereby 
a  great  rariety  or  ufeftil  problems  are  folved  iti  a  very 
eaty  and  expeditious  manner. 

The  ^tKun  mtrt^an  b  that  ring  or  hoop  in  which^ 
the  globe  hangs  oh  its  axis,  which  is  reprefented  by  two ' 
wires  paflmg  through  its  poles.  The  circle  is  divided* 
kto  four  quarters  of  go  degrees  each;  in  one  femi«^ 

circle* 


ITNTRODUCTION.  <!3 

^^^deyxhe  dnrifions  begin  at  each  pole,  and  end  at  90 
^legrees,  where  they  meet.  In  the  other  remi-circle,  the 
JdmCions  begin  at  the  mtddls,  and  proceed  thence  to- 
.  wardi  each  pole,  where  there  are  90  degrees.  The  grad- 
vuated  iide  of  this  hrazen^cirde  ferves  as  a  meridian  for 
.any  point  on  the  fiirface  of  the  earth,  t^e  globe  being 
turned  about  till  that  point  comes  under  the  etrde. 

The  hour  drile  is  a  fmall  cir/:le  of  brals,  divided  into 
^twenty-four  hours,  the  quarters  and  half  quarters.  It  is 
.fixed  on  the  brazen  meridian,  e<|ually  diftant  from  the 
north  end  of  th^  axis  ;  to  which  is  ^xed  an  index,  that 
.points  out  the  divifions  of  the  hour  circle  as  the  globe 
is  turned  round  onrtts  ans. 

The  horlxtm  is  reprefented  by  the  upper  furface  of 
•the  wooden  circular  frame,  encompafling  the  globe 
about  its  midcUe.  On  this  wooden  frame  is  a  kind  of  per- 
petual calendar,  contained  in  feveral  concentric  circles  \ 
the  iftnor  one  is  divided  into  four  quarters  of  ninety  de- 
grees each  {  the  next  circle  is  divided  itno  the  twdve 
months,  with  the  days  in  each  according  to  the  new  ftile ; 
the  next  contains  the  twelve  equal  (igns  of  the  zodiac* 
«each  being  divided  into  thirty  degrees  ;  the  next  the 
twelve  months  and  days  according  to  the  old  ftile  \  and 
^there  is  another  cir^e  containing  the  thirty- two  points 
of  the  compafs,  with  their  halves  and  quarters.  Al» 
though  thefe  cirdes  are  on  all  horizons^  yet  they  are  not . 
always  placed  io  the  fame  difpofitiott).    . 

The  auadrani  of  mltitude  is  a  thin  flip  of  brafs,  one  edge 
of  which  is  graduated  into  ninety  degrees  and  their  quar« 
ters,  equal  to  thoie  of  the  meridian.  To  one  end  of  this 
is  fixed  a  brafs  nut  and  fcrew,  whereby  it  is  put  on,  and 
faftened  to  the  meridian  ;  if  it  be  fixed  in  the  zenith  or 
pole  of  the  horizon*  then  the  graduated  edge  reprefents 
a  vertical  circle  paiGng  through  any  point. 

Be  fides  thefe,  there  are  feveral  circles  defcribed  oa 
the  furfaces'of  both  globes,  fuch  as  the  equinoctial,  or 
ecliptic,  circtes  of  longitude  and  right  afcenfion,  the  trop- 
ics, polar  circles,  parallels  of  latitude  and  deqU  nation 
on  the  celeftial  globe  ;  and  on  the  terreftrial,  the  equa- 
tor, ecliptic,  tropics,  polar  cirdes,  parallels  of  latitude, 
hour  cirdes,  or  meridians,  to  every  fifteen  degrees  {  and 
on  fome  globes,  the  fpiral  rhumbs  iowinf  from  the  fev- 
enl  ^catrci#  caUed  fllei .  :^^ 


% 


^  TNTRODlJCTtON. 

In  a/ing  the  globes,  keep  the  eaft  ftde  of  the  nomoQ 
towards  f  ou  (unlefs  the  problem  regaires  the  turning  i^ 
which  fide  you  may  know  by  the  word  £4/!^  on  the  hori- 
zon ;  fur  then  yon  have  the  erftduated  merkliRn  towards 
you,  the  quadrant  <$f  aUitu£  before  you,  and  the  globe 
divided  exa^y  into  two  equal  partS)  by  the  graduated 
fide  of  the  meridian. 

The  following  problems,  as  being  moft  tlTeful  and 
entertaining,  are  feledfled  from  a  great  variety  of  others, 
which  are  eafily  folved  with  a  globe  fitted  up  with  the 
aforementioned  appurtenances* 

I.  The  latitude  of  a  place  Wing  givertfU  reOlfy  the  globe  fit 

that  place. 

Let  it  be  required  to  reflify  the  globe  for  the  latitude 
of  Bofton,  42  degrees  25  minutes  north. 

Elevnte  the  north  pole,  till  the  horizon  cuts  the  bra- 
zen meridian  in  42^  23'  and  the  globe  is  then  r^s^tiBed 
for  the  latitude  of  Bofton.  Bring  Boilon  to  the  merid- 
ian, and  you  will  find  it  in  the  zenith,  or  dire^ly  on 
the  top  d  the  globe.     And  £0  of  any  other  place. 

II.  TV  Jind  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  euy  place  on  the  ter- 

rejlrial  gleibe* 

Bring  the  j^iven  pkce  under  that  fide  of  the  graduated 
brazen  meridian  where  the  degrees  begin  at  the  equator, 
then  the  degree  of  the  meridian  over  it  (hews  the  lati- 
tude, and  the  degree  of  the  equator  under  tlit  meridi- 
an (hews  the  longitude. 

Thus  Bofton  will  be  found  to  lie  in  42°  23'  north 
latitude,  and  70*  f8'  weft  longitude  from  London,  <«■ 
4**  10'  eaft  longitude  from  Philadelphia. 

IIL    To  find  any  place  on  the  globe  nohofe  l<uitude  and  hngi* 

iude  are  given. 

Bring  the  given  longitude,  found  on  the  equator,  to 
the  meridian,  and  under  die  given  latitude,  fbund  on 
the  meridian,  is  the  {>Iace  fought. 

iV.    To^nd  the  diftance  and  bearing  ^an^  two  given  plaeet 

M  the  globe. 

Lay  the  gradi«ated  edge  of  the  quadrant  of  altitude 
over  both  places,  the  beginning  ono  degree  being  on' 
one  of  them,  ^nd  thf  degrees  between  them  (hew  their 

diitancc^ 


IRTROBUCTIOH. 


^ 


«4Khmte|;  thefe  degrea  miiHifAicdtr  66,^^  the  geo* 
graphical mileit  «od  b)r'fiftr*miie  tad  ahttfi  pift  ibf 
>diteP«  10  £ngK^  wilM  v^*'^* 

Ladk  tbc  daiy  df  the  nHndi  in  the  oater  cal«o4i» 
i^ii  the  koriBon,^if  the  globe  waf-macle  belbre  &e  al- 
terfttion  of  the  "ftiie)  and  oppofite  t^it  you  wiQ  fin^the 


fign  anjT  degree  in  the  ecH^ 
marked  on. the  globe,  and  yon  wiU  find  the  fun's  place  | 
there  fix  on  a  fmall  black  patch»  fo  is  it  prepared  for 
thr  ^iution  of  the  foltowtng  problems. 

VI.  ToJtndtlxJiuCs  ^eSMafhn,  that  at,  Ms  d^anufrm  tie 
'tqmnoSial  tme,  tUber  northward  or  foiahward, 
Brii^  his  piiace  to  the  meridian ;  obferve  what  de- 
gree ofthe  meridian  lies  over  it,  and  that  is  his  dedin- 
ation.  ^f  the  fun  lies  on  the  turtbJiJe  the  line,  he  ii 
fatd  to  hare  i»r^  dicliiutiattf  but  if  On  xhefintbJUe,  hp 

Nat^  The  greafccH  declination  can  never  be  tnofir 
than  f.g^  -28'  either  nordi  or  fouth  ;  that  l^ing  the 
didance  of  the  tropics  firoin  the  eqoinodial,  beyond 
which  the  fun  never  goes*      /  . 

Vil.  fojind  'wbeire  the  fun  it  vertical  on  di^  day;   thai  iif^ 
tojm  ofter  whofi  heads  the  Jim  wU  fafstlit  Jkq, 

Brinj^  the  fun's  place  to  the  meridian,  obierv'e  his 
decUnatiori,  or  hold  a  pen  or  wire  over  it,  then  ti^  the 
slobe  round,  and  all  thofe  countries  which  pafs  under 
the  yrire,  wiU  have  the  fun  over  their  heads  that  day  at 
neon. 

Kou*  This  appearance  can  only  happen  to  tho(e 
who  live  under  the  torrid  «on^  beeiufis  the  fun  never 
|Oes  farther  from  the  equinoAial,  "either  nohhward  or 
Southward,  than  the  two  tropics^  from  whence  h^  re- 
turns again.  ,   '  .-;-,::,,*    ..„>T'.^i-    ■"-".  ; 

VIII.  Ho  fad  over  who/i  heads  the  fun  is  0  mf  hmtt  or  m 
vfhapbeeihefa^itifertietd^ 

Bring  the  place  umere  yooare(fappofeatBo(loA}  to 
the  meri#4l ;  fet  ihe  ia<fez  to  Ui&  |^vei|  h^ir  by  your 
watdi ;  Ihen  turn  the  gbbotiU  the  late  pgiAii'lo^ 
upper  ff»:4W  aNw,  look  mdsr  thc.4l|[iM  ot'  ^dinatioo 

■  $^  '  '   ■  '  -^  ■'     Q  ^^^  "lor    . 


r'\ 


9t         imrnontf^iTm^ 

for  ditt  day,  and  fof  £iid  the  lisiee  to  which  the  fun  {| 
TMSiody  ^  ov«r  lamfe  head  it  IS  jit  that  tinf  / 

IX.    T0jS»d0tM^A9m'^thii^,wh0tt^eMyu^^ 

'•Bring  the  place  where  yon  art  to  tlie  hnft  neriAofli 
fet  the  Index  to  ti^e  hour  hy  th«  ^ateh,  t«rn  the  gkil 
jiHl  the  piaee  700  are  looMn|j  for  comet  under  the  flae^ 
ridian»  and  ^e  index  wiH  pomt  oat  the  tjne  re^otre^* 
Ifm,    Bj  thii  prohkm  fou  may  HJeewiie  (tti  at  o^ 
Tiew,;  hi  diftant  ccuntric^ where  the  Uihabitaott  ai# 
r^-» where  hM^faftng^Mt^g^^Mid^  ihN-*where 
going  CO  ijfimi&ri'^-9Ad  where  to  W. 
^.    TtfJnJ  A  nohdt  hmr  the  fun  rjfes  mdpt  miy  day  m  tkf 
year  9  ami  ^^  yfm  nfihatpmnt  9/ the  empaft* 
RcAifjr  the  gli^bs  for  the  latttude  of  the  pla^  yiM  are 
in ;  bring  die  lien's  place  to  the  ijieridiiOi  and  fe;  the 
hide^  to  \%  I  ^ien  turn  the  (un'c  place  to  the  eaftera 
,odge  <^  the  jhorixon,  and  the  index  will  point  out  the  . 
hour  of  riliog }  |f  tou  bring  >t  to  ^e  «ie(|ern  edge  of 
^  horiaon,  the  index  will  iSew  the  ^our  of  fetting. 

X^    T^Jkdfkf^^  tfi^tUif  fmd  p^kt  0tagf  iimtf 
"  ■"  il^  fear,  -  ' 

Donblo  the  time  of  j^e  fiin^s  riHog  that  ^j,  and  it 
ghret  ^  length  of  the  npgh^  %  doiibie  4ie  tjifne  of  hif 
%^i9g»  and  It  gtvet  the4.engUi  of  the  dayr 

JCII.    fojjki  d^Jeiigtbaf  the  lor^efl  fnjhrt^fhft  0  ny 

finie  vpem  the  ettrfj^, 

IjLeAify  the  globe  for  that  place  *.  if  its  latitude  be 
nbt^  bftog  the  beginning  of  Cancer  to  the  meri4ian  | 
^  the  In4ex  to  ra>  then  bring  the  fam^  degree  of  Can- 
icer  eo  the  eaft  part  of  the  horiiEoo»  mi  the  Msdex  will 
ihew  Ihe  time  of  theyln'f  rifing. 
*  If  Ae  limie  degree  be  brought  to  the  weftem  Tidei^ 
fSn  ittdtt  #itt  Ibew  the  time  of  his  fetting,  which  doub- 
led {as  knhakft  problem^  ««ll  gi«$  tjbe  length  of  the 
longtft  day  and'thorteft  mghtf 

It  we  liiiiiiig  the  li^^iiming  of  Capricorn  to  the  wie* 
ri^an,  and  proceed  m  aU  t^^ds  as  before*  we  fliaU 
haya  thi  leagtbof  the  N«Cl  sight  and  ihorteft  day. 

•  ns%  in  m  great  M^gSH  dofninioiii,  the  Itofigeft  day 

i»u^.^^lat^'pSi  the  irarteft  night  19  hours.     The 

<h0Jm  i!i#»iM»  ftpwf  nid  the  loiyft  night  ^houn; 

."  -■  ,*-  •     At  • 


lirrROiitFG'FKMt 


^ 


Ai  Pnerfivg,  dto  (bt  of  die  SfBpnr%4>r  RnOia.  tht 
Wgeft  d;iy  n  artxmt  19}  hontt,  Imd  Oir (kdfttft  ti%Kt4i 
Koon.-  Tbe  ikortta  4ii^  4i  hoiitv  muI  tke  lofltcft 
night  i^fhoiiH^    'V  .     \u        * 

ftu  at  fi«  o'clock  the  year  rocad.  From  theact  to  th» 
f^tar  tirtkti  the  day*  inereafe  m  tht  latitade  iaocafef ; 
ib  that  it  thofe  citcies-  themfeWes,  the  kmgaft  day  k 
#4  kottTfy  and  the  fooj^ft  aisht  jiia  thaiame.  From  th» 
Alar  eircla  to  ihtpolu,  the  days  continue  to  lengthen  i»- 
Co  weekff  and  months  i  (b  that  at  the  very  pol^  the  £t» 
Aines  for  6  month*  together  in  Jum^ufy  and  it  abfent 
^om  it  6  months  in  nHiUer^Note^  aJfo,  that  when  it  ia 
Jumtmer  With  the  nmien  inhabitants,  it  is  wintit  with  the 
fattherih  and  the  contrary  \  and  every  part  of  the  wort* 
partakes  of  nearly  an  equal  (hare  of  llgtit  and  dei'knclii^ 

%ilt.  T^fiul  alt  tUfi  mka^inifs  <te  wbm  the  fiutit  OSt 
mouteta  t^^gor/tttk^  h  tich^  UkruSans  tt  mMikt. 

tbd  the^  funV  place  in  the  ecliptic,,  and  raife  tfeie 
iiole  as  dkoeh  above  thehoriton  as  the  fun,  thai'd»y»  de- 
eUnes  from  tfie  e^totor  1  then  bring  the  titace  ijh^ 
the  fun  it  vertical  at  that  hour»  to  the  brais  nMridtan  % 
6  wiff  It  thenj&e  in  l&ei&^l  or  ^nti^  of  He  lottos* 
Kow  iea;what  countries  lie  on  Oic  ^eftem^d^  Pi  J^ 
hiiri2onr  ibr  in  thftm  th^^Am  isrs%.^  |Ortrt»ri^JM 
iaftem.ade-^4s/tt/i^  ;  tq  thoTc  under  theiupl^ef  f^ 
W  M  mericTiJin-  k  is  notm  dafs  a|»4  >>  the*  undel  the 
fcwtsr.  part  of  it,  it  is  midnhh  ; 

thus  at^Charl^aown  (Majf.)  00  thr  xo&of  Ajpfl,^ 
4  o'clock  i^  l^e  fiaoniin^  ; 

The  foal  k  abottt  tifmg  at  -  Brafii,  8i)^  Amctfca. 

'  NewOainca,^e  tiipan^ll^ 


the  tuti  iif^tting  ai 

fn  the  meridian,  or  noofi  at 


:. 


:a«dKamtfchsftka« 


:%.'y*  t 


Mtdoii^t  at 


P^ta  and  NovaZetnAylft 

f  Th«  Bay  ci  Good  Bdpc, 
^    in  the  vicinity  0f  King 


Oeorge*8  Sound* 


^ 


■^  ►-,{';",.'    .J  .i 


•■* 


iuTUOjyvcrton. 


0/ MJ^^  mid  tjkh  miE. 

,  A  KAP  ift  tht  wywfearaitoo  o#  Iodm  part  of  tHi? 
iirth'i  furfacc,  dcltMaitcl  oa  9^  plane  a^awUng  to  tho: 
km  of  pPojeAiatt  riba  at  the  tarth  isiof  a  gtalwf  ioroi». 
jBo  part  of  iu  fpherical  furlaca  cap.  be  accurately  eihib»- 
ated  an  a  plane*. 

The  north 'it  confidlered  as  dw  upper  pait  of«  tba: 
snap  }  the  (bath  »  at  the  battoflii»  oppoifite  to  the  north«|; 
the  eail  it  on  the  right  hand,  the  lace  being  torned  to« 
aha  north }  and  the  weft^  on  the  Ipft  hand,  oppeftte  to« 
the  eaft^  I'rom  the  top  to  the  bottom  are  draVrn  merid- 
ians, trSmief  hegthuk ^  and  from  fide  to  fidt  fitfattek^ 
^  ioMk*  The  Otttenno(i  of  the  meridians  and  paral* 
ielt  arc  marked  with  degrees  of  latitude  or  kmaitude,  by* 
means  of  which,  and  tne  ifcale  of  miles,  \k4iien-ie  epnw- 
JBonly  placed  in  the  comer  of  the  map,  th&  fituation,* 
diftanees,  &c«.  of  places  may  be  found,,  at.  on  the  arti^ 
ficial  globe. 

River*  are  defcribed  in  maps  by  blani:  rines,  abd'are^ 
Haider  towards  the  mouth  than  towards  the  head  or 
i^rlng.  Mountains  are  fketched  dn  maps  an  oh  a  pic» 
ture.  ,  Foreftt  and  woodt  are  r6(Sr«ftnted  by  a  l&id  o/ 
ibrt^}  bogs  and mdraffes  by  ftadeifi&adii  and  ihal^ 
Ipws  are  didcribed  by  Tmall  dots ;  and  roads  ufoally  byr 
J||pb|e  Unesk  ;  Near  harbours,  the  depth  of  the  water  tti 
j[bR)etimes  expr^efled  by  figuret  reprelenthig  fathoms.  ' 

When  aay  pans  of  the  beaten,  or  earth,  are  faid  toi 
be  pn  tl|e  right  or  left,  we  are  to  v^erftand  the  exprei^^ 
IIqA'  differently,  accordicg  to  the  profeflion  of  ^e  per-- 
ion  who  makes  ufe  of  if ;  becafxTe,  according  to  that,  hit: 
hat'  ie^ppofed  to  be  tuiined  towards  acertaib  <|uarter» 
A  geographer  is  fuppofed  to  ftand  witli  his  face  to  ^e 
north,  becaikfe  the  northern  part  of  the  world  ii  beft' 
knowii.  *An  aftronomer  looks  towardsr  the  fouth^  ta 
cAiferve  the  celeftial  bodies  as  they  eome  toihe  meri<^> 
The  ancient  augurs,  in  obferving  the  flight  of  birds, 
looked  towards  &eaft  ;  whilft  the  poets  look  veil,  to- 
Hftrdt  the  Fonimate  Iftet.  In  bocils  of  geography,  there- 
fore, by  the  right  hand  we^muft  undemand  the  eaft  {  an  •^ 
tiioieof  a^b-onoroy,  theweft  $  in  fuch  as  relate  toaugury^ 
ifaa^fedlli  I  and  the  writings  of  poets,  the  north| 


..f 


w 


tNTRODUCTtOR 


99 


Tk  Am^gikin.'l  The  «Aii«9rkrir  or  air  vfech  fiir. 
MttRdi  tb»globM««bost45  tttte^hf  WflM,  Itbdic 
aMdittaiof  liMNKl;  bf  ft^rsfting  tiM  rajrt  of  light*  0^ 
j^  are  rMiitM^  vifihlt».  which^  without  thb  flM^iaBi^ 
eonki  not  b«  fteib     ^ 

ITin^.}  IfWisalr^st  ianntiDn,tadititcdkd» 
tntrse,  at  gale,  or  a  A^rn,  aecOrdiof  to  tht  rapiditf  oC 
itt  notion.  Thstradc  wiodf  intheAthMitiraoaPaidfie 
Oeeanti  blow  oontottf  from  norihtaft  and  foatheaftr 
lowaidt  the  equator,  from  about  3$  degrees  of  Jatitodo 
Bordi  and  fottdi. 

Tft^i.]  The  ebbii»  and  flowing  of  thriea  if  eaoM 
hf  the  attra^on  of  &  fun  and  moon,  but  chicflf  bf 
that  of  Um  kittef  (  the  power  of  the  moon  in  this  cafe, 
being  to  that  of  the  fan,  at  5  to  i^  Tho  nmonin  one 
revotattoH  round  the  earth,  produces  two  tides,  and  their 
motion  follows  the  apparent  motion*  of  the  moon»  via. 
from  eall  to  Weft; 

Cf99dt,J  Chtit  are  coDeaions  of  vaponrsr  cihaled 
f rom  ^  easth  bj  the  attraAton  of  the  fu%  or  other 
sanies.  ■  •     ■ 

^%8».l  Aw  «%f,  ii  a  total  or  |Mirti4  pi|)rat|ett 
of  thelHghtof  the  fan  or  mooii.^  When  the  mo^  pnib 
between  the  earih  and  the'  fun,  i^t  fun  is  ^cKp&d  %  and 
when  the  earth  pafles  betw|»n  the  moon  uadib%  mt 
moon  is  osUpTedr 

NATURAL  MVISIONS  if  the  EARTH. 

THE  Planet  whifch;  we  inhabifr  calltd  tht^  Earth,  is 
made  up  of  land  911^  Water,  fn^  » therefore  eaUedte^- 
taqmntt,  iiibout  on^^fourth  of  ti^e  foiffce  #  ibe  gldlNB 
^ lahdf  the  ot|ier  three-fourths  »e  watcr.,\^    *         / 

llhe  common  diviiiono  of  Ac  land  midi^  watery  am  ao 

Tht  JDhiJm  ef  l^  *tre,  nt  l>nj/Smi^  Phmr  orr» 

1.   CoHlmmfi.'i    AConw  L  OhMar.}  AnOceau^ 

lAncnC  ii  a  verf  Utrge  traft  s-vaft  coUc^on  of  water, 

of  coirotry,not  emi«Iy  £tp'  not  eotircly  ieparatod  by 

;  aara^  by  water.  Theitaf«  land.   Ttieie  ore  fire  myat 

toxiimonlf  rcckoiied  two  Oceans ;  the  .^Iftoiir  lyit^ 


30 


INTRODUCTION. 


Coataocnti,  the  jEglrm  and  • 
W^jUnu  TbeEaaeroCon* 
lineal  it  divided  into  £a- 
rope»  Afia»and  Africa :  Uic 
Wcftern»  into  North  and 
Souih  America,    To  iheie 

we  max  ^'^'^  >^  ^^  ^^^' 
tinent  of  New  Hoiknd^ 
which  is  found  to  be  fuffi- 
cieatly  large  to  bear  the 
refpeAable  name  of  Conti- 
Dene.  /Some  geographers 
rechpA  four  continents,  via. 
£arope»  Afia,  Africa,  and 
America.  But  iiccording 
to  the  above  definition  there 
are  but  the  three  mentioo- 
ed. 

II.  IJlwdi.l  Attifland 
is  a  traA  of  land  entirely 
furrounded  with  water;  as» 
Khode  Iflaad^  Long  ldand» 
Cuba,  Ireland,  Great  Britr 
Hit  and  Japan* 


ISL  ^  Pemnfith-J  A  pe- 
lUnfula  ii  almoft  an  ifland,. 
W9ktr$i^  of  land  funound- 
td  by  water,  ezt^epting  at 
one  nUrtow  neck.  I  as,  B«f^ 
ton,  the  Morea,  Crim  Tar-' 
Ury*  a«d  Arabia. 


liins  it  miwmiip^  neck  of 
•k|wiiuaful4  to. 


between  America  on  th^ 
weftf  and^orope  and  Af- 
rica on  the  eaft»  5000  milei- 
wide.  The  Paei$€^  between 
America  on  the  eaft,  and. 
Afia  on  the  weli,  io,ooo- 
miles.,  over.  Tht  Jndmkt^ 
which  walhes  the  eaUcm 
(hores  of  Africa,  and  tbe^ 
fouthern  (hores  of  Afia,. 
3,000  miles  wide.  Befides 
thefe  there  is  the  Nortbtm 
or  Fromtn  ocean,  lying' 
northward  of  Europe  and. 
Afia,  3,000  miles  wide; 
and  \htSouthem^  extending 
from  the  fouthern  coafts  oi. 
Africa,  to  the  footh  polsi. 
8,500  miles  oveTc 

IL  i^i.'X   A  lake  is  a 
large  fX>lkdion  of  water,^ 
in  the  interior  parts  of  a. 
country,    furr(>utided   by 
land ;  tao^t  of  >kem,  bow^ 
ever»   coromuoicaxe    with  ~ 
the  ocean,,  by  rivers ;  as,.  ^ 
lake  Ontario,  &c.    A  fmall-  ,/ 
coUedlion    of   water   fu^ 
rounded  as  above,  is  call-- 
cd>i  pondc 

ill.  iSlw.]     A  fea    or 
gulf  ii  a  part  jpf  the  oceaii,.. 
rorround^d  by  bnd,  except- 
Sng  a  nathm  pafs  called  »^ 
ftB»it>  by  vluch  itcommu- 
cates  with  th^  ocean  $,  ally 
the  M<?ditenaiman«  B:4t«c 
^Iin4  Red  Seas  1  and.  the  \ 
;  ll^i  of  Mexjheo»  St.  X^ 
*f«n|ie|  and  Vjsniee.,         .. 

ii  a  oaifow  |||to  mt  of 
one  'lea  into  anbuer ;  as^ 


DiSCDHVET  or  AJtfBRICAv 


3C« 


Ae  mitfli-  land  i  ast  the  ifth« 
moi  of  Daiien*  whiclkjoiat 
North  tod  Soatk  America* 
7a  miles  overt  and  the 
iiUimot  of  Sttea,  vrhich 
unites  Afia-atul  Africa*  60, 
miles  Gvct4. 

montorf  is  a  mountain  or 
hill  extending:  into  the  feay. 
the  extremity,  of  which  is 
called  a  cap^t.    A  itoint  of 
fiac  land  projeAing  far  in* 
tathefea«.  is  lileewite.  calU 
eda.cape;  as,  Cape  Ann, 
Cape  Codr  Cape  Uaturas,. 
Cape  Horx:<. 

Liin  is  a.  part  w  the  land 
more  elevated  than  the  ad^ 
jac<39t  Gouatrjr^  and.ieen  at 
a  diftance  I,  as,  the  White 
Hills  and  Mountains  in  < 
l^ew  Hamp(hir& 


the  ftraits  of  GibfaHar». 
joining,  ths  Mtditenranraiv 
to  the  Atlantic  |.  the  Araiti^ 
of.  Babehaandtl,^  ivhich. 
unite  the  Red  Sta  with. the. 
Xadian.Qccan.. 

%V.  Siys>'}'  A  hay.  is  ^ 
part  of  the  Tea  lunniog  u]^> 
into  the  main  land,  com- 
mordy  between  two  capes  ^v 
as,v  Mafl*achafeit>  Bay,  be- 
tween CapdiVna  and  Cape 
Cod;.Dflavare»  Bay.  btsp 
tween.Ca^May  and  Cape 
Henlopen ;  ChefapeakBay , 
between  Cape  Charles  and'. 
Cape  Henry.. 

VI..  Hiven,'}^  A^iYer  Is 
a<  considerable  ftream  of 
water,  iifutng  from  one  or 
more,  fprings,  and  gliding, 
into  the  Tea.  A.  ibiall' 
ftr^m  is  called  a^rivulct. 
or>  brooks,. 


BiS€  O  VERY  OE  AME  RIC  A. 

IX'is  beliieved  by  many,^and.not  without  fome  reafon^. 
thati^Mnofiinca^was  kobwn  to  the  ancients.  OTthU^, 
fiowe^vQCy^tiiftoi^  afford^  i^cectain  evidence.,.  1*he  N«^i> 
icegians».  ^  V^lilh  Mi-thtC^^  their 

takn,  lia^ie  Ria4e  prelehtroos  it)  tike  dilbovery  p£  Aiiief%. 
ca^  ^  But  ibr  aug^t  V^caitleautirbm  tlie  bell doct»« 
ments»  the  ea^sn  continent  was  tlbednl^t  theme  of  bii- 
tory  Xthe  partial  diJboferics  of  the-  ^lorwogtans  eicept^ 
cd)  from  Uie  creattein-  bf  the  woilJ  to  th&  year  of  ouc 
d^4$^.      ,  ,   .  ,;/  ;'^ ;'_"■' 

jpisTOfHea  Ci).!,!)!!^!;^,  a.  fub|sA^|l*' the  rephblic: 
;^asid|^rve^  the  honour'^  diicoveriag 
clu    f^ta^bngraad  clo^  application  to  th^ 

I  ^^^ 

BIr.  Biace,  in  his  Traveliy  fpclU  t^is  wcrd  J^ttttmMM'  . 


3* 


DtSCOVCItT  Of  AMERICA. 


turfy  of  geogrtphf  tnd  iii?igtUofir«>  which  hit  pmm- 
iMf  BiitimOf  incliaod,  Colsfntrnt  hiid  «hBiiiiC4l  •  knovW 
tdgt  of  thf  cmc  figure  of  the  «arthr«i«eh  Ibpttior  x» 
the  geiMril  fiocions  of  the  age  H«  wKJch  h«  livedo  In- 
ordtr  that  theterrt^ueotii  gbhe  nighi  he  properly  haU 
aoced)  aad  the  lands  and  fca»  piopottioncdto  each  oth- 
er»  he  wai  led'  to  conceive  that  another  continent  waa- 
neccflary.  Other  reafont  induced  him  to  helieirt  that 
ihii  continent^  was  conneded  with  (he  EaA  Indiee^ 

Ai  early  as  the  year  >474>  ^  communicated  his  in^ 
genioui  theory  to  Paul,  a  phyfician  of  Florenca»eminen6 
ior  hif>  knowledge  o£  cofroographyr  He  warmly  ap^ 
proved  it»  fuggelted  feveral  tads  in  confiiiaation  of  itr 
and  encouraged  Colmnbus  in  an  undertaking  lb  landa- 
hle,  and  which  promifed  fo  much  benefit  tO'  the  world- 
Having  fiilly  iatisfied  himfetf  with  refped  to^ the  truth 
of  his  fyitem,  he  became  impatient  to  reduce  ir  to  prac- 
tice. The  6x(i  (lep  towards  this,  Wat  to  fecure  the  pat- 
ronage of  ibme  of  the  European  powers.  Accordingly 
he  laid  his  fcheme  before  the  fenate  of  Genoa,  mak- 
hie  his  native  country  the  firft  tender  of  his  fervices. 
They  rejcAed  his  prnpdial  as  the  dream  of  a*  chimerical 
projedor.  He  next  ayr^icd  to  John  XL  kine  of  Porta*^ 
galy  a  monarch  of  an  enterprifing  genius,  and  no  iacom*' 
petefat  judge  of  naval*  affairs*  The  king  lifte^ed  to  him 
in  the  molt  gracious  manner,  and  referred  the  confider- 
ttion  of  his  plan  to  a  number  of  emifkent  coijniogra* 
phers^  whom  he  was  accuftoroed  to  confnlt  in  roatiers- 
ei  thfs  kind;  Theie  men,  from  mean  and  inteteft<ed 
views,  ftarted  ionomerable  objcAions,  and  a(k«d  many 
eaptiousquedions^on  purpofe  to  betray  Columbus  into* 
a  fuH  explanation  of  his  fyftem.  .Having  done  this*- 
they  advifed  th€  king  to  difpaleh  a  veffel,  fecretly.  in 
otder  to  attempt  the  propofed  difcovtry,  by  following. 
eiaAly  the*  cour(^  which  Gohimbas  had  pointed:  out. 
John,  forgetting  on  this  occafion  the  fentimentt  be- 
coming »  moiuuch»  meaaiy  tfdpptei  their  perfidtom 
coanfcTr 

Upon  d'^'-'overin^  this  diflionommble  traidhAioiky 
Ceiumbon,  with  an  mdignation  natural  to  a  noble  and 
ingenuous  mind,  <)uittcd  the  kingdoa,  wd  littded  i» 
Spain  in  t^S^ 

Here 


OBCOVUT  ot  AMERICA. 


Sti 


Rb«  lie  prcfcnted  his  fchtme,  in  pcrfoB,  to  FerdI* 
iitnd  and  UabcUif  who  at  that  thne  governed  the  nnittct: 
kingdomi  of  CaAtIt  miKi  Amgon.    They  ioindicioafl/ 
{ubmitted  it  to  the  t lifnination  of  unfl^iltol  iud^ev 
who.  igooranr  of  the  prinoipki  on  which  Columbuf 
/bunded'  his  theoiy,  rejcAed  tc  at  abftird,  upon  the 
credit  o£  a-  raann  under  which  the  ttnenterpiiAng,  m^ 
ererf  age^lhcUer  tliemfelves,  **'Thatit  it  prefum;*tii« 
"  ous  in  any  perfon,  to*  fuppofe  that  he  alone  poifeiil't^ 
**  knowledge  fuperior  to  all  the  reft  of  mankind  united." 
They  maintained,  likewtfek  that  if  there  were  really  any 
fticht  cottntriet  at  Columbus  prtt?nded|  they  would  not. 
'  have  remained  fo  long  concealed  ;;nor  would  the  wif- 
dom  and  fagacity  of  tormer  ages  have  left  the  glory  otV 
this  difcovery  to  an  obfcure  Genoefe  pflot.  ^. 

Meanwhile,  Columbus,  who   had  experienced  thv 
uncertain  iifue  of  applications  to  kings,  had  taken  the 
precaution  of  fending  into  England  his  brother  fiar- 
tholomewy  to  whom  he  had  fully  communicated  Kl»  . 
ideal,  to  negooiate  the  maCter  with  Henry  VII-   Oa» 
hit  voyage- 16  Ensland,  he  fell  imo  the  hands  of  pi<r 
rateiy.  wlu>  Ilsi]ipleirhim  of  e?ery-  thing,.  aad>  detained^ 
him  a  prifoner  feveral  yearf .    A&^  length  he  mad<e  his^ 
efcapo^.  and^arrivad  at  London  inestreme  indigence^. 
where  he. employed-  himfelf  feme  time  in  fetting  rnap;». 
Withhil  gains  he  purchafedakr  decent  drefs;  and  in 
perfim  preunttd.'to  ihe  king,  the  propofals  which  his 
brothel  haJ  «ntsi!iued  to  his  managemeRt..   Notwith* 
ftanding  Henry'SvexcctTive  caution* and  parfimony*  he 
yeceived^the  prnpofails  of  CoIumbiM  with  more  appro«- 
batianid^o-  any^  monarch  to  whom^  they  liad  been  pre*- 
fented.. 

After  i^veraV  unfuccefs^l  applications  to  'Other  Eu^k^ 
fopeaH  powers  of  lels  note,  he  was  induced,  by  the  en* 
treaty  and  interpofitum  of  Ferez^  a:  nun  of  confidera*!' 
hie  leartthig^  and  of  .ibnK  ^cdit  with  queen  Ifabella^ 
to  apply  again  to-the  co(|rt^of  Spain..  T^ts  application |. 
after  much'  warin*  debate,  and;  fevend  mortifying  re- 
plies, proved  fucce&ful ;.  not,,  hnwever, .  without  tlio- 
xnoft  vigorous  and  pexfetering  exertions.of  Qjaintanilla*. 
and  Santangel,  two  jrigilant  and  difcemiog- patrons  o^. 
Coittmbusi^  wliole  meritorious  acal  ■  in  •  promoting  thta^ 


*  sf 


^  DiSCOVEftT  of  AM&ftlCA. 

grand  Jefign>  eocitlet  their  nanes  to  wi  hoiumi^blttr 
f lice  in  htOorjr*-  It  was^  howevert  to  qoeeil  IfabeUa* 
the  munificent  patronefs  of  hit  noble  and  generous  d0« 
iignii,  that  ColuiMhtM  ultimatelT  o#ed  6it  ratcefs. 

Having  thus  obtained  die  afli(iance  of  t&e  court,  t( 
i<}aadron  of  three  finall  veflels  ^vas  fitted  out,  yiAualkd 
for  tweWe  months,  and'  faraiiked  with  ninety  men.' 
The  whole  eipenfe  did  not  exeeed  £./^^ooO^  Of  tlM 
f<luadron  Columbtts  war  appointed  admirals 

On  the  third  of  Auguft',  1-4911',  he  left  Spain^  in  t!ie 
prefence  of  a  crf)wd  of  fpe^ators^  whcr  tfcnited  their 
fiipplications  to  Heaven  for  his  fuecefs.  He  Aeeired. 
diiedly  ibr  the  Canary  lilands,  inhere  he  arrived  and* 
refittedi  as  wcU  as  he  coald,  his  crazy  and  ill  appointed 
fleet.  H^nce  he  failed,  September  dtft^'  a?  due  vreftei^ 
courfe  into  an  unknown  oeisaA. 

Colambas  noir  found  a  thouiaad  unibrefeen  har4- 
Hiipsto  eneounter,  which  demanded  sdl  his  judgment, 
Ibrtitude  and  addrefs  to  furmottnt.  Befides  the  diffi- 
culties, unaToidkble  from  the  natulv  of  his  ubdertakingh 
lie  had  to  ftmggle  with  thofe  which  arole  from  the  ig« 
ftorance  and  timtdity  of  the  people  under  his  conmundl 
f)n  the  i>4thof  September  he  was  ailoniihtd  to  find  th$it 
ibe  magnetic  needle  Iiq  thtir  ^Diipafs  did  not  point  ez- 
aAly  to  the  polar  ftar,  but  varied  towftrd^nrtft)  ami 
AS  they  proceeded;  t  this  rariatioa  ineres^d;  This  new 
phenomenon  filled  the  companions  of  Cc^mbus  vritli^ 
fetror^r  Nature  itfelf feemed  to' hive  Alftained  » changes 
and  the  only  guide  Cbeylia^-  left  to  poilkt  ihem  toa 
fafe  retreat  from  ah  unbounded  and  tracklefs  oceaYi,  was 
About  tofail-  them.  Columbus,  with  no  lefs  fUicknefs 
fban  ingenuity,  affigncd  a  reafon  for  this  appearance^ 
Hrhich;  though  it  did  not  fatfkfjt  himfelf,  feemed  fa 
j^laufible  to  theJki,  that  it  dti^lled  their  feart».or  fitieuced 
Iheir  murmur*. 

The  failors,;always  di&onVentedVand  akrmetf  ai  their 
dtfiance  from  lanHd,  feveral  times  mutinied,  ihleatened 
once  ro  throw  their  sidmirat  ov«iboardt  and  repeatedly 
kififted  on-  his.  returning;  Coiumbnsi  tm  thefts  llpyin|^ 
eccafions,  dii  >  yed  aU  that  co^l  deKberatioil,  priidenee^ 
ibothing  addr^  and  fimtteftt  whieh  mere  uecdRury  for 
A  perfon  enga^d  in  a  diftoreiy  the  im>ft  interefting  t» 
tile  world  of  any  evev  uadertahoA  by  maHv  U 


-^■>  • 


lOBOOVERT  ov  AMERICA. 


SI 


lt^»ai  mi  the  iidi  of  OAober,  ^41^2^  at  tea  o'clock 
ia  the  cvefiin|,  that  ColttiBbus»  horn  the  fo^rcpiftlct  dtf- 
cried  a  light.  At  two  o'clocjc  iiext  morning,  Roderick 
'TrieAna  .difcovered  land*  The  joyful  .tidings  wer« 
foidrff  conuBiuiicattd  to  the  other  iktps.  The  morn- 
ing light  cofifitmed  the  report!  and  the  feveral  crewi 
imnicdtately  bepn  Tideim*  as  a  hymn  of  thankfgiving 
to  God,  and  mingled  th^praifes  wtUi  tears  of  joy,  and 
lr8nQ[K>rts  of  congratulation.  Columbtts,  ftchiy  drclTedt 
irith  a  drawn  fword  in  his  hand,  was  the  fir(i  European 
who  fet  foot  in  the  Nevf  V^orU  which  he  had  difcovered* 
^e  ifland  on  which  he  thus  firft  landed,  jhe  called  £f. 
Sahtukr,  It  is  on«  0/  that  large  dafter  of  iilands 
foown  by  the  name  of  the  Lncaya  or  Bahama  ides. 
*~~H»-afterwards  touched  at  federal  of  the  il|ands  in  the 
&m«  clufter,  inquiring  every  where  for  gold»  which  he 
.thought  was  the  onlV  objed  of  commerce  worth  his 
attention.  In  (leering  fouthward  he  difcoyered  tlie  iil- 
ands of  Cuba  and  Hifpaniola,  aboondtng  in  all  the 
neceflaries  of  life,  and  inhjibtted  by  n  humane  and 
jho^itafoie  people. 

On  his  return  he  was  overtaken  with  a  ftorm,  which 
liad  itearly  proved  iatal  to  his  ihips  a«d  their  crews« 
At  a  crifis  wb^n  all  was  given  n|^for  loft,  Columbus 
jiad  pr^ence  of  mind  enough  to  retire  into  hk  cabin* 
^d  to  write  upon  parchment  a  (hort  account  of  %if 
^royage*  This  he  wrapped  tn  an  oiled  cloth,  which  he 
incloted  in  a  i^ake  of  wav,  put  it  into  a  tight  cafk,  aiMl 
fhreiKf  1$.  into  the  ftat  in  hiwe  that  fomt  ^mnate  acci» 
ilent  might  pr^^rve  «  depout  of  fo  much  importai^ce  to 
thewoild.  He  arrived  atl^os  in  Spain,  whence  he 
jbad  failed  the  year  be^»re,  on  the  15th  of  Bfarch,  149^3. 
fit  W9s  welcomed  with  ill  the  accuimattons  which  the 
|>opu]ace  are  ever  ready  to  ^eftow  oil  mu  and  gloci- 
Otts  charaders  (  ajid  the  com  t  received  him  with  majte 
x»f  itlK;  ^reatcft  re^eAt 

III  jBcptember  oif  tbti  year  (149^)  Cblambas  failed 

|ipoa|ttsiccond«oya^  to  Americas  during  tbe  per*. 

formaiice  of  ivhich  he  il^^trtd  the  iilands  oC  I>om- 

intcvMirigalante,  G«udaloupe,  Mootferrat,  Aotigii% 

a^^^m*         M,      ,__ ^  and mnnicdto%ain#  1494' 


^  DISCOVERT  Of  iaSBXSCK. 

In  1498,  he  failed  a  third  time  for  America;  rad/di| 
the  id  of  Auguft  difeovered  the  CoNTJHtiiT.  Hethcik 
coalled  aloog  we  Award,  making  other  difcoveries  for 
SCO  leagues,  to  Cape  V^  firom  which  be  eroded  over 
to  Hifpantota,  where  he  was  ieized  :by «  new  Spanidi 
>l5overn6r,  and  lent  home  in  chains. 

In  150s,  CoIumbns4nade  hk  fonrth  veyage  to  Ht£^ 
paniota ;  thence  he  went  over  lo  the  continent;  dil^ 
covered  the  bay  of  Honduras.;  thence -iailed  along  the 
main  fi^ore  eafterly.2op  leagues,  to  Cape  Gractaa^a-Dios, 
Veragdai  Porto  Belle,  and  the  Gidf  of  Darien. 

The  jealous  and  avaricious  Spaniards,^  not  immedfo 
atelf  received  thofe  golden  advantages  which  tliey  had 
ffomifed,  and  loft  to  the  feelings  o£  humanity  and 
gratitude,  fuffered  their  efteem  and  admiration  of  Co^ 
lumbus  to  degenerate  into  ignoble  envy. 

The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  made  wretched  by  the 
•cruel  persecutions  of  his  enemies.  Queen  Ifabella,  hi^. 
friend  and  patroiieAi,was  no.  longer  alive  to  afford  him 
relief.  He  fought  cedrefs  from  Ferdinand,  out  in  vain, 
Difgnfted  with  the  ingratitude  of  a  monarcli,  whom  be 
had  ferved  with  fomuch  fidelity  and  fuccefs ;  ej[hau(led 
with  hardilrips,  and  broken  with  the  infirmities  which 
tliefe  br6ugkt  upon  him,  Coluinbus  ended  his  a^Ive  and 
tifeful  life  at  VaSladdid,  on  the  aotU  of  May, «  506,  in  the 
S^fiti  year  of  his  age.  He  died  witlra  compofore  of  mind 
fiiited  to  theiftagDaiMmity  which  difiinguilhcd  his  char- 
ader«  and  ^ith  ientimenta  of  piety  becoming  that  fu- 
preme  refped  for  religion  which  he  manife^ed  in  every 
Recurrence  of  hts  life.  He  was'grave,  though  courteous 
lb  his  deportment,  circumfpedt  in  his  words  and  anions, 
irreproachable  m  his  noorals,  and  exemplary  in  all  the 
duties  of  his  religion;  The  Court  of  Spain  were  fb  juft 
to  his  m^noryi  notwithftanding  their  ingratitude  to- 
wards him  during  his  life,  thaCthey  buried  nim  magnifi> 
cenOy  in  the  CaSedral  of  Sevilkt  and  ere&ed  a  tomk 
firer  }iim  with  thi»;iftfcriptioa : 

CoLUMivs  hai  given  a  New  Wbatn 

To  the  |[iNGi>oilrof  Castu.!  and  JLsoir*' 

Among  otheif  adv^torers  to  the  Ntir  World  in  ppi^ 
felt  ^  fold,  wu  fimexiem  Vcfpicitts^  a  Florentine 

fe&tlem«9f 


# 


DESCRIPTION  OF  AMERICLl. 


f7 


gcntlemsus  whom  Ferdinand  h  ii  appointed  to  draw 
lea  charts,  and  to  whom  he  liad  s;lven  the  title  of  chief 
plk)t.  This  mm  accompanied  Ojeda»  an  enterprizing 
Spanidi  adventuTer>  to  Ameiica  ;  and  having  with 
xhuch  art  and  fome  degree  of  elegance,  dravn  up  an  .^- 
amufmg  hiftory  of  his  voyage,  he  publidied  it  to  die 
world  i-^It  circulated  rapidly,  and  was  read  with  admi- 
ration. In  his  narrative  he  infmuated  that  the  gl^ry  of 
having  £rft  difcovered  the  continent  in  the  New  World, 
belonged  to  him*  This  was  in  part  b|rlieved,  and  the 
country  began  to  be  called  after  the  name  of  its  fuppof- 
ed  firfl  difcoverer.  The  anaccountabl^  caprice  of  man- . 
kind  has  perpetuated  the  error ;  fo  tliat  now,  by  tlia 
univerfal  confent  of  all  nations,  this  new  quarter  of  the 
globe  is  called  America.  The  name  of  Americus  has 
fupplanted  that  of  Columbus,  and  minkind  are  left  to 
regret  an  aft  of.  injuflice,  wliich,  having  hiesn  fanftioned 
by  time,  they  can  never  rcdrcfs.  i     . 


GENERAL    DESCRIp'tION    of 
AMERICA.    ' 

Boundaries  akG  Extei^t. 

THE  Continent  of  America,  of  thi  firft  difcovcry 
of  which  a  fuccinft  acco\lnt  has  juft  been  given, 
extends  from  Cape  Horn,  the  fouthem  extremity  of  the 
continent,  in  latitude  $6°  fbuth,  to  the  liorth  pole  ;  and 
fpreads  between  tlie  35th  degree  eaft,f  and  the  i68tli 
degree  weft  longitude  from  Greenwicj),  It  is  nearlj* 
lo.ooo  miles  in  length,  from  north  to  f^uth.  Its  mean 
breadtli  is  about  14  or  1500  miles.  1  This  extenfive 
continent  lies  between  the  Pacific  Octan  on  the  weft* 
and  the  Atlantic  on  the  eaft.  It  is  diM  to  coptaki  up- 
wards of  14,000,000  fquare  mile?.      1 

Climate,  Soil  and  Produillons.l  la  regard  to  each  of 
thefe,  America  has  all  the  varieties  which  the  earth  af- 
fords. It  ilretches  through  almoft  the  whole  width  of 
the  five  zones,  and  feels  the  heat  and  cold  of  twofum- 
mcrs  and  two  winters  4n  every  year.  iMoft  of  the  ani- 
tnal  and  vegetable  produ^iQns  which  the  e&ftem  con- 
tinent aifords,  are  found  here ',  and  tnjEiny  that  are  pe- 
culiar to  America. 

B  •   •       \         Hiiverf.l 


3« 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION 


HtvfTt,^    This  continent  is  watered  by  fome  of  the 
largeft  rivers  in  the  world.     Thej>rineipa}  of  thefe  arc 
Rio  dt  h  Plata*  the  Amazon  and  Oronoke  in  S.  Amer- 
Va  ;  the  MiflUfippi  and  St.  Lawrence  in  K.  America. 

Gy/ft.  \  The  Gulf  or  Bay  of  Mrxteo,  lying  in  the  form 
of  a  balbivbetwecn  N.  andS.  America,  and  opening  to  the 
,eaft»is  cor)cfliircd  by  fome  to  have  been  formerly  land ; 
and  tbat  the  conftant  attrition  ai  the  waters  of  the  "Gulf 
Stream  has  wore  it  to  its  prefent  form.  The  water  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  faid  to  be  many  yards  higher,  than 
on  the  wftilero  fide  of  the  continent  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Gulf  Stfi'am.']  The  Gulf  Stream  is  a  remarkable  current 
.in  the  oceat\,  of  a  circular  formj'bcginning  on  the  coaft  of 
Africa,  in  the  eUmates  where  the  trade  winds  blow  we(l- 
erly,  tlience  ruitiTing  acrofs  the  Atlantic,  and  between  the 
iflands  of  Cuba  and  S.  America,  into  the  Bay  of  Mexi- 
iCo,  from  which  it  finds  a  paflage  between  Cape  Florida 
and  the  Bahamn  Idands,  and  runs  northeaftetlyalong 
.the  American  ^oad  to  Newfoundland  ;  thence  to  the  Eu- 
ropean coaft,  n|.d  along  the  coaft  foutherly  till  it  meets 
the  trade  winjs.  It  is  about  75  miles  from  the  (bores 
of  the  fouthem  ftates.  The  diftance  incrcafcs  as  yovi 
-proceed  north  Jirard.  The  width  of  the  ftream  is,about  40 
or  50  miles,  ^^idening  toward;  the  N.  and  its  common 
rapidity  three  jailes  an  hour.  ^  N.  E.  wind  narrows 
the  ftream,  ani  riders  it  more  rapid,  and  drif  es  it  near** 
er  the  coaft  ;  N,  W.  and  W.  winds  have  a  contrary  efFeA. 

Mountains,']  The  Andet^  in  South  America,  ftretch 
along  the  Pacili^  Ocean  from  the  Ifthmus  of  Darien  to 
the  Straits  of  flagellan,  4,200  miles.  The  height  of 
Chimborazo,  t^e  moft  elevated  point  in  this  vaft  chain 
of  mountains,  is  20,280  feet,  above  5,000  feet  higher 
than  any  other  mountain  in  the  known  world. 

North  Ame  j ca,  though  an  uneven  country,  has  no  re- 
markably hig)k  mountains.  The  moft  confiderable  arc 
thcfe  known  t|bider  the  general  name  of  the  Allegany 
iMwK*awt ;  th<|[e  ftretch  along  in  many  broken  ridges 
.'.tindr*  different  names,  from  tludfon's  River  lo  Georgia. 
It  has  been  cor  jiilured,  that  the  Anu'et  and  the  Allegany 
Afoufitams  belorjjed  to  the  fame  range,  interrupted  by 
the  Gulf  of  Mtxico;  and  tha^  the  Weft  India  ifland* 
"were  formerly  iinited  with  each  other,  and  formed  a  part 
of  the  contiaeni;^  coimecUng  North  and  South  Americt. 
^  ^Tbeir 


Of  AMERICA. 


^ 


Thctr  prefent  disjointed  fituatian  is  fnppokd  to  have 
bten  occaGoned  hj  the  trade  winds.  It  is  well  known 
that  they  produce  a  ftrong  and  continual  current  from 
eaft  to  weh,  which,  by  beating  againtl  the  continent  (q^ 
a  long  courfe  of  years,  rouft  produce  furpriftng  altera* 
tions,  and  may  polfibly  have  produced  fuch  an  cStQ.  as 
has  been  fuppofed. 

Thcjr/l  pfopllt^  of  ^mertca^  America  was  very  prob- 
ably peopled  early  after  the  flood.  Who  were  the  firlV 
people  of  America  ?  And  whence  did  they  come  ?  are 
qutAions*  concerning  which  much  has.  been  faid  and 
written.  Pr.  Robertibn  and  ti)e  Ai>be  Clavigero  have 
attempted  a  folutlon  of  them. 

Dr.  Robertfon,  having  recapitulated  ;ind  canvaded 
the  mod  plaufible  opinions- on  tlie  fubjefti  comes  to  the 
following  conciufions,  viz. 

u  That  America"  was  nint  peopled  tiy  any  lUtion 
from  the  ancient  continent,-  which  had  made  any  con- 
fiUerable  progrefs  in  civilization  j  b^caufe  wheii  Ameri. 
ca  was  HrU' discovered,  its  inhabitant«  were  unacquainted 
with  the  neceffary  arts  of  life,  which  are  the  Erft  e/Tays 
ef  the  human  mind  toward  improvement;  and  if  they 
had  ever  been  acquainted  with  them,  for  indance,  with 
the  ploaghj  the  loom ^  and' the  forge,  their  utility  would' 
have  been  fo  great  and  obvious,  that  it  is  impo/Tibl^  they 
(liould  have  been  loft.  Therefore  the  anceftors  of  th^ 
iirft  fettlers  in  America  were  uncivilized,  and  unac* 
quainted  with^  tlie  necclTary  arts  of  life.* 

z,-  America  could  not  hav€  beeii^peppled  by  any  coU 
cmy  from  the  more  fouthern  nations  Of  the  ancient  con* 
tinent  ;  Becaufe  none  of  the  rude  tribe«  of  the(ie  p»rts 
poifciTed  enterprife,  ingenuity,  or  power  fuflkient  to 
undertake  fuch  a  dlflant  voyage  ;  but  more  efpeciallyr 
becaufe,  that  in  all  America  there  is  not  an  animal,  tame 
or  wlldj  which  properly  Ish^ngs  to  the  warn^  or  tem- 
perau  countries'  of  the  eaftern  continent.  The  firli  care 
ef  tlie  Spaniards,  when  they  fettled  in  AmericU|  was 
to  ftock  it  with  all  the  dorueftic  animals  of  ^urojM;. 
The  fird  fettlers  of  Virginia  and  New  England  pQvu^ 
•ver  with  them,  horfes,  cattle,  Iheep,  &c.    Hdloj^  il  is 

*  This  reafoning  is  inconclufive.     Clrilized  nation*  tiii^lif* 
eome  barbarous,  aAd  lo'fc  all  trace*  of  former  civilixatioa. 


'  iT 


4« 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTIONJ 


•bvtoui  that  the  people  who  ftrft  fettled  in  Ameiica,  did' 
not  origirnte  frovn  thofe  countries  where  thcfe  ar  rmals, 
abrMic^  otherwifci  having  been  accuflomed  to  their  aiJ,. 
they  would  haye  fappowd.  them  necefiary  to  the  irn- 
provementi  and  ev«n  fapport  of  civil  foclety.. 

5.  Since  the  aniinals  in  the  rorihcrn  rcgipAt  of  A-. 
flaerica  correfpond  with  thofe  found  in  Europe  in  the 
iante  latitadcft  while  thofe  in  the  tropical  rcgiont  are. 
indigenout}  and  widely  diflierent  from  tc^mfe  which  in- 
habit the  correfpondinaj  re«ions  on  the  cAftem  continent,. 
it  is  more  than  probable  that  all  the  original.  American, 
animals  were  of  ihofe  kinds  which  inhabit  northern  re- 
gions only,  and  that  the  4wo  continents,  towards  tlie- 
northern  extremity,  are  fo  nearly  unifed  as  that  thefe^ 
gnimals  might  pais  ^om  one  to  the  other.. 

4.  It  having  been  eflabliHied  beyond  a  doubt,  by  the:- 

difcoveries  of  Captam  Cook,  iahis  hfk  voyage)  that  at- 

JjCMmt/iatht  in  about  lat.  66^  north,  tht  continents  of  AHa. 

.  and  America  are  Separated  by  a  drsut  only  iS>  miles  wide,, 

and  that  the  inhabitants  on  each  continent  are  fimils^r,, 

and  frequently  pafs  and  repafs  In  canoes  from  one  conti-. 

nent  to  the  o^ep.    From  thefe  a^d  other-circiimflances,/ 

tt  is  rendered  highly  probable  that  America  was  firft^ 

peopled  firom  the  northeaft  parts  of  Afia..    Bat  fmce.- 

the  Efqiiimaux  Indians  are  manifeftiy  a  feparate  fpecies, 

of  m<n,  didinft  from  all  the  nations  of-  the  American. 

ccmtiiient,  in  language,  in  difpofition,  and  in.  habits  of ' 

life ;  apd  iA.aU  thefe  refpeAs  bear  a.near  refemblance  to, 

the  northern  Europeans,  it  is  believed  that  the  Efqui-. 

maux  Indians  emigrated  froip  the  northweft  parts  of' 

Earope.     Several  circumftances  confinn  th|i  belief.. 

As  early  as  the  ninth  century  the  Norwegians  difcover-. 

ed  Greenland,  and  planted  colonies  there.    The  com*, 

mumcation  with  that  conntry^  after  long  interruptTcn», 

was  renewed  in  the  lad  century.     Some  Lutheran  and 

Moravian midionaries, prom ptedby  zeal  for  propagating. 

the  Chridiati  faith»  ^ave  ventured  to  fettle  in  this,  frozen 

rfflpio^  From  tlicm  we  Icarp,  that  the  northweft  coaft: 

•ci^^TeenlajDd  is  feparated  from  America  hut  by.  a  very 

'  j^ksi&S^fiTTdt,  if  feparated  at  all  ;  and  that  the  £fqui< 

^IpotMjf  America  peifcftly  rcfcmble  the  Grewdanders 

Ml^^es;  fSpcHt^  6;rQk^  mode  df  living,  and  probably  Ian-. 


01    AMERICA. 


4» 


goage.  By  theie  dccifiTe  f?.As,  not  only  the  cor^rangtiia- 
ity  of  the  Erqutmaux  and  Greenlanders  is  eflabh(hed». 
kut  the  pofllbUity  of  peoph'ng  America  firom  t!ie  north* 
weft  parts  of  Europe.  On  the  whole,  it  appears  rational 
to  conclude,  that  the  progenitors  of  all  the  Ametieaa 
nations,  from  Cape  Horn  to  the  fouthern  limits  of  La* 
bradoBk  from  the  fimilarity  of  their  afpeA,  colour,  &c. 
migrated  from  the  northeaft  parts  of  Aaa ;  and  that  the 
nations  that  inhabit  Labrador,  Efquimanx^  and  the  parta 
adjacent,  from  their  unlikenefs  to  the  American  nationi^ 
and  their  refemblahce  to  the  northern  Europeans » came 
over  from  the  north  weft  parts  of  Europe.* 

Such  is  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Robertfcn.  The  Abbe  Cla* 
vigero,  who  was  a  native  of  America,  and  had  much; 
better  advantages  for  knowing  its  hiftory  than  Dr.  Rob- 
ertfoj),  gives  his  opinion  in  the  following  condufiom  : 

1.  The  Americans  defcended  from  diSerent  nations^ 
•r  from  different  families  difperfed  afler  the  confufion 
of  tongues.  No  perfon  will  do«bt  of  the  tmth  of  thisy 
who  has  any  knowledge  of  the  multitude  and  great  di» 
vcrfity  of  the  American  languages.  In  Mexico  alone 
thiriy-^ve  have  already  been  diKovered.  In  South  Amer- 
ica ftill  more  are  known.  In  the  beginning  of  the  laik 
century  the  Portnguefe  counted^/  in  Maiagnon.f 

It  would  therefore  be  abfurd  to  fay,  that  languages  fb 
different  were  different  dialects  of  one  original,  is  it 
probable  or  even  polUble  that  a  nation  flkOuld  alter  ita 
primitive  language  to  fuch  a  degree^  or  multiply  its  dia- 
Ie<fls  fo  variouily,  as  that  there  ihould  not  be,  even  after 
fo  many  centuries,  if  not  fome  words  common  to  all,  at 
leaft  an  affinity  'he'.ween  them,  or  fome  traces  left  of 
their  origin  ?  * 

2,  The  Americans  do  not  derive  theif  origin  from 
any  people  uow  exiiiing  as  a  nation  on  the  eaftem  con* 
tinent  f  at  leaft  there  is  no  reafon  to  affirm  that  they  do* 

This  InfereriCe  is  founded  on  theiame  argument  with 
the  preceding  ;  fince,  if  the -Americans  are  defc^ndants 
from  any  of  thefe  nations,  it  would  be  poiCl^e  to  trace 
their  origin  by  fome  ms^rks  in  their  lai^aagesi  in  fpitt 

D  »  «f 

^      *  Hift.  of  AmcricA,  VoL  II.  p.  ft«,  &c.  i'' 

t  I'hcfe  fads  have  been  difputcd.  There  are  but  very  few  er!fi> 
ina  1  languages  in  the  world.  Three  only  ciift  in  Afia»  the  &r<s^MC 
the  Ar<Sie  and  the  Tartar,  It  is  incredihle  that  fo  tnaay  (bouUl 
have  cxUlcd  in  Mexico  and  South  Aaicrica* 


#  ^ 


4* 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION; 


of  ^he  antiquitf  nf  their  reparation  ;  but  any  fuch  traced 
liave  not  yet  been  difcovered. 

But  how  did  the  inhabiunts  and  anitnals  originally 
pafs  to  America^  and  from  what  parts  did  they  come  i 

The  firft  inhabitants  o(  America  might  paf$  there  in 
ve/TcIs.  by  fea,  oi-  travel  hy  land  or  by  ice.     i»    They 
jnigiit  either  pafs  there  in  veHels  defignedly^  if.  the  dil-. 
t:ince  by  water  were  but  fmaU>  or  be  carried  upon  it  acci- 
dentally by  favourable  vvi||ds.     2.  TJiey  might  paf^  by 
Jandi  on  the  fuppofition  of  tlte  union  oi'  the  continents. . 
$i   They  might  alfo  make  that  paifage  over  the  ice  of  i 
fome  frozen  arm  of  the  fea. 

The  quadrupedes  and  reptiles  of  the  new.  world  paflf-.' 
«d  there  by  land;  This  f«i^  is  manifeft  from  th«  im<i^ 
probabiUty  and  ioconnt^ency  of  all  other  opinioiM. 

This  neceflarily  fuppoTes  an  ancient  union  between t 
the  equjnoAial  countries  of  America  and  thoie.of  Afrioa» . 
.and  a  conneiion  of  the  northern  countries  of  America  { 
with  Europe  on  the  E.and  Afia  on  the  W,  fo  that  there  -. 
kas  probably  been  a  period  fince> the  flood,  when  there- 
was  butCNE  continent...  The  beaOs  of  cold  climes  paiT- . 
ed  over  the  northern  ifthmunTes,  wluch  probably  conned-  ■ 
ed  Europe,  America  and  Afia ;  and  the  animals  and  rep-, 
tiles  peculiar  to  hot  countries  pafied^over  the  ifthmus  tliat^: 
probably  once  conneded  S.  America  with, Africa. .  Va^ 
Tiou«  reafons  induce  us  to  believe  that  therewas  formerlyc 
a  trad  of  land  which  united  the  moll  eaftern  part^o?  Bra-_. 
zU  to  the  mod  weilern  part  of  Africa  }:  and  that  all  ,the^- 
f)>ace  of  land  may  have  been  funic  by  vioient  earthquakes, , 
leaving  only  f(^me  traces  of  it  in  that  chain  of  iilands  of  r 
which  Cape  de  Verd,  Fernando,,  de  Norona,  Afcenfion . 
and  St.  Matthew^iiflands  make  apart;  and  alfo  iothoCb,; 
many  fand-banks  difcOvered  by  different  navigators,^ 
and  particularly  by  de  Bauche^who  founded  that  fea,  with. . 
great  exadnefs.  Thefe  iflands  and  fand.banks  may  prob*. 
ably  have' beenthe  higheft  parts  of  that  funken  iQhmus. . 
In  like  manner^  it  is  probable,  the  northweP.era  part  of; 
America  was  united  to  the  northeaftern  part  of  Afia  by-c 
9k  neck  of  land. which  has  been  f  .nk  or  walked  away»^. 
and  the  northeaftern  parts  of  America  to  the  northweft- . 
cm  parts  of  Europe,  by  Greenlar»dj  Iceland,  &c. 

InhaBiiants.J    It  has  been  common ,  in  edimating  the. 
population  of  the  whole  worldi  to  allow  i5Q>miIlioQs{Gi, 

.     "       Ainwcai 


Of   AMERICA. 


n 


Amcrics*  But  this  ii  j>robably  three  timet  their  real 
number.  For  if  we  fuppole  cTerjr  part  of  the  vrhole 
continent  of  America  to  be  as  populous  as  the  UAited 
States,  (which  is  not  the  cafe)  Uie  whole  number  will  be 
but  al>out  60  millions. .  The  exaA  number  is  probably 
conliderably  Je(s.. 

The  prelent  Americans  may  be  divtded  into  two  gen«< 
cral'  clailfcs-^yirit,  the  proper      .nericans,  ccmtnonly 
called  Indians,  fometimcii  Aborigioes,  or  thofe  who  arc 
del  .ended  from  the  hrft  inliabilants  of  the  new  world,, 
and  who  ha^TC  not  mixed  their  blood  with  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  old  continent;     Secondly^,  thofe  who  have 
migrated,  or  have  been  tranfported  to  America  fmce  its 
ddcuvery  by  Columbus,  and  their  defcendants. .  The 
former  may  be  fubdivided  into  three  elates. .   Firft,  the 
Houth  Araeiicaii  Indians,  who  probably  camt  over  from 
the  northern  ar.<d  wedern  parts  of  Africa,  and  the  fouth>  • 
em  parts  of  Alia  and  Europe..^  Secondly,  the  Mexicans 
and  all  the  Indians  fouth  of  the  Lakes,  and  weft  of  the : 
Mifil&ppirf.  Thirdly^  the  inhAbitants  of  £fqaimaux,  La- 
brador, and  tlie  countcies  around  them. .  The  Utter  may 
ajfo  be  diftinguiihed  into  three  claHes.     Ynf\;  Europe- 
ans- of.  nnany  diflferent  nations,  who  have  migrated  .ta-> 
America,  and  .their  defcendants,  of  unmixed  biood  : :  in  ■ 
this  clafs  we.  include  the  Spaniards,  Englifli,  Scotch,. 
Irifhy  Frencbi^  Portuguefe,.  Germans,  Dutch/  Swedes, . 
Zee.  .both  in  North  jind  South  America.     Secondly,  Af- 
ricans who  have  been . tranfported.  to  America  ai^^d  its- 
.  iflands,  and  their   defcendants..     Thirdly,  the  m-ixed 
breeds,  caUed  by  the  Spaniards,  Cq/Iat,^hj  ihc  Englifb, 
Mulattoes ;  that  is,  thcfe  whc^  are  defcended  from,  an- 
European  and  an  Amezican,  orirom  an  European  and: 
(African,  or  from  an  African  and  American. .  We  fhally . 
under  this  article,  confine  ourlelvcS' to  the  proper  abo* - 
riginal  Americans,  or  Indiansr. 

Columbus  gives  the  following  account  of  the. Indians^ 
of  Hifpaniola,  to  Ferdinand  and  Ifabdla.^ . 

"  t  fwear.  f  your  majeftiwy  thatthere  is-not'a  better  • 
people  in  the  world  than  thefe.;  more^affeilkmate,  afl»- 
hle  and  mild  j  they  love  tlieir  neighboursai*thef»feHes  j 
their  language  is  the  fweeteA,  the  foftieft,  and  the  moft 
cheerful)  for  they  always  Cpeakii&iling^.i  aoid  although 
'  -  they: 


# 


44 


GENERAL  DESCRimON^ 


they  go  naked,  let  your  majcAici  believe  me,  chetf  «tf> 
loms  are  tcry  becomtnj^  ;  and  their  king>  who  is  fcnred 
witli  great  majeAy,  has  Aich  engaging  manners,  that  it 
gives  great  pleafure  to  fee  htm  ;  and  alio  to  conlider  the 
great  reumive  facnlty  of  that  people,  and  their  defire 
iff  knowleilge,  which  ioTites  them  to  a(k  the  caofes  and 
f  ffea*  of  things."  • 

Charlevoix,  in  his  hiftory  of  Piragua/,  hat  colleded 
from  the  Jefuits  perhaps  the  beft  inibrmation  rtfyMng 
the  more  i'outhern  Inoians.  Comparing  his  particular 
defcriptions  of  the  nurisrous  nations  who  inhabit  the 
fbuthern  divilion  of  South  America,  we  give  the  follow* 
ing  as  the  leading  traits  in  their  eeneral  charaAer. 
They  are  generally  of  an  olive  complexion,  fi)R>e  dark- 
er, others  lighter,  and  fome  as  white  as  the  Spaniards. 
Their  ftature  is  rather  below  than  above  the  middling 
fixe  ;  though  ibme  lutions  rank  them  among  the  talleft 
of  the  human  fpecies  ;  moft  of  them  are  thick,  legged 
and  jointed,  and  have  round'  and  flat  faces^ 

Almoft  all  the  men  and  children  in  the'  warm  c\U 
mates,  and  in  the  fummer  in  colder  regions,  gp  quite 
naked.  The  women  wear  no  more  covering  than  the 
moft  rela«xcd  modciiy  feems  abfoluCely  to  reqjaire.  Ev- 
cry  natioa  hi^ve  a  difBerent  dialed,  and  a  diiFcrent  mode 
of  adorning  themfelves.  l*he  clothmg  of  fucK  as  malce 
ufe  of  it,,  is  irade  of  the  (kins  of  bea(lsj  of  feathers  fewed 
together^  and  in  the  fouihern  r*rtd  colder  regions,  where 
they  ratier  fheep,  of  wool  manufadured  into  AnSs  and 
blankets.  They  are  reprefvnted  as  alrooft  univerfallf 
aUdided  to  drunkenneis»  There  feems  to  be  no  other 
vice  common  to  them  ali» 

Some  nations  are  reprefented  as  didl,  cruel  and  incon* 
ftant ;  others  as  fierce*  cunning  and  thievifli ;.  others  as 
humane,  ingenious  and  hofpitsmle  ^  and  in  general  they 
are  find  and  attentive  to  Grangers,  (o  long  as  they  are 
well  uied  bf  them  i  and  we  feldom  read  ef  their  being 
firll  in  a  quarrel  with  tkofc  who  pafs  their  ten|i|ories^ 
or  fojoiun  among  them.  The  afton»(hing  ibcc€^of  the 
Jefuits  in  converting  fttch  multitudes  of  them  tQ  their 
faith,  b  a  convidive  proof  of  their  capacity  to  receive 
inftru^on  ;.  of  their  docility,  Uumanitj  and  friendly  dii^ 
poiitioQS.  As' 

*  Hift.  Coiumb.  Chap,  xisil 


A 

9ieT 

coin 

an  J 

iTori 

caul 

imp 

the 

refs 

ing 


OF   AMERICA. 


45 


As  tc  the  Tefond  clafs  of  American  Indians,  who  for- 
yierljr  inhabited,  and  who  yet  ioliabit  Mexico  and  the 
country  foach  of  tlit  lakes  and  weft  of  the  Minifiprt,. 
and  who  c  tme  over,  as  vpc  have  fuppoltd,  from  the 
nortbeaft  parts  of  Afia  ;  they  fecm,  from   whatever 
caufe,  ro  be  advamod  fomewhat  hij^hcr  in  tlio  fcaleof 
inriprovement,  than  the  South  Americans,  if  we  except 
the  Peruvians,  who  appear  to  have  made  greater  prog* 
refs  in  civilization  than  even  the  Mexican*. .    Concern- 
ing the  nations  of  the  va(i  country  of  Anahuac  or  New 
Spain,  compofinf^  a  large  portion  of  the  fecoiKl  clafs 
pf  the  proper  Americans,  the  Abbe  Clavl^ero  has  the 
following  obfervations  ;   «*'We  have  had  intimate  com- 
merce, for  many  years,  with  the  Amriicans  ;   have 
lived  feveral  years  in  a  feminary.  deflined  for  their  in- 
ttrudtion  ;  had  fome  Indians^  am^ng  our  pupils  ;  had- 
particular  knowledge  of  many  Aiverictn  re  Aors,  many 
nobles  and  numerous  artifts  ;  attentively  obftrved  their 
chara6ier>.  their  genius,  their  difpofitiuns  and  manner 
of  thinking  ;   and  have  examined,  befides,  with   the 
mmofl  diligence,  their  ancient  hiftory,  their  leiigionn. 
their  government,  their  laws  and- their  culfoms.     After 
fuch  long  experience  and  Audy  of  them»  firom  which  we 
imagine  ourfelv:»  able  to  decide  without:  danger  of.cr»- 
ring,  we  declare  that  the  mental  qualities^  of  tlie  Amer- 
ican Indians  are  not  lA  the  lead  degree  inferior  to  thofe. 
of  the  Europeans  ;  that  they  are  capabh  of  alU.even. 
the  rnoft-  ab[tra<fl  fciences  ;  and  that  if  equal  care  and^ 
pains,  were  taken  in  their edacatiDB,  wefbould  fee  rife- 
among  them-  philofopbers,  math^paiicians,   and.  di- 
vii>cSj  ''vJio  would  rival  the  firftJn  Europe..    But  it  is 
not  pofTible  to  make  great,  progreft,  in  the  fciences,  im 
the  mid(l  of  a  life  of.  mifery^  fervitude.and  oppreiCon. 
Their,  ancient  government,  their  laws,,  and  their,  arts 
evidently  demoaftrate.  that,  they^  fuffered.  wx  want.  of. 
genius.'*  , 

They  are  df  a  good^  ftkture^  rather  exceeding  ihcmid— 
die  fize  ;  weU^prop<Mrtioned  in  all  theii^  limbs,  having  a 
fine  olive  complexion ;  narrow  foreheads  >; .  black  .eyes ; 
clean,  firm  regular  white  teeth;   thick,  black,. coaHe,. 
glofly  hair  y  thin  beardsy  and  generally  no  hair  on  tbeix^ 
iftgsi  thighs  and  arms. .  The.  arc  acither. ver y  beautiful* 

ROffi 


46  GENERAL  DESCRIPTION 

iior  the  rrverfc,  but  hold  a  miJdle  place  between  th«  cr» 
trernet.  I'hcy  arc  moderate  o;itcr<y  but  much  aJdi^ed 
to  intempcratee  in  drinking,  which,  a*  far  as  we  know, 
ii  trvf*  of  iii\  the  American  Indians.  Thejr  are  patient 
nfinjuricf  and  hard(hips,  and  grateful  for  beneftts. 
Good  fnith  \i  not  fn  much  refpcAed  at  it  do^^rvcs  to  be. 
Thty  are  natuniUy  untocial,  ferious  and  anflcrc.  Gen- 
ernfity  and  pei  fei't  difrntcre^lvdncfs  are  liriking  traits  in 
their  ch.it  a^er.  Their  religion  is  blended  with  much 
fupcrltiuon  ;  and  fome  of  the  more  ignorant  are  verjr 
prone  to  idolatry. 

The  rcfpecV  p;uJ  by  children  to  their  parents,  and  by 
the  yning  to  the  old,  amon^  thofe  people,  is  highly 
oommcndaMc.     P«irents  arc  fond  of  their  children. 

Oi  their  morality,  the  following  exhortation  of  1= 
Mexican  to  his  Ton,  may  ferte  as  a  fpecimen  :  "My 
fon,  whf  art  come  into  tlit  light  ftom  the  womb  of  thy 
mother,  like  a  chicken  ftam  the  egg,  and  like  it  art  pre- 
paring to  fly  through  the  world,  we  km>w  not  how  long 
lieaven  will  grant  to  ui  the  enjoyment  of  that  precious 
gem  which  we  po^efs  in  thee  ;  but  however  fhort  the 
period,  endeavour  to  live  eiaAly«  praying  God  contioa- 
ally  to  affifl  thee.-    He  created  thee ;  thou  art  his  prop- 
erty.-   He  it  thy  Father,  and  l6ve$  thee  ftill  more  than> 
I  do  ;  repofe  in  him  thy  thoughts,  and  day  and  night> 
diredt  thy  fighs  to  him*     Reverence  and  fahste  thy  el-- 
ders,  and  hold  no  one  in  contempts    To  the  poor  and^ 
diihelTed  be  not  dumb,  bat  rather  ufe  words  of  comfort.* 
Honour  all  perfons,  particularly  thy  parents,  to  whom- 
thou  oweft  obedience!  refped  and  fervice.     Guard  a« 

Ilfainft  imiuting  the  example  of  thofe  wicked  fens,  who» 
ike  brutes,  are  deprived  of  reafon^  neither  reverence 
their  parents,  Fi/len  to  their  indru^ion,  nor  fubmit  to- 
their  corre^ionr ;  becaufe  whoever  follows  their  fteps 
will  have  an  unhappy  end,  will  die  in  %  defperate  or' 
fttdde^  maimer^  or  will  be  killed  and  devoured  by  wild* 
Iteaas. 

**  Mock  not,  my  (bn,  the  ared  or  the  imperfeA. 
Scorn  not  him  whom  you  fee  fall  into  fome  folly  or 
tranfgrefllon,  nor  make  him  reproaches ;  but  reftrain 
ihyiielf,  and  beware  led  thou  iaU  iato  the  (amt  error 

whichv 


or   AMERICA. 


47 


which  nffends  thee  in  another.  Go  not  where  thou  art 
not  calleUt  nor  interfere  to  that  whkh  dos  no*  concern 
-thee.  Endeavour  to  m^mifeli  thy  good  breedinu;  in  .ill 
thy  words  and  aAions.  In  ennvcrCttton,  do  not  Uj 
thy  hands  upon  another,  nor  fpealc  loo  much,  nor  inter- 
rupt or  didurb  another's  difcouri'c  W'len  aiiy  one  di(» 
courfes  with  thec«  hear  him  attentively,  and  hoK.'  thy* 
felf  in  an  eafy  attitude,  neither  playing  with  thy  feet, 
nor  putting  thy  m.mtle  to  thy  mouth,  nor  fpittinr;  too 
often,  nor  looking;  about  you  here  tti»i  there,  m*r  riang 
up  frequently  if  th«>u  art  litiinc.;  f()r  fuch  anions  are 
indications  of  levity  and  low  br.edlng."  He  proceeds 
to  mention  fevcnil  paiticuiir  vic^s  which  arc  to  be 
avoided,  and  concludes — '*  St-tal  not,  nor  give  ihyfclf 
to  j^nming  J  oiherwife  thou  wilt  be  a  df^  ice  to  thy 
parents,  whom  thou  oughtefl  rather  to  honour  for  the 
education  they  have  givc?u  thee.  If  thou  wilt  be  vir- 
tuous, thy  example  will  put  the  wicked  to  Ihame.  No 
more,  my  fon  ;  enough  hath  been  fuid  in  dilcharge  of 
the  duties  of  a  father.  With  thcfe  counfeU  I  wiih  to 
.fortify  thy  mind.  Refufe  them  not,  nor  aft  in  contr:i. 
diif^ion  to  them  ;  for  on  them  thy  iife  and  all  4ihy  hap. 
pinefs  depend?/* 

The  more  nordiem -Indians,  whom  we  have  included 
<in  the  fecond  clafs,  in  their  complexion,  fiic  and  form, 
are  not  in  general  unlike  the  Mexicans.  In  focialand 
.domcftic  virtues,  in  agriculture,  arts  and  manufadlures, 
they  are  far  behind  the  Meiican&  ;  in  their  hofpitality, 
equal-;  and  in  their  eloquence  in  council,  and  bravery 
in  war  perhaps  fuperi«.w.  Their  mode  c^  life,  and  the 
ftate  of  fociety  among  tfeiem,  afford  few  objet^s  for  the 
difplay  either  of  tlKir  literary  or  political  abilities. 

The  third  clafs  of  American  Indians,  viz.  thofe  who 
inhabited  Efqutmaux,  I«abrador,  and  the  countries 
around,  are  much  lefs  Jcnown  than  either  at  the  afore- 
mentioned clair^s.  Thofe  who  profefs  to  bi:  beft.ac- 
,qu.iinted  with  them,  fay,  they  differ  in  ih.c  an-  ihape 
from  the  odier  American  Indians,  s^nd  reiem^jle  the 
dLapIanddrs,  and  Samoeids,  of  Europe,  from  waom,  it 
is  coi)jeAured  by  fome,  they  defc^de^!. 

The  Efqutmaux,  according  to  Mr.*Pennint,  are  dii^ 
tsflgniihed  from  the  tribes  fouth  of  them,  chiefly  bf 

their 


fel 


48    SETTLEMENT  OP  KORTH  AMERICA. 

their  drefs,  their  canoet,  and  their  itiftruments  of  chace. 
.flc  divides  them  into  two  •varieties.  About  Prince 
AVilUam's  Sound  they  are  of  the  largeil  ftze.  As  you 
^advance  northward  theydecreaie  in  height,  till  they 
dwindle  into  the  dwarfifh  tribes,  which  occapy  feme 
'Of  the  coa(ls  of  the  Icy  Sea,  and  the  maritime  parts  of 
Hudfon^s  Bay,  of  Greenland  and  Labrador.  Their 
dwarfUHntfs  is  doubtlefs  occaiioned  by  the  fcantinefs  of 
iheir  providons,  and  the  feverity  of  their  climate.  Be- 
yond'the  671I1  deg.  N.  lat.  .iwcording  to  Capt.  Ellis'^, 
account,  there  are  no  inhabitants*  The  Ardic  coun* 
tries  in -America,  Afia  and  Greenland,  if  inhabited  at 
.all,  have  -very  few  inhabitants ;  and  thofe  are  of  the 
•dwartini  kind,  fcattersd  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  lakes, 
4ind  feas,  and  fubfiil  miferably  upon  fi(h,  and  the  fldh 
'of  thofe  animuls  which  inhabit  thofe  frozen  regions,  Avith 
the  (kins  of  which  they  clothe  themfelves^. 

The  newly  difcovered  American  Indians  about  Ncot- 
lea  Sound,  difguiC;  themfelves  after  the  manner  of  the 
ancient  Scythians,  in  drefles  made  i^  the  (kins  of  wolves 
and  orher  wild  beatls,  and  wear  even  tlie  heads  Htted 
to  their  own.  Thefe  hal>its  they  tti«  in  the  chace  to 
•circumvent  the  animals  of  the  field* 

Concerning  the  rdigion  Of  %hc  Indians  much  has  been 
iaid,  and  much  that  has  no  foundation.  In  general  k 
may  be  Obferved  that  they  all  have  an  idea  of  a  Su- 
preme Being,  whom  they  worlhip  under  different 
names,  and  with  a  great  variety  of  Ibpcrftitious  rites  and 
ceremonies. 


^■•■1  ■  ^»i  ■ 


A  Summary  Account  of  tiefirfi  T>lSCOV* 
ERY  and  SETTLEMENT  y  North 
America,  arranged  in  cforomlogicai  Ordef* 

NORTH  AMERICA  was  difcovcred  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIL  a  period  when  the  arts  and  fciences 
had  made  very  confiderable  progrefs  in  Europcv  Ma^^ 
ny  of  the  firft  adventurers  were  men  of  genius  and 
learning,  and  were  careful  to  preferve  authentic  rec- 
ords of  fuch  ef  their  proceedings  u  would  be  intersiil- 


:*  i 


l,'^1>:. 


SETTLEMENT  w  NORTfi  AMERICA.  % 

ing  to  pofterity.  Tliefe  records  afford  ample  documents 
fpr  American  hiftorians.  Perhapc  no  people  on  the  globe 
can  trace  the  hiftory  of  their  origin  and  proeref*  *ith  fo 
much  precifion  as  iht  inhabitants  of  North  America ; 
partrcularly  that  part  of  them  T^ho  inhabit  tlie  territory 
'of  the  United  States. 

The  following  will  fliew  the  chronological  order  in 
which  the  firft  fettlements  were  made  in  hforth  America* 

Namn  of  Ptacet.  Wlien  fettled.         /  Bf  whom. 

t^ebec,  1608     By  the  French. 

Virginia,       June  10, 1610    By  Lord  De  la  War. 
Newfoundland,  June,  1610     By  Governor  JfthnOuy. 


New  York, 
New  Jerfey, 

Plymouth,. 

New  Hampfhirc, 

Delaware,  1 

Pennfylvania,      3 
Maflachufetts  Bay, 

Maryland, 
Conne<flicut, 
Rhode  liland, 

New  Jcrfey, 

South  Carolina, 
Pennfylvania, 


161  a  By  the  Dutch  a.t  Albany. 
1618  By  the  Dutch  at  Bergen. 
1620  i  ^^  part  of  Mr.  Robinfon'? 

\    congregation. 
g      1  By  a  fmal)  En'g.  col.nearthe 
^  \  moutliofPifcataquariver. 

'1627     By  the  Swedes  and  Fins. 

1628     ByCapt.J.EndicotandCo, 

>      r  By  Lord  Baltimore  with  a 

^  '  1^   colony  of  Rom.  Catholics. 

rBy  Mr.  Fenwick,  at  Say- 

'  ^35 "{     hrook,  near  the  mouth  of 

C.    Gonnefticut  river. 

[ '  ByMr.RogerWiHiamsand 

his  perfecated  brethren. 
'Granted  to  the  Duke  of 
York  by  Charles  IL  and 
made  a  difttndt  govern- 
ment, and  fettled  fome 
time  before  this  by  the 
EngliOi. 
1669  -  By  Governor  Sayle. 

1682  P>T'"'T^T'  "^^ 
(^    colony  of  Quakers. 


l^iS 


1664 


No„hCa«,Un...bout.7.ojB/--^^;^'»''- 


And  aboat 


g  Ereftcd  intoa  feparategor- 

"  emraent. 

Georgia,                    173a  By  General  Oglethorp, 

TbtmcACt     about     1 750  By  Col.  Wood,  and  othen. 

£  Kentucky 


m 


^o 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


Katnci  of  rUeo.  Wfcoifmlcd.  By  whom. 

Kentucky,  1773    By  Col.  Daniel  Boon. 

f  By  emigranti  from  Coa- 
Vermont^      ibont    1764  "I    nedicut  and  other  pans 

t,    of  Ntw  England. 
Territory  N.  W.  of  1      -  ^  f  By  the  Ohio  and  other  corn- 
Ohio  river,  J    '    '  \  ^    panics. 
^        -  ,_o^   'Became  a  fcparate  govern. 
Tcnneffce                   1789 1  fettled  many  yearsljeforc 

1 796    Became-an  independ.  State. 
The  above  dates  are  generally  from  the  j>eriods  when 
tiie  firft  permanent  fettlements  were  made. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 

Boundaries  and  Extent. 

NORTH  AMERICA  comprehends  all  that  part 
of  the  weftern  continent  which  lies  north  of  the 
IfUimus  of  Darien,eztending  north  andfoiich  from  about 
the  ipth  degree  north  latitude,  to  the  north  pole  {  and 
ead  and  weft  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  'Pacific  Ocean, 
between  the  35th  and  <65th  degrees  of  weft  longitude 
from  Greenwich.  Beyond  the  70th  degree  N.  lat.  few 
difcoveries  have  been  made.  In  July,  1 7  79,  Capt.  C«ok 
proceeded  as  -far  as  lat>  71*^,  when  he  came  to  a  folid 
body  of  ice,  extending  from  continent  to  continent. 

Dhifims.']  The  vaft  country  'bounded  weft  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  fouth  and  eaft  by  California,  New-Mex- 
ico and  Louifiana,  the  United  States,  Canada  and  the 
Atlantic  OceaR ;  and.extending  as  far  north  as  the  coun- 
try is  habitable  (a  few  fcattered  -Englifti,  French,  and 
fome  other  European fettlements  excepted)  is  inhabited 
wholly  by  various  nations  and  tribes  of  Indians.  The  In- 
dians alfo  poiTefs  large  tradts  of  country  within  the  Span- 
i(h,  American,  and  Britilh  dominions.  Thofe  parts  of 
Ntrt-th  America,  not  inhabited  by  Indians,  belohg  (if  we 
include  Greenland)  to  Denmarlct  Great  Britain,  the  A- 
fncrican  States,  and  Spain.  Spain  claims  Eaft  and  Weft 
IloiiJa,  and  aU  weft  of  the  Mifilfippi.  and  fouth  of  the 
northern  boundaries  of  liouifiana,  rlew  Mexico  and 
California.  Great  Britain  claims  all  the  country  inhab- 
ited by  Europeans^  lying  aortli  and  eaft  of  the  United 

Sutesi^ 


DIVISIONS  OF  KORTH  AMERICA,      ^t 

States,  except  Greenland,  which  belongs  to  Deiimark. 
The  remaining  part  is  the  territory  of  the  Sixteen  Unit 
ed  States^    The   particular  Provinces  and  Sutcs  stfir 
crliibited  in  the  following 


TABLE. 


it- 

k>oe 
to 


inceit  ami 
Stattt. 


Inb.zbit- 

ant*. 


I 


Weft  Gfee&4asd       io,ocO 


Kemr  Herrnhut 


e 
I 

>  att 


unknown' 

20,000 
130,000 
7,000 
I,0C0 


rNew  BritAin 
I  Upper  Canada 
I  hiy»ef  Canada 
/  Newfoundland 
\  Cape  Bretou  Iflaod 

New  BrunfwicE   1 

Nova  Scotia  T       f 

St.JofiH'*  ifi  J'  1783,  5,000 

rVermon'r  is,S$9 

Newhr  hre  141^5 
MafTic  '^  1378,787 
Di(lri€k  of  Maine  >  96,540 


,000 


I     Rhode  Ifland 
g     CAnneaiciit 

New  York 

NtW  Jerfejr 
i.  Penttfylvania 
*  Delaware 
I  Maryland^ 

Virginia 

Kentucky 

North  Carolim 

South  Caiolina 

Georgia 

Tetwcffce 
.Territory  R  W.  of  Ohio 

j;  fEaft  Florida 
£  I  Weft  Florid* 
~^  !  Louiiiana 
^  \  New  Mexico 
a  I  California 
In*  t^cuco,  or  New  Spain 


u 


68,825 
a37.946 
340,120 

i«4,»39 
434*373 

59i094 
3ri9.7a8- 
747^610 

73^^77 
393,75  « 
349.«>73 

82,548 
77,200* 


Kingfton,  Detroit,  Niagara 
C^tbec,  Montreal 
Vuccntia,  i>t.  John's 
Sidney,  Louilburg 
Fredcrioktown,  fit.  JohnV 
Haiitax 
Chatlottetown 

Windfor,  Rutland 
Portfmouth,  Concord,  E^etei* 
Softon,  balem,  Newburyp«rt 
Pur  tland,HHi  l«weU,l^vriuibot  o*' 
Newporr,  Fiovidcnce 
Mew  Haven,- Hartford* 
New  York,  Albany       ' 
Trtnton,  Burlington,  Brunfw;;t 
Philadelphia,  Lancaiter 
Dover,  WiInun^tOn„  NewcaiUe  ) 
Annapolis,  Baltimore  ^ 

Richmond^  Peteriburg,  Norfolk 
Lexington-  ' 

Ncwbern,  Edentoif,  Raleigh 
Charlcfton,  Columbia 
Savannah,  Augufta,LouirviUe 
Knoxville,  Na^iviUei  Orccaviiltf 

Auguftine 

Penlacola  ,        ' 

New  Orleaiis- 

St.  Fee 

St.  Juan 

Mexico 


*  dtcetrJif^it  a  ftnjju  iaie«%t  1795. 


WEST 


5» 


WE5T    GREEi'LAND. 


■J 


WEST    GREENLAND. 

THIS  extenfive  country  properly  belongs  to  neitKer 
of  the  two  continents  ;  unlefs,  as  feems  probable* 
it  be  nnited  to  America  to  the  northward  of  Davfo' 
Straits. 

BounJar  «  and  Extent."]  Greenland  ts  bounded  by 
Davis'  Straits  on  the  welt  j  to  the  northward  by  Tome 
unknown  ocean,  or  by.  tht  north  pole  j  eaft  by  the  Icy 
Sca^  and  a  drait  which  feparates  tt  from  Iceland  ;  fouth 
eaft;  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  fouth,  it  terminates  in  a 
point  called  €ape  Farewell,  in  latitude  59  degrees  north. 

Face  of  the  Country.']  The  weftern  coaft,  which  \% 
ivafhed  by  Davis'  Straits,  is  high,  roclcy,  barren  land,, 
which  rears  its  head,  in  mo(t  places  clofe  to  the  fea,  ia 
lefty  mountains  covered  with  fnow,  and  inacceffible. 
cliffs,  and  meets  the  mariner's  eye  40  leagues  at  fea. 

Population."}  The  Greenlanders,  reckoned  to  amount 
to  about  2)Oc>o,  live  t^  the  fouthward  of  the  Sid  degree 
ti  N.  latitude,  or  as  the  inhabitants  are  wont  to  iay  iii< 
ti^e- fouth;  but  no  Europeans  live  there,  lb  tliat  theA; 
parts  are  but  little  known.  The  European  colonies  have 
fixed  therofelves  to  the  northward  of  latitude  61^. 

Cwiofities.2     The  aftonifhing  mountains  of  ice  in  thii 
tountryy  may  well  be  reckoned  among  its  greateft  curi- 
oftties.     Nothing  can  exhibit  a  more  dreadful,  and  at  the 
UiOie  time  a  more  dazzling  appearance,  than  thofe  pro<* 
dtgious  maiTes  of  ice  that  furround  the  whole  coail  inp 
Various  forms,  refleAing  a  multitude  of  colours  from  the 
fun-beams,  and  calling  to  mind  the  enchanting  fcenes  of 
romance.    Such  profpects  they  yield  in  calm  weather,, 
but  when  the  wind  besms  to  blow,  and  the  waves  to  rife 
in  vaft  billows,  the  violent  ihbcks  of  thofe  pieces  of  ice,, 
dafliing  againft  one  another,  fill  the  mind  withhonror. 
The  ice  mountains  are  pieces  of  ice  floating  in  the  fea 
of  an  amazing  (ize  and  very  curious  forms :  fome  have 
die  appearance  of  a  church  or  caftle,  with  fquare  or 
pointed  turrets  ;  others  of  a  (hip  under  fail,  and  peo- 
ple have  often  given  themfelves  fruiElefs  toil  to  go  oa 
bckard,  and  pilot  the  imaginary  (hip  into  harbout;  othi> 
tn  look  like  large  iflauds,  with  plains,  vallies  and  hiiis^ 

whivh 


W£ST    GREENLAND. 


S3 


which  ofun.  rear  their  heads  200  yards  abore  the  level 
of  the  Tea.  This  ice,  for  the  moft  part,  is  very  hard,  clear* 
and  tranfparent  as  glafs,  of  a  pale  giern  colour,  and 
ibme  pieces  iky  blue ;  but,  ii  j^ou  melt  it  and  let  i^ 
freeze  again,  it  becomes  white. 

Air  mid  Sfa/ons.}  As  thi;  country  is  covered  in  mod 
places,  with  everlafting  ice  and  fnow.,  Ic  is  eafy  to  imag- 
ine that  it  mua  be  extremely  cojd.  In  thofe  places 
where  the  inhabiunts  tnjoy  the  viHts  of  the  fun  for  an 
hour  cr  two  in  a  day,  in  winter,  the  cold  is  tolerable  ; 
thouc^h  even  there,  ftiong  liquors  will  freeze,  when  out 
ofthewatm  rooms.  But  where  the  fun  entirely  for- 
(akc:  the  horizon,  while  people  are  drinking  tea,  the 
emptied  cup  will  freeze  on  the  table. 

In  fummer  there  is  no  night  in  this  country.  Beyond 

the  66th  degree,  in  the  longeft  days,  the  fun  does  not  fet  $ 

and  at  Goad  Hope,  in  latitude  64°,  the  fun  does  not  fet 

;  till  I  o  min.  after  ten  o'clock,  and  rifes  again  50  min.  after 

'  cue  o'clock.     The  winter  days  are  proportionably  Ibort. 

Produatons\\  Among  the  vegetables  of  this  cold 
country,  are  iorrel  of  various  forts,  angelica,  wild  unzy» 
fcurvy  grafs  in  great  quantities,  wild  rofemary,  dandeli- 
ons in  plenty,  and-  various  forts  of  grafs.  Whortle- 
berries and  cramberriesgrow  here.  Europeans havefowa 
barley  and  oats,  which  grow  as  high  and  as  thrifty  as  ia 
warmer  climates,  but  feldon^ advance*  fo  far  as  to  car, 
aiid  never,  eveti  in  the  warmed  places,  grow  to  maturity^^ 
becaufe  the  frofty  nights  begin  too  foon, 

jinimals'.y.  Unfruitful  as  this  country  Is,  it  afitvds' 
Ibod  for  fome,  theugh  but  few  kinds  of  beads,  which 
fumilh  the  natives  with  food  and  raiment.  Of  the  wild 
gam«,  are  white  hares,  rein  deer^  foxes,  and  «^hite  bears, 
who  are  fierce  vxni  mifchicvous,  feals,  &c.  The  Green- 
landers  have  no  tame  animals  but  a  fpecies  of  dogs,, 
which  tefemble  wolves* 

Religion,']  The  Greenlanders  believe  in  the  do^rine 
of  the  tranfmigration  of  fouls ;  that  the  foul  is  a  fpiritual 
elfence,  quite  different  from  the  bod^  ;•  that  it  needs  nO' 
corporeal  notu-ifhment ;  that  it  fur\rives  the  body,  and' 
Hves  in  a  future  better  ftate,  which  they  believe  will' 
never  end.  But  thSy  l^ave  ve  y  different  ideas  of  ihi« 
ftate.  Miiny  place  their  Mlxpum^  or  beavciii  ia  the  aby^ 
.  E  a  f(»    * 


M 


54 


WEST    GREENLAND. 


fes  of  the  ocean,  or  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  and  thintt 
the  deep  cavti'es  o(  the  rocks  are  the  avenues  leading  to 
it.     There  dwells  Torngar/uck*  and  his  mother  ;  there  a 
joyous  fummer  is  perpetual,  and  a  ihining  fun  is  obfcur* 
cd  by  no  niglft ;  there  is  the  limpid  dream,  and  abund* 
ance  of  fowls,  filhcs,  rein-deer,  and  their  beloved  i'eals  | 
and  tliefe  are  all  to  be  caught  without  toil.  But  tothefe 
delightful  feats  none  niuU  approach  but  thofe  who  have 
been  dexterous  and  diligent  at  their  work,  (for  this  ia 
their  grand  'd     jf  virtue  i  that  have  performed  great  ex- 
ploits, and  lu    ,  r..aflered  many  whales  and  feals,  hava 
undergone  great  hardlhips,  have  been  drowned  m  the 
fca,  or  died  in  childbed*     The  difembodied  fpirit  does 
not  enter  dancing  into  the  |llyiian  fields,  but  roufl  fpend. 
five  wkolc  days,  ibme  fay  longer,  in  Hiding  down  a  rug- 
ged rock,  which  is  thereby  frneared  with   blood  and 
gore.     Thofc  unfortunate  fouls  which  are  obliged  to 
perform  diis  roiis^h  journey  in  tha  cold  winter,  or  in 
boifterous  weuthci,  are  peculiar  objefts  of  their  pity,be- 
caufe  they  may  be  eafily  dettroyed  on  the  road,  which 
de(b'u«^ion  they  call  the  fecond  death,  and  defcribe  it  as 
a  perfed  extindion,  and  this  to  them  is  the  moft  dread-^ 
ful  confideration.     Therefore  duiihg  thefe  five  days  or 
more,  the  furviving  relations  mull  abftain  from  certain 
xseats,  and  from  all  ijoify  work,  (except  the  necefl'ary 
fiibing)  that  the  foul  may  not  be  difturbed  or  perifh  in 
its  perilous  paflage.     From  all  which  J"  Isplain  that  the 
'Grcenlanders,  ftupid  as  they  have  been  reprefented,  have 
an  idea  that  the  good  wiU  be  rewarded,  and  the  bad 
puuilhed  ;    and   that   they  coaceive  a  horror  at   the 
thoughts  of  the  entire  anuihilatioi)  of  the  foul. 

Others  have  tlieir  paradife  among  the  celedlal  bodies, 
and  they  imagine  their  flight  thjthec  fo  eaiy  and  rapid* 
that  the  foul  rells  the  very  lume  evening  in  the  manfion 
of  the  moon,  and  there  it  can  dunce  and  play  at  ball 
with  the  reft  of  the  fouls  ;  for  they  tliink  the  northera 
hghts  to  be  the  dance  of  fportive  fouls.  The  fouls  in 
this  paradife  are  placed  in  tents  around  a  vaft  lake 
abounding  with  filh  and  fowl.  When  this  lake  over- 
flows. It  rains  on  the  earth  ;  but  iliould  the  dam  once 
break,  there  woi^ld,  in  ch^ir  opiuiuM^4>e  a  general  del;4^e» 
>  The 

*  The  name  of  the  Ccod  Spirit,  aalwctiD^  to  the  heathen  Jupittr. 


i> 


BRITISH    AMERICA. 


a 


Tlie  Gteenlandcrs  who  confiJer  the  iohI  at  a  fplritual 
inimauiial  cflence*  laugh  at  all  this,  and  fay,  if  there 
ihould  be  fuch  a  maietial,  liuariant  paradtfe,  where 
foulii  could  enteruin  tfacml'elves  with  bumiag,  dill  it 
can  only  endure  for  a  time.  Aiterwardi  the  Ibuls  will 
ceitainJy  be  conveyed  to  the  peaceful  maniions.  But 
they  know  not  what  their  food  or  employment  will  be» 
On  the  other  hand,  they  place  their  hell  io  thefubteria- 
neous  regions,  which  arc  devoid  of  light  and  heat,  and 
hUed  with  perpetual  terror  and  ar.j(iety.  This  laft  lort 
of  people  lead  a  regular  life,  and  refraia  from  ev^cry 
thing  they  tliink  is  evil,  . 

Bt/iory,'}  Weft  Greenland  was  firft  peopled  hj  Eu^ 
Jrop.ans  in  the  eighth  century.  Ai  that  titae  a  cohipany 
of  Icelanders,  headed  by  one  Ericke  Rande,  were  by  ac- 
cident driven  on  the  coalK  On  his  return  he  repre- 
fented  the  country  in  fuch  a  favourable  light  that  fon;e 
families  again  followed  hini  thither,  where  they  foon  be- 
came  a  tljcriviug  colony,  and  bellowed  on  their  new  hab- 
itation tlie  name  of  Qroenlund^  or  Greenland,  on  account  o€ 
its  verdant  ap]}earance..  This  colony  w  converted  to 
chrilliauity  by  a  miffipnary  from  Norway,  fent  thither 
by  the  celebrated  Oiaf,  the  lirft  Norwegian  monarch 
who  embraced  the  tiue  religion*  The  Greenland  fet- 
tlcment  continued  to  incrcaic  and  thrive  under  his  prOf 
te6ion ;  and  ia  a  little  time  the  country  was  provided 
with  many  towns,  churches,  convents,  biihops,  &c.  ar> 
der  the  juiifdi<5tion  of  the  archbiihop  of  DroiitheinK  ^ 
confiderabie  commerce  was  cr-rried  on  between  Greeti- 
land  and  Norway  ;  4tiid  a  regular  iaiercomle  maintaiiv 
ed  between  the  two  countries  till  the  year  1406,  when 
the  laft  bilhop  was  fent  over.  From  that  time  all  cor. 
xefponUence  was  cut  off,  and  all  knowledge  of  Green* 
land  has  bc^n  buried  in  obiivion^ 


BRITISH    AMERICA. 

Situation  a»d  Extent. 

UNDER  the  geneial  name  of  Britifli  America,  ^ 
comprehend  the  vaft  and  unknown  extent  of  coun- 
try/bounded  ibuth,  by  the  United  States  of  America^ 

and 


t' 


5^ 


igEW   HRlTArir. 


md  the  Atlantic  oceta  i  eaft,  by  the  fiime  ocean  anc^ 
Davit'  Straiu»  which  divide  it  from  Greenland;  ex- 
tending  north, to  the  northern  limits  of  theHttdfon'i  Bay" 
charter ;  and  weftward,  to  an  tanknown  extent ;  lytng- 
between  43*^  30'  and  70*  north  latitude  ;  and  between 
50*  and  !05^  W.  longitude  from  Greenwich^ 

Divjfietu^y  Britifli  America  is  divided  into  four 
Provinces,  viz»  i.  Upper  Canada ;  a.  Lower  Canada*  tQ' 
which  are  annexed  New  Britain,  or  the  country  lying. 
round  Hudfbn's  Bay,  and  the  Ifland  of  Cape  Breton ;  5* 
New  BruniWic  ;  4.  Nova  Scotia,  to  which  ts  annexed 
St.  John's.  Befides  thefe,  there  is  the  Ifland  of  New- 
foundland, which  is  governed  by  the  Admiral  for  th^ 
time  being,  and  two  fieutebant  governors^. 


p*-." 


:>v  *■ 


NEW    BRITAIN^ 

THEcovntry  lying  round  Hudfon's  Bay,  or  th6 
country  of  the  Efquimaux,  comprehending Xab- 
fador.  New  North  and  South  Wales,  has  obtained' the 
general  name  of  New  Britain,  and  is  attached  to  the 
government  of  Lower  Canada.  A  fiipetintendant  of 
trade,  appointed  by  the  governor  General  of  the  foui^ 
BritiOi  ProvHicesy  and  refponfibli  to  him,  refides  at 
Labrador. 

Riven.']    *!•  he  principal^  rivers  which  water  this  couna 

try,  are  the  Wager,  Monk,  Seal,^  Pbckerekeiko,  Church- 

Hl;  Nelfon,  Hayes,  New  Severn,  Albai^y,  Pafquitau  a«d- 

Mooferivers,  all  whiclier?pty  into  Hudfon's  and  James* 

Bay  from  the  wcft»    The  mouths  of  all  the  rivers  are 

filled^ with  ftioals,  eicept  Chuf chillis,  in  which  the  largi 

e(V  fliips  may  lie  >  but  ten  niiles  higher  the  channel  is 

obftrufted  by  fand-banks.     All  the  rivers,  as  far  as  they 

have  been  explored,  arc  fidl  of  rapid*,  and  cataraas, 

from  10  to  66  ftet  perpendictohr.-    Down  thefe  rivers 

the  IndtuA  traders-,  find  a  quick  paJage  s  but  their  re-^ 

turn  is  a  labour  of  many  months.. 

^lae^of  the  Coiutty,  Soil,  tsfcJi    As  far  inland  as  the 

^dfon  Bay  Company  hav^  fetlements,  which  is  606 

Jjilestoihe  we(l  of  fort  Chi^hiU,  at  a  place  called 

.fRiidCon  Houfe,  l4ti  5^°,  long;  i6c^  27'  W»  fro*  Loifr 

'  dcia,Js  flat  country..  tEhi 


,.•<*»»'. 


NEW    BRITAIN. 


57 


Thi  Milern  coall  of  the  Bay  it  barren,  pail  the  efforts 
«f  culiivation.  The  Turface  is  eitrj  where  uneven,  and 
covered  with  maffcii  of  ftone  of  dn  amashig  fize.  It  ie 
a  country  of  truitlefs  Tallies  and  frightful  mountains, 
fome  of  an  attonifhing  height-  The  valliet  are  full  of 
lakes,  formed  not  from  fpHngs,  but  rain  and  fnow,  fo 
chilly,  as  to  be  produflive  of  a.  few  fmall  trout  only. 
The  mountains  have  here  and  there  a  blighted  (hrub,  or 
a.  little  mofs.  The  Tallies  are  full  of  crooked,- ftunted 
trees,  pines,  fir,  birch,  and  cedars^  or  rather  a  fpecies  of 
the  juniper.  In  lat.  60*  on  thU  coaii,  vegetation  ceafes. 
The  whole  Ihore,  like  that  on  the  weft,  is  faced  with 
iilands  at  fome  di  (lance  from  land. 

Inhabitants ,  Cu/ioms^  isfc»2  The  inhabitants  among  the 
mountains  are  Indians  }  along  the  coalU^  Efquimaux. 
The  dogs  of  the  former  at?  very  fmall  }  ot  the  latter- 
large  aSd  headed  hkfi  a  fcic,  and  traitied  for  the. 
fle^e. 

1  The  lattdable  zeal  6f  the  Moraviaa  clergy  induced 
them,  m  the  year  1753,  to  fend  miffionaries  from  Green- 
land to  this  country*  Some  of  them  were  killed,  and 
ethers  driven  away«  In  1764,  undec  the  protection  of 
the  Britiih  government,  another  attempt  was  made*. 
The  mitlicmaues  were  weli  received  by  the  Elquimaux^ 
and  ihe  niiiTion  goss  on  with  fuccefs. 

CUmate.J  ExceiUvely  cold.  The  fnoivs  btgln  to  fall 
in  OAober.  The  fun  rifus,  h,  the  &orte(t  day,  five 
minutes  pail  nine^  and  lets  fiv<6  miimtes  before  three. 
In  the  k>ngeft  day  the  fun  rtfcs  at  three,  and'iets  about- 
nine.  The  ice  begins  to  dilappear  in  May,  and  hot 
weather  commences  about  the  middle  of  June,  which  at 
times  is  very  violent.  « 

Jitimali,'^  The  animals  of  thefe  coiintries^  are,  the 
moofe-deer,  ftags,  rein-deer,  bears»  tygers^.  buffaioesi- 
ivolives,  foxes,  beavers,  otters,  lynxes,  martins,. fquitrels^ 
ermines,^  wild-cats,  and  hares^  The  rein-deer  pafs  ia 
vaft  herds  iowards  the  *  north,  in.  0<Sober,  feeking  the 
Extreme  cold.  The  feathered  kinds  are,  gt^fe,  buftards, 
ducks,  growfe,  and  all  manner  of  wild  towls.  .Of  fifti». 
there  are  whales,  mories,  ieaU,  cod*^Bih,  and  a  white  hlli^ 
preferable  to  herringf;.  and  in  their  rivers  and  f re  Ui 
%aters,  pike,,  perch,,  o^^  and  trout. 

All 


;*;»J 


%' 


**. 


5l  NEW    BRITAIN. 

All  tKc  qtiidrupcdes  of  thefe  countries  a^e  cUtbed^ 
with  a  clofe,  f^ft*  warm  fur.  In  fumner  there  is  hert» 
as  io  other  places,  a  varictx  in  the  colours  d  the  feveral 
animals ».  when  that  feafon  is  0Ter»  which  holds  onlf 
for  three  months,  thejr  all  aflume  the  livery  of  winter; 
and  every  fort  of  beads,  and  moft  of  their  fowls,  arc  of 
tite  colMur  of  the  fnow }  every  thing  animate  and  inani- 
mate is  whne.  This  is  afurpriflng  pheaomenoni  But 
what  is  yet  more  furprifmg,  and  what  if  indeed  one  o£ 
the  moft  Qrikfng  things,  that  draw  the  mofr  inattentive 
to  an  admiration  of  the  vvifdom  and  goodnefs  of  Provi- 
dence,  is,  that  the  doss  and  cau  from  Britain^  that  have 
heen  carried  into  yfudfon^  Bay,  on  the  approach  of 
winter,  have  entirely  changed  their  appearance,  and  ac-, 
quired  a  much  Tonger,  fblter  and  thicker  ooat  of  hair 
than  they  had  originallf. 

Dlfe9very.ll  The  knowledgifi  of  tliefe  north^n  fear 
and  counuies>  was^  owing  to  a  projcA  ftarted  in  Eng- 
land for  the  diicovery  ota  northweft  paflage  to  Chin;^ 
and  the  Eail  Indies  as  early  as  the  year  t^^6•  Since 
then  it  has  been  frequently  dropped,  and  at  often  re* 
invtd,  bur  never  yet  com;»letedv 

Jrobifher,  about  the  year  i  ^76,  difcovcred  the  Mala- 
df  New  Britain,  or  Terra  de  Labrador,  and  thofe  ftraita 
to)  which  he  has  given  his  name*    In  1585V  John  Davis- 
failed  from  Poriunonth,  and  viewed  that  and  ihe  more 
northern  coaHs,  but  he  feems  iiever  to  have  entered  the 
bay*    Hvdfbn  made  three  voyages  oil  the  feme  adven- 
ture, the  firft  in  i/5o7,  the  fecond  in  \6oZ,  and  the  third 
and  laft  in  jt  6 1  a    This  bold  and  judicious  navigator  eiW 
tered  the!  ftraits  that  lead  into  the  bay-  Known  by  his 
bame,  coafted  a  great  part 'of  it,  and  penetrs^ted  t6  eighty 
dcj^rees  and  a  half  into  the  heart  of  the  froten  zone. 
His  ardour  for  the  difcovery  not  being  abated  by  the 
difficulties  he  ftruggled  with  in  this  empire  of  winter,, 
and  world  of  froft  and  fnow,  be  ftayed  here  until  the 
enfuinz  fpring,  and  prepared  in  the  beginning  of  161 1, 
to  purlue  his  difcoveries ;.  but  his  crcw,  who  fuffered' 
eqjial  hardships,  wfthout  the  fame  /.pirit  tCt'  fupport 
them,  mutinied^  feized  upon  him  and  feven  of  thofe' 
who  ivere  mod  faithful  to  him,  and  committed  them  to 
tile  fury  of  tibe  icy  feat»  ia^  aa  open  boat.  /  HtkUbn  and- 

his^ 


tlPPSH  AMD  LQWtK  CANADA.       59 

Ini  Companions  were  either  (wallowed  ap  bf  die  waveit 
ort  saining  the  inbofpiuble  CMft,  were  deftrofed  bj 
the  uragcs  ;  bnt  cbe  Ibip  and  the  red  o|  the  men  ra> 
tDmed  home. 

Other  attempts  towards  a  dtfctrerj  have  been  made 
in  1612,  1667,  1746,  and  i76i»  bnt  without  foccefs. 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA. 

THE  Provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  con- 
V  ftitttted  by  aft  of  .Parliament  in  17911  comprc« 
hend  the  territory  heretofore  called  Canada, 


Situation  and  Extent. 


Mitn. 


Length  1400  7 


between 


{6i"and8i' 
42°  50'  am 


t°  W.  1.  from  Lond. 
Breadth  500  J"  "^'■'*^"l4a°  50'  and  5a*  N.  latitude. 

Boundaries  -and  D'tvj/iotu.'}  Bounded  north,  by  New 
;  Britain  and  unknown  countries .;  eaft,  by  New  Britain 
And  theCulf  of  St.  Lawrence ;  ibutheaft  and  foutherly, 
hj  the  Province  of  New  Brunfwic,  the  Dillrid  of  Maine, 
New  Hasipfliire,  Vermont,  New  York  and  the  Lakes  1 
the.weftem  boundary  is  undefined.  The  Province  of 
Upper  Canada  is  the  fame  as  what  has  been  commonly 
called  the  Upper  Country.  It  lies  north  of  the  great 
Lakes ;  and  is  feparated  from  New  York  by  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  here  called  the  Catarac^ui,  and  the  Lakes 
Ontario  and  Erie. 

LoWer  Canada  lies  on  botli  (ides  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence, between  6i*  and  71®  W.  long,  from  London^ 
and  45*^  and  52^  N.  lat.  and  is  bounded  fouth  by  New 
Brnnfwic,  Maine,  New  HampOiire,  Vermont,  aad  New 
York  J  and  weft,  by  Upper  Canada. 

Riioert*']  The  river  Su  Lawrence  is  -one  of  the  larg- 
eft  rivers  in  North  America.  It  iffues  from  Lake  On- 
tar io,  forming  the  outlet  of  the  long  diain  of  great  lakes, 
which  feparate  Upper  Canada  from  the  United  States. 
It  takes  its.courfe  northeaft  ;  waihes  the  ifland  of  Mont- 
real, which  it  cmbofoms  j  juft  above  which  it  rec^vei 
Octawas  from  the  weft,  and  forms  many  fertile  iflands. 
Continuing  the  fame  courfe,  it  meets  the  tide  upwardf 
of  409  mSes  fr«ai  thefea,  and  is  fo  far  navigable  (^ 

large 


W 


-^o        tJPPER  AHO  LOWER  CANADA. 

Iir^e  YefTetf.  Having  received  in  its  courTe,  bcfi^les  Ot* 
t^wts,  St.  John*s,  Seguina,  Defprairlci,  Tmis  Rivierics 
an  1  innumerable  other  fmaller  ftreams,  it  falls  into  the 
ocean  at  Ct^e  Rofieret,  by  a  mmith  90  or  ico  miles 
b-^aJ.  In  its  rourfe  it  forms  t  jn^cat  variety  of  briv», 
harbors  and  iflands,  many  of  them  fruitful  and  extreme- 
ly pleafant. 

CUmatt.']  Winter  continues  with  fiich  fe verity  from 
Pccember  to  April,  as  that  the  largcft  rivers  are  frozen 
ever,  ami  the  fnow  lies  commonly  from  foar  to  fix  feet 
deep  during  the  winter^  Bnt  the  nir  is  fo  ferene  and 
dear,  and  the  inhabitants  fo  well  defended  againft  the 
C'»ld,  that  this  fcafon  is  neither  unhealthy  nor  unpleafant. 
The  fprinc:  opens  fuddcnly,  and  vetijetation  is  furprlfingly 
r^pid.  The  fummer  is  delightful,  except  that  a  part  ot' 
it  is  extremely  hot. 

Sot/  and  ProJuec]  Though  the  climate  be  cold,  and 
ihe  winter  long  and  tedious,  the  foil  is  in  gener  tl  very 
good,  and  in  many  parts  both  plcafant  and  fertile,  pro- 
ducing wheat,  barky,  rye,  with  many  other  forts  of 
grain,  fruits  and  vegetables  ;  tobacco,  in  particular, 
thrives  well,  and  is  much  cultivated.  The  ifle  of  Or- 
leans, near  Quebec,  and  the  lands  upon  the  river  -St. 
Lnwrence  and  other  rivers,  are  remarkable  for  the  rich- 
nefs  of  the  foil.  The  meadow  grounds  in  Canada,  which 
,'ire  well  watered,  yield  excellent  grafs,  and  feed  great 
numbers  of  great  and  fmall  cattle. 

jinimah*^     See  this  article  under  the  head  of  the 
United  States, 

Principal  Towns^"]    Qnebec  is  the  capital,  not  only  of 
Lower  Canada,  but  of  all  Britifh  America,  and  is  fitu- 
ated  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  St.  Lawrence  and 
St.  Charges,  or  the  Little  River,  about  3io  miles  from 
the  fea.     It  is  built  on  a  rock  which  is  partly  of  marblo 
and  partly  df  flate.    The  towa  is  divided  into  upper  and 
lower.    The  houfes  in  both  are  of  ftone,  and  built  in  a  tol- 
crable- manner.    It  contained,  in  1 784, 6472  inhabitants. 
From  Quebec  to  Montreal,  which  is  about  1 70  miles, 
in  failing  up  the  river  Sr.  Lawrence,  the  eye  is  enter- 
tained with  beautiful  Uindicapes,  the   banks  being  in 
many  places  very  bold  and  fteep,  and  ftaded  with  lofty 
trees.    The  farms  lie  pretty  ciofe  all  the  way,  feveral 

gentlemen's 


UPPER  AN»  LOWER  CANADA.       ^i 

fcntlemen'f  honfei,  ncitlf  built,  (htw  tbemTtlTti  at  io- 
tervalt,  m4  th«re  U  «I1  cnt  tppcarancc  o^  a  flourUhing 
colonf  t  but  there  are  lew  towns  or  tillage*.  Maof 
beautiful  id^nis  arc  ioterfperfed  in  the  channel  of  the 
river,  which  h-4ire  an  agree;«ble  effeA  upon  the  eye. 

M vin'real  fl^indt  on  an  ifland  in  the  river  St.  Law« 
rencei  which  is  ten  leagnes  in  length,  and  four  in  breadth* 
at  tlie  foot  of  a  moontain  which  gives  name  to  It,  about 
half  a  league  from  the  fouch  (bore.  The  city  forms  an 
oblong  A|iiare»  divided  by  regular  and  well  formed 
ftreets. 

The  principal  towns  in  Upper  Canada,  are  King(l 
tpo,  York,  and  Hewark,  lately  named  Niagara- Weft. 
The  latter  town  lies  oppofite  Niagara  Fort  and  town. 
York,  formerly  called  Toronto,  lies  on  Lake  Onlari:^ 
weft  by  north  of  Ofweffs,  about  do  miles  diftant,  and 
^;  north- north» weft  of  Niagara,  contains  between  200 
and  500  families,  and  is  the  prefent  feat  of  government 

GovemmentJ]  By  the  Quebec  AiV,  pafled  by  the  par- 
liament of  Great  Britain  in  the  year  1791,  it  is  ena>£ied, 
that  there  Aiail  be  within  each  of  the  Provinces  of  Up- 
^er  and  Lower  Canada, a  Legi dative  Council, and  an  Af- 
fcmbly,  who,  with  the  confent  of  the  Governor,  appoint- 
-cJ  by  the  King,  ihall  have  power  to  make  laws. 

The  Legiflattte  Council  is  to  conAft  of  not  fewer  than 
feven  members  for  Upper,  and  fifteen  for  Lower  Cana- 
tlai  to  be  fummoned  by  the  Governor,  who  muft  bo 
suUiorized  by  il^e  Ktne.  Sluch  members  are  to 'hold 
their  feats  for  life,  uniefs  forfeited  by  four  years  con- 
tinual abfence,  or  by  fwearing  allegiance  to  fome  for-- 
«ign  power. 

The  Hottfe  of  AfTembly  is  to  confift  of  not  le'V  thaa 
fixteen  members  At>m  Upper,  and  not  lefs  than  fiu/  f- om 
Lower  Canada,  chofen  by  he  freeholders  ii^  the  feveral 
towns  knd  diftridts.  The  council  and  aiTembly  are  to 
1)6  called  together  at  leaft  once  in  every  year,  and  every 
aflembly  is  to  continue  four  years»  unl^is  iooner  diflblv- 
ed  by  the  Governor* 

Britifli  Aimerica  is  fuperintended  by  atk  officer,  (lyled 
Governor  General  of  the  ioar  Britifh  Provinces  in  N. 
Amcrkj^  who,  befidei  jHber  |>owcrs,  is  cotsmander  in 
r  chief 


■«''<■ 


*4' 


■SflDNE'T,  oil  THt 


dtteforall  the  Brltiih  troops  in  the  four  Provinces  and 
the  goremment^  attached  to  them,  and  Newfoundland* 
£ach  of  the  Pfovinces  has  a  Lieutenant  Governor,  who, 
in  the  abfence  of  the  GoveFnor  General,  has  all  the  paw- 
cri  requifate  to  a  Chief  Magiftr^te. 

Poftilatiott.']  Upper  Canada,  though  an  infant  fettle- 
jnent,  wasfaid,  in  1798,  by  feme,  to  contain  40,000,  by 
others,,  only  20,000  inliabttants.  The  truth  probably 
vras  between  them.  Lower  Canada,  in  1 784,  contained 
113,012  fouls.  Both  Provinces  may  now  contain 
frjpm  150,000  to  ^o,oco  fools,  which  number  is  mul- 
tiplying, both  by  natural  increafe  and  by  emigrations. 

Rdi^fon,^  As  many  as  about  nine-tenths  of  the  in- 
habitants of  theft  Provinces  are  Roman  Catholics,  who 
enjoy,  under  the  prefent!  government,  the  fame  provi* 
ilon',  rights  and  privileges  as  were  granted  them  in  1 774, 
by  the.aft  of  the  14th  of  George  III.  The  rtft  of  the 
people  are  Epifcopalians,  Prefbyterians,  and  a  f€w  of 
almoijt  all  the  different  fe^s  of  Chriflians. 

Tradet"}  The  amount  of  thf  exports  from  the  Prov- 
ince of  (Juebec,  in  the  year  J  786,  was  jf  543,262 :  19  : 6, 
The  amount  of  imports  in  the  fame  year  was  ;f  325,1 16, 
'Vhk  exp6rt3  conGfted  offbeat,  flour,  bifcuit,  flaxfced, 
,  lumber  of  various  kinds>j^fIi,potafb,  oil,  ginfeng  ind  oth- 
«r  Q^edicinai  roots,  but  piincipajly  of  furs  and  peltries, 
to  tlie  amount  of  2*285,977.  The  rn^ports  confifted  of 
rum,  brandy,  molaues,  coffee,  fugar,.  wines,  tobacco,  fait, 
chpcolate,^  pronfions  for  the  troops,  and  dry  gocwls, 

HyhryJ]  This  country  was  difcovered  by  theEng,^ 
jifh  as  early  as  sbout  1497 ;  and  fettled  by  the  French  m 
'f6o<B,  who  kcp^  poffeffi^n  of  it  till  176^,  when  it  was 
^likiefn  by  the  oritilh  arms,  and,  at  the  treaty  qf  Paris,  in 
^7^3<  was  ceded  by  France  to  the  crown  of  England,  tg 
fWipm  it  has  ever  uncc  belonged. 


Ui 


Mrnm^ 


SIDNEY,  6^  •THE  ISLAND  ^fQAPE- 

B^RETON. 

[Annexed  to  the  Province'  of  Lowe) v  Canada.] 

THE  ifiaiHly'or  ratbcr  cclledlfon  0}  iUands,  which  lie 
fh  cdnttgnniit  as  thgt  they  ttte  commonly  Called 
but  onef  oad  conprchaidfid  under  the  name  of  the  liland 


i^h^m  dj  CAPE  BRETON. 


M 


#Cape  Breticm,  lief  betwrtn  Ut.  45*^  t^f  and  47"  a*  K. 
ahdbolweeii  59^  4if'  and  61'  39'  W.  long.  frQin  lldn- 
don,  and  about  45  leagues^  to  the  eaftmurd  of  Halifas. 
li  is  lof)  miles  in  lengtn»  and  front  20  to  84^  in  breadth  ; 
and  ife  fepiirated  frorti  Nova  Scotia  by  Vhatfdti^  (ttskyt 
failed  tKe  Gui  of  Canfii  ^Jiich  is  tl|c  CQihixiUnicatiofi 
tictween  the  Atlantic  Ocean  atid  iW  Gulf  of  St. 
^Wence.'  ,        '     v    ,     '.   f:'''\' 

Tate af lite  CounirjiCtimftle^twl and ProduBtons^  £xcii$t 
4ii  the  hilly  parts,  the  faxfice  of  the  coiidtryi  feme  fay» 
)ia&  but  liitle  folidity,  being  every  >^ here  covered  with  a 
light  mofs,  and  nilh  tlatcrv^  Other  and  itiore  ^thentjic 
accounts  fay,  that  there  i^  a  great  prcpbnion  of  atable 
Vahd  on  this  ifland.  The  climate  i?  very  cold,  .o^ing 
cfither  fo  the  prodigious  cjuantiiy  of^ hikes  that  cover 
above  half  the  ifland,  and  reni'am  fvoren  a  Idng  thne  jt 
or  to  the  number  of  forefi^  tU;it  totally  intejcept  the  rajs 
of  the  fthij  the  effea  of  which  is  bcfides  dhUmflKd  %t 
^j^erj^ertiai  cidnds.'    ".'■■,.  '  ,^ 

J^otukitkn,  Ghl/'ffhvnit,  &e.J    On  tliis'  filand  theV« 

'  lfd'M>but  f  ,600  ihl4bttknts,  who  haVe  a  lie^renant'gof^- 

^ivjic' ttddttii  aufotig;  thcp,  appointed  by'  the  MiftV 

•Jlife  ptintipal  toittii  are  Sidney,  the  capital,  ah^  LomC' 

Burg,  which  ha^l^e  beft ^harb<>ar  in  thelffattA-  :     '    w 

This  ifland  ^af  hr^pnfido'ed  as  this  key  to  Cill^M; 
sihd  ihe  very  Vakable  lltBcry  in  ib  n^hbou^Bfob^  «^ 
-pchifcfbr  ity  ytfWx^&hxi  GTi^iti6  poief^ 
as  no*natio«  cih  carry  it  on  without  Voi^'tdl&vlniient 
larbour  rfftrength  to;fdf>pTy  and  proteaicf ^i|n&)l»dll^. 
bul-g  if  the  priacipal  bne  for  thftfe  piirpofesv  %; 

^ifiory.]     Tb<«igh  fome  fifiic^ihcf^  haClohg HfetWA 
tfe^d^s  IMidc^ipf  f<>ni^e>,^oti^oVe  than  20  or  p  hid 


tVer  fixed  there.    X^t  ftttich^  Who' Wt 


h^itimts. 


and  fik- 

.  .  .,  .  Ulcment. 
^  This  iilao'd  femainttd  in'  polfeiflSoix't^  i!iw^  French  tSji 
¥74^,  i*!hen  it  was  c^ptmied  Tor  the  fcV^iit  of  ^xreAt 
Bri^in,  by  a:bod/  of  jroops  fro/n  New  ^ngland^  im- 
-lir  :the  irciniri^dof  Lieiitenant  ticneral  WHliatn  Pep- 
r|l«fr#ll^>  For  >tie'i6&«^^^^  pai'ticulaft  of  this  ixxitpr^ 
't^^^l^ld  W-I&coteflil  eipeditimif^'  ftfi  the  Mo^i- 
.*■  \  i>'  cal 


ill  KOVA  ftcextJiK 

tal  CbHtaioiii,  Vol  I.  ptt^iifkcd  by  tke  MI^Hu^tb. 
Hiftortcal  Society  in  Boftoo«    AU9»  Eacxcloptdia  Biir 


•Ml 


MinAit. 


^ 


NOVA    SCOTIA. 

i6Ml|rclM»4iog,  tke  Provtn^i  of  Ntw  Btviriwtc  Mi  IMu 

B0UNIU.tt|£8  Al<n  £xTBKt. 
Ungih  3.1 7  T  w-twecn  J^^^**  ^o'  and  48*4'  l^-  ^at... 

*M.-./>..i..  n  IJGUNDED  on  the  north,  by  Lowpr 
-^W«tttori«.J  |-J  Canada,  from  whicli  it  is  ftparated' 

Ml  ^rt  by  the  b^y  of  Chaleurs  ^  eafl,  by  the  Gulf  of  $c^ 
Lawrence,  whtcb  walhes  ict  coatl  iiQ  leagues  i^  ct^ 
||nt»  from  the  Got  of  Canfo,  at  its  entrance  into  the 
GtUf,  to  Cape  Rbzier,  which  fcxnis  th^  (cvth  part  of  the 
tivet  St.  £awrence^  and  hf  the  Gat  ot  Cai^,  Trhich  dt- 
Irides  ii  Irom  Cape  Breton;  foiuh,  iiis>waniedby  t^e- 
Atlantic  Ocean,  having  a  lea  coaft  of  9<^.  leagues  ^f^ 
Cajpe  Canib^^a^,  to  Cape  Sables^^veil,  which fosmione 
|art  oltlKe  loti^e  into  the  Bay  of  f  ttnd}r,  which  alfo> 
IIp^  A ipart of  iufotuliesn  boonfian: ;  wc4  by  apart 
IMf  %oirtt  Canada,  and  the  Di^i^l  ofMaine. 

^iWllttaoCcoiinh'y ^i^ithtniWe  limiy,  knoWnby  the- 
Ito rfHiiiraiScptia,  orj^w  ScotljimJ,.  \^AByW  V7B4». 
clivid^  into  two  jpti^lnces,  vii.  New  BrUnfwic  on  the 
sorthwel^f  arid  'HoV:i  Scou^On  the  fotlthea(li.  Tlii^  for- 
iitr.  ceJji(>reJ?nd$/th4t  |>irt  of  tlic  old  province  pfNo. 
T^  $Qi^i  Wlrc^  iieit^tb  me  northi^ar^  fad  leftward  of 
a  liQ)^  dri^jii  from  the  tnouth  of  the  tlver  St^.Croit^ 
throii|;J|  the  centre  of  the  ^y  b£  F^n^y,  to  Bay  V;<r|e». 
^nd  thenciHaiio  t'.ie  ^Giil^of  ^t^  LaWi^Qpce,  inchxdingjill 
lands  wtthili  d  leagues  of  the  cohA^l  The  reft  i^  ti^ie 
province  pi, Ho^a  5'«totta»  t0  which,  i^  annexed  the  IQand 
of  St.  Jojhtf^,  which  lies  iiortb  of  k,  in  the  Qujif  Mv%. 
JLawrence..  ', 

P'tvl/iotu,']     In  i7^3/W(p|:c,Ae  foUo\ying  cjD^ntie?^      ' 
Nova  Scotia,  via.  HAwrsrHA^if^JlCyJ^iNC^i  AfMAfo- 
ufit  CuMBxa&iNi>,  SuifauaYi^  (^(SjBns,  Lvmbr^^Iq^ 


ISLAND  Of  Sr.  JOHN'S. 


dj 


Trsdi^  Th^ptpcin»frtm  Great  Briuin  lo  tlui  coun- 
try conAll  cbicfly  of  limn  and  wocllen  cloths,  and  other 
atticlel  of  dodikg*  of  eiKing-tackle  ftnd  ngging  for 
^ip&.  «  The  anxMHit  of  ejrportt  at  an  average  of  ihtie 
yean,  before  the.  ^ew  feulemenu,  was  about  ;£'26,50Q. 
,The  only  articles  dbteiHed  in  exchange  are  tiiuber  and 
the  proiluceof  the  fiihery,  which,  at  a  like  averagt, 
amonnted  tlo  jf  58,000..  The  whole  ^pulation  of  Nof<i 
Scotia  and  the  idands  adjoining  has  be<n  elMmated  at, 
f 0,000..  But  recent,  aiccountft  of  thefe  fettlements  rep* 
refeit  them  as  in  a  declining  ftate,  having  grsatnuni- 
.bers^of  the  hoitfet,  built  in  the  new  towns,  uninhabited, 
amlconfiderably  reduced  in  value; 

Htfloryil  ilotwithftahding  the  forbfddihg  appeetance 
of  thii  country,  i^  was  here  that  feme  of  the  Hril  Euro- 
pean fcttlcniients' were  made.  The  firft  graht  of  hm<|f 
In  it  was  gjven  by  James  I.  to  his  fccreiary  tSir  WiUisun 
Alexander,  from  whom  it  had  the  name  of  Nova  Scotta, 
\orNew  Scotland..  Since  then  it  has  freqiieWly  changed 
handS|  froiii  one  private  orbprietor  tci  an9iher,  and  froin 
die  French  lo  the  Eii|;UQi  nation  backward*  and  for- 
viratd..  It^was  confirmed  to  the  Englith  at  the  peace  ^ 
Utrecht..  Three  huhdrcd  families  "were  trinfportedheic 
in  I749»  at  the  charge  <>f  the  government,  who  t^ilts^di 
fettled  the  town  of  Halifax..       Ji  t  i  ^  ;^  \  *  > 


iprr: 


•!;.-J-.'-i 


1  kt .ar'K^If  ;aF^ St. "f  OH N *'s.; 


w. 


'M- 


rrrHIS  iiland  lies  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  l^wreacc^. 
\   JL;    the  northern  coaft  of  the  ProviinScof  Nova! 
tia,  and  is  "ibowt  roo  'tttles  lon^,  «ndv!^m  IQ  to  ^5 
Voad;.    It  has  feVeral  fine  rivers,  51  rich  Ibil;  and  is 
ploaiantty  rtuated..   Chai  lotteib*irn  isitk'pTincipal  town, 
andjs  the  rtfidence  qf  the  lieotenlint governor  who  is  the 
ehief  officer  On  the  ifland..    The,  ntimbcr.of  ihhaHitants 
%siho'Ut  5,600^    tJpon  the Vedt|<aion  of  Cape  Breton,  In    . 
ir74;f,  the  irthabiiAnts  of  this- ifland^iimotinttng  to  about 
\  4,00b,  fubRiittedi)ttietly<p  the  Briti(h  arms.    While  the 
French  poffefled  it,  th^  iii9|»rovedit  to  fo  touch  advan«r' 
tageas  that  itiwas  caU^  the  granary  .of  Cataid  '>il|'-^f^ 
'fiitniihed^wit^  gre^t  plenty  m.  corn^  ac;,«^.as.  ^^ and 
imdc.    It  is  attached  to  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia. 

F  «.  NEWFOUNDLAND   1 


«^ 


NEWrOUNiyLAND. 


*■■*-. 


NEWFOUNDLAND  ISLAND.     ' 

NEWFOUNDLAND  k  fituated  to  the  eaft  of  tfi%- 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence^  bctwceh  4^*  45' and  $i^ 
46^  of  norcb  latitude,  andbeiween  5a*  51'  and  59^  4^^ 
weft  longUade  ;  feparated  from  Labrador,  or  New 
Brit^o,  hf  the  Straks  of  Belli  fle  ;  and  fron  Canada, 
by  the  Bay  of  St.  Lawi  '^,  ^ce ;  being  j8 1  mitet  long»  and. 
from  40  to  287  miles  bread.  Tiic  coaAs  ai'e  ektremetf 
fabjeA  to  fogs,  atttf?uie(^  «rtth  ainioft  continual  Aorias. 
of  Akow  and  &et,  die  iky  being  ufually  oirerc^  lFron^ 
theiif)i]  of  this  fiSatui  the  Britimreap  no  gteat  adrantagt,, 
for  the  cold  in  long  continued  andvfevere  ;■  and  thft  faia-^ 
ner  heat,  thoogh  violent,  waring  it  notltnough  to  pro-^ 
dace  any  thing  ^aabh; ;  for  the  foil,  at  leafl:  in  thofe- 
parts  of  the  \&nd  that  have  be«n  explored,  is  rocjry  and; 
barren.  However,  i&  is  watered  by  feveial  goodtivers*, 
and)  has  many  .^arge  and  good  hni  hours. 

This  ifliind  was  ceded  to  England- by  the  treaty  o£ 
Utrecht,  in  171.3  }  bat  the  Fcench  wc^rekft  at  Uberty  to 
dry  their  nets  on  the  northemi  ihores  of  thr  ifland  ;  afrci 
t^f  the  treaty  of  1763> they  were  permitted  to  &(h  in  the* 
Gtilf  of  St.  |.awrence«  but  wilh  this  1  imitation,.  th»t  tHey- 
ftsoM  tidt  approach,  "wathih  threeieoguas  of  any  of  the- 
coafts  bdonglng  to  England..  '  ' 

The  chief  towns  in  Newff)Ohdljind,  are  Pkccntii^. 
Bonavidii,^  mod Bt.  Jbhn's  $  but  not aboye  i,coo  families 
fcimain  here  iiv  wiater^  Ac  £cnz$  f^adron  o£  men  of. 
war  are  fenC  out  every  ffn-ing  to  protcd  the  fiiheries  and: 

taWtantSt  the  Admiral  of  which,  for  the  time  bein^,, 
^vtrndt  of  the  i^nd;:  be5des  whonvahere  are.  two> 
lieutenant  governorjiy^^  one  at  Placentia,  and  th»  others  atv 
St  John's. 

'Die  other  iiland»t>f^QOtaimthe  Ciilf  of  St.  Lawrenc6> 
are  Anticpfti,  near  the  mouth  o£  St.  Lawrence,  ii6> 
puieuUmg^md  31-broad,  uninhabited.  The  Magdalen 
Kles,  in  64®  40'  W.  long,  and  between  47^  and  48*^  N. 
lit. inhabitedb}! af«w^&rmen*-*and  Itle Percee, abontr 
15  niUes  fouth  of  Cape  Gafprt.  **  It  is  a<perpendToular; 
mk,  and  is  pierced  with  two  natural  arches,  through; 
>rlitch  the  iea.  ibws.  One  of  thefe  Arches  is  faffitient- 
l|  hi|^  to  adin^  a.large,bQ%t  t9  £«(»  frcdy  throngh  iti^ 


tmmmm0m 


s: 


•  4*> 

New 
nada, 

» and 
emetf 

orias. 


TttR  UNITED  STATES  or  AMEElCA. 
5rruAnoH  4KB  Extekt. 


f  3i*and4l 
nls^E-acaV 
i64*«L96* 


W:iong;lT.P!iirav. 
W.  long..fr»Lond.. 


JS}>undtrut,yj<^  America,  or  ihr  Ptovinccs  o£  Upp^i. 
and  Lower  Canada^iMid  Hew  Bruufwic  -^  Cnmhezii^bf 
ih'  Atianttc  Oc«an  ;;  ioiut^b;  £ail  and  W«Il  Eloiida ;; 
we  lU  \>f  th«  rive^ J^0>ri ppi H 

.  The  territory  of  the  United  States,  according  to  t4ti, 
Hiitchii|0A  cootiaiiUi  a  inJUioa  o£  ix|uare  m^U^iy  m  whicbi 
ace.  4f  0,000,000  ac£«s.. 

l>edlDft  fbv  waap       ;5,^»QpQ,ooa 

■ 

Acres  oflaad  ia  the,  ttnited  States   j^9l»Qoo,ooO) 

LahiJ^  It  may  in  truth  be  ikid).  tbe;  no  pact  of'  tb^ 
world  is  fOii  1.7^11  watered  with  ipiing9,  fimilets,  ri»crs> 
and  hke»f.  as  the  territory  o^  the  United,  Stales*.  Bf 
means  of  the&  various  ftream^  and  colleAii>i^.of  watavi, 
tlie  whol^  coim^y  is  checkered  iiuoi^lfinda  and  penir.- 
lyas.  Tht  United  States,,  a nd  indeed  all  parts  o£  Norths 
America^  leena  .to  hafec  bec^n  forsned  by  nauirc^for  tht; 
mod  intimate  tmibn*. 

There  is  nothing  in  other  parts  of  the  glob9^j|^fh' 
)re£embles  the  prodigious  cliain  of  kkes  in  this  jS^ of 
^le  worki.  They  may  properly  be  tecRietd  inland  feai> 
of  frefli)  water  ;.  and  even  thofe  of  the  fecond  or  thiid 
dafs  in  magnitude^  are  of  largea  oircuit  than  the  greateft 
hkti  hi  the  <;aUfirn  continents/the  Cafpian.  fea  excepted*. 

The  pmicipal  lakes  in  the  United  States,,  are  die 
^akeo/the  U^^oJty  in  the  north  wed  corner  «£  the  United 
States,  7Q  oiiks  long  dnd  4^  wide. 

Asyou  ti2.vel  eail  yoa  come  next  to  /.jnig- Lake,  )oot> 
Iniles  long,  and  about  18  or  20  wide. 

TheiKe  yoa  pafs  through  feveral  fmall  lakes  mtoMidi 
Sufftior,  the  largeft  lake  in  the  world  |  being  about  1,600. 
teulss  in  circvjnfeTsacs.    Taere  arc  two  large  iihinds  i«. 


] 


'^ 


til   UNITED  STA/M. 


thU  UVCf  each  of  whfch  ha»  had  cnoagh*  if  fattable  fo> 
tillage,  to  form  a  conltdertble  province;    The  IndUos 
fuppofe  the  Grtaf.  Sfiirk  ttlida.  in  thcfc  iflao4s.     This 
like  aboundi  with  fifli..  ^^ofnl^  $ffeA^  ir  a»  mach  as 
they  do  the  AcUrttic  Ocean  ;  tbf  vavet  run  at  high  ; 
and  the  navigation  is  as  dangcroiis..    It  difcharges  'it* 
waters  from  iwe  ioutheaft  corner,  through  the  ftrai^btf 
of  Sr.  Marie  into  /<«ie  Hurrmi  which  is  neai  in  wa'^jt! 
tude  to  I^kke  dnpetn  r,  heirg  abont  i,coo  miles  in  dr^, 
curoference<     This  Jake,  at  its  northweft  Cfmer,  i^nj* 
mtinicates  with  hah  Mich^tm,  which  ii%9(K)  miles  ia. 
cacumfercncc,  by.  the  ftraiw  of  Mikkii'imakkmTik. 

i»<ii4*  Su  Clair  lies  about  hn\f  way  between  Lake  Hu- 
r^it  atid  Liike  £rie,  and  k  abf^ul  pomiles  m  cir.'um- 
itnvcei  It  communicates  with  likakeEiis  by  tiic  lUtt 
i-V.tro?t.         '  •  •;■  '.**-   " 

:Laki'  JSrk  h  nearly  scaimleff  I^ngfem  caHito  "«fefi.. 
and  about '40  Ui  t].    bronci eft  part.     The  iflands  and. 
ftorcsof  this  bks  vire  greatly  infilled  with  fnakcs,  ma- 
ny of  vhich  are*  t.f  the  venomous  kind;.   This.  lake  at 
n?-  nortlieaii  ondj,  ebmmo^nicates  with  Lake'phtario,  by 
the  river  l!tfi*gara^3o  miles  long.     In  this  river  are  thole ; 
n^lt^kaHe  falls  whieh  are  teckoned  one' of  the  grea^eft 
^at^A^  i^ntiofities  hi  the:  world.     The  waters  which 
l^jSl^iljy,  tht  river  Ni^gaTarife  near.  £;coo  miles  to  the- 
^rtkwcft  ;r  and>,  paSin^  through  the  kkes  Superior>- 
j^  MlcWgaB*.  Mwrtiri  and  ESriej  receiyit\g  in.  their  cciutfe: 
"-i.nftlfft  acciim4)iiti0iis,   at  hsgth,.  with  aftonilhmg^ 
grandeur,^  runi..dowR  a  ilupendous 'precipice  of  13^7 
'&^v:rp<^df^l£E!r  ;;  ^nd  iti  k;  ftrong  rapid^  that  ei- 
tms  to  thd  diftance  Qf  8  or  Mj^  ^iles  below,,  fiill  near. 
is   inuch  fnoi^ev  the  Hver^  then  loitsltfelf  in  liakci 
Ohta%toi    The  noifft  orthefe  falls,  (called  the  M«/^a 
Faltsjy  ifi  a'^deiit^  da|f  a*id  fair  wind*  may  be  heard  be-- 
^^en  46  and  50.  miles..    When  the  water  ftrikes  thfe 
•bottotifi  it-bonnkls  tOi  a  gfreat  height  in  the:  air,  occa- 
"fioning  *  thick  cloud  <»  vapours,  on  which  the  fun>, 
when  he  fhines*  paint«  a-  beautifut-  rainbow.. 
^  iJikf  Otuano  is  of  an  oval  form,  about  600  miles  ih; 
imference.     It  difcharges^  its  waters  by  tht  rivee 
[^ols,  which,,  ^i*  Montreal^  takes  the  names  of  Sc 

X^wremca 


Thk  UNTTED  «T  AlTBy. 


€^ 


JKmI wrence  Ri?er )  and,  padiog.bf  Qutbfc^  falU  into  thV 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  LJte  Chmaftam  torrai  i  part  ot 
the  boundary  between  New  York  and  Verinont*>a9d  is< 
about  80  miles  longi  and  1.4  broad.  LaU-Givrgt  lien 
fouth  of  Lake  Cbainplain«  and  is  36  itiilee  long»and« 
from  I  to  7  wide,  cmtaining,  it  it  faU,  165  iflandf. 

Rroert.y  The  principal  river  in  tbe^ited  &atef«  if* 
tlie  MjJIjfiftpif.yiKych  forms  theic  weftem  baundary.  It 
icceivci.Lhe  waters*  of  the  Ohio  and  Illinois,  and  their 
'.ameroud  branches,  from  tbeeaA  ;  and  the  Miifouriand 
.  othet  large  n^tx^^  froita  the  well.  Thefe  mighty  ilreams 
united,  are  borne  down  wiih  increailng  majefty  throngK 
▼aft  forells  and  ineadows,  ifito  the  Gi^kT  of  Mexicr.- 
This  river  is  fuppofed  to  be  rbout  5,Oco  miles  long,  and 
is  navigaide  to  the  ialls  of  St.  Anthony^  in  laL  44f  30' 
Thefe  falh  are  ja  feet  perpendieular  height..  T 
whole  river^  which  is  mote  than  25D  yards  wide»:fal 
the  above  diftance,  and  fornas-  a  nripfi  plcafing  cats|)ar. 

\  This  river  refembles  tile  Nile,  in  that  it  annuall;''Vork 
ilows,  and  le&vejs  a  lichrftimeon  its  banks  ^^ff^efeveral 
number  of  its  mottths,  opening-  into  a  feay  run  fouth- 
compared^  to- the  Mediterranean*.  4^'^^  Caro* 

The  Indians,- fa)^  that  three  of  the  largokrs  which 
North  A^nierica^  V\%.  St.  LawTcnce,  Mifliiij^i^^^to  the 
gon,  or  ti:e  rivpi*  of  tlie  wcil^.have:  their  ioOicw^oun- 
ah(HU  30.miles.  of ^each  othor*    If  tlitf  be  a.iaG«it:^Yal 
that  tlie  lauds  at!  th^-heaiisrcii>theie  Titers  alte^  htgifi 
i«ii'in  Mortli  Ameti<tti^    Ail  ihefe  ri^u  itin  dlierei^ 
QourleS)  And'  eihpty/lnlddTUifcrent  oceans,^  a£  ^eUiitauii^ 
.9f  more  tlian  ijQod  mileadroin  their  fotu-cesi    F^r  in. 
tiieir  pipage -frdin^thift' (pot  to  the  Gulfvof  Sc»  LHWrience, 

,  tall ;,  to  the  bay  o^tAxmisui^'Vi^ei^^.ti^h^Ihe  riVef  Orif^ 
goa  is  fuppofed  to  empty  ;.  and.  to  the  Gu)f)of  Meiic(^>. 
louth  ;.  e^ch  o^  th^ilp:,  tf^iv-^rfes  up war4s^  »£ '  2,069  lililef*. 
-     The  Ofuo  is  a'moft  beautiful  river..    U^vgentk  current 
^Unbroken  by^tocks^ OS- raptds,  excjspt  inrOne  places,  /it 

^  9Q0  yard.9^Mi)de.at  it^  entrance  into  the  MHifippi  1  and. 
a  quarter  of  a^  xtitleat:  Fort  Pitt,  which,  is  1,(88  miks 
l^om  its  mou^.  At  Fort  Fitt,  the  Ohio  loftts  its^natote^ 
and  brasiches^^  intd  iha -Monm^k^  aaA^/iegary  rlir^i^ 


*. 


'm 


The  Monongahelar  i«  or  |if  ftfUct41rteiits  11101I1H,  it^ . 
^oeivtB  TebftgMy  rivcT, 

Hie  coontrf  watered  bf  the  JMiflUippi  aih'd  iU  eaftem' 
branches,  con(litocef  five-eigbtllt  of  toe  United  Sutes  ; 
two  c(  whkb  five-eighths  areoecof  ied  by  thie  Ohio  and 
its  branchcf  ;  the  relldoaTf  ftreanis  which  run  into  tKe' 
Gulf  o{  Metleo,  the  Atlantic,  and  the  St.  Lawrerce,' 
water  the  rernaining  three-eighths.-  The  other  con  fider- 
able  rivers  in  the  United- States  wiU  be  xnentiOQcd  in. 

*,  the  proptT  places** 

Bayt.^  The  eoaft  of  the  United  Staps  \i  indented 
^ith  numerous  bays*  feme  of  which  are  equal  in  fize  to 
any  in  the  known  woil^.  Beginning  at  the  northeaft- 
erljr  part  of  the  United  States,  and  proceeding  fontli- 

vf^^  wefterly,  you  firft -find  the  Bay  of '  Ftindy^  between  No- ~ 
%' Ya  Scot'a  and  New  England^  retnarkabk  for  its  tides, 

^>vhich  rife  to  the  height  of  fifty-  or  fiity  fcetj  and  flow 
anttapidly  as  td  dvertake  animals  which'  feed  npOfn  the 
ihorcK  Penobfcoti  Broad  and  Caicd  flays,  lie  ^lor.g  the 

'  ny.  of^fv^^  Province  of  Mainie.  <  Mai^achufetts'•Bay 
its^  nonheai^vard'  of  Bofton,  and  is  cmnprthended  be- 
the  river  >{ir  Ann  on  the-northV  afid  Cape  Cod  oiai  the 
reteiJcaVaffing  bf  ^arraganfct  and  other  bay^iti  the 

'^ftatfi^tff  i^ho£  Ifland,  you  ehtfer  LowglHand  Sound, 
Mbntattk  Fi&int  and  tb^  main.     Thi$  Shuhd  is 
ind'oCinlaTiti  feafi  from  three  to •tifreitty-6ve  miles 
^road,  and  (inctmling  eaft  nve^whkli  maybe  cottTider- 
'  'a^ii part^of  the  found-)  \a6otit  mt  huiidred  and  forty 
ttsi?es-  long,  extending  the  whole'  lengfth  of  the  iflar^i, 
and^  dividing  it  irom  Conneaieut-  and   p«M  ofs-Ne^ 
YoriK.    It  communicates^  with  the  *  oc|ban  at  both  ends- 
of?  Lorre  Hlandir  and*  aiSfords  &  4e#y/  |a^^  alid  conve^^ 
«ipi^nt*  inland^  nWigaticih.. 

-^iThe?  cekbkitteii  ftrtir  called  iK?#'^d/f,  is  near  th^ 
"««e<feend*o<i  thik  foirnd,  about  eight  tnil .  s  ej  ft  ward  of 
tlew  Yorli^  city^  and '  is  remarkable  fw  its- whir Ipooh, 
■which  malfts'^^a  tremendotiSTOariiig  ^rcertaiiv  times  of  ■ 
ttde.  Thefe  whirlpools  are  occaliowsd  by  th^e  narrow* 
irtfs  and  crookednefs  of  "the  pafs,  and « abed  of  rocks 
'Bfl^ich  extend  ^^ttitcacrbft  it  >'  / 

'  ^piltnvari  Bay  \%^  miles  bng,  from  tbt!  cape  to  the 
tntiance  of  Uie  river  Delaware  at  Bombay  Hockj  snd' 


■^^- 


ir«ltJOTTEB    STATES. 


/ftiwtile  in  fonie  pcirts,  ti  that  a  (hip  iii>the  middle  of  it 
cannot -be  (ten  from  tbe  laad.  It  opens  into  the  At« 
lantic  northweft  and  fouthtaft,  between  Cape  Henlo* 
pen  on  the  rigb(»  and  Capa  Mxf  pn  the  len.  Xiiefe 
Capes  are  eighteen  mtkt  apart. 

Chtfapetik  ^  has  its  entrance  between  Cape  Charlea 
and  Cs^pe  Henry  in  Virginia*  twelve  niSes  wide,  and 
extends  upwards  of  %oo  miles  to  the  northward.  Sev. 
tend  counties  in  Virginia  and  Maryland  .<e  eall  of  this 
^bay.  It  is  from  feven  to  eighteen  miles  broad*  and  gen- 
eraUy  as  moA  as  Aine  fathoms  deep*  affording  miny 
xommodions  ^harbours,  and  %  fafe  and  eafy  navigation. 
It  receives  the  waters  of  cl  c  Sufqaehannah,  Patomak, 
Rappahannok*  ITork  and  James  rivers*  which  are  ali 
ddree  and  navigable. 

Face  of  the  Country.']  The  traA  of  country  belonging  to 
:the  United  States  is  happi  /  variegated,  with  plains  and 
inountains,  hills.and  vaHies.  Some  parts  are  rocky,  par- 
ticularly New  Engl'rtn  J,  the  north  parts  of  New  York 
and  Newjerfey,  and  a  broad  fpace,  including  the  fevcral 
ridges  of  the  long  range  of  mountains  which  run  fouth* 
weltward  through  PenofyJvania,  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  part  of  Oeorgia,  dividing  ths  waters  which 
How  into  the  Atlantic  from  thofe-  which  fall  into  the 
Miffi^ppi.  In  the  parts  «aft  of  the  Allegany  moun- 
tains in  the  fouthern  States*  the  country,  for  feveral 
hundred  miles  in  length,  and  Axty  or  feventy,,  and 
/ometimes  jmoit^  in  breadth,  is  level  and  entirely  free 
of  ftone. 

Mowitam,']  In  aM  parts  of  the  world,  and  partScu- 
larly  on  the  weftern  contineat,  it  is  obfervable,  thtf  at 
you  depart  from  the  ocean,  or  from  a  river,  the  land 
IjradiiaDy  rifes ;  and  the  height  of  land,  in  common*, 
)s  about  equally  didant  from  the  water  on  either 
fu-^". 

.  The  high  l.inds  between  theProvince  of  Maine  aad-the' 
Province  of  Quebec,  divide  the  rivers  which  fiiU  into 
the  St.  Lawrence  north*  and  into  the  Atlantic  footh. 
The  Green  Mountain*,  in  Vermont,  divide  the  waters 
which  flow  eaftcrly  into  Cottneaicut  river,  from  thofe 
which  foU  we&^l^  into  Lake  Chanplain  and  Hadfox^f 
livcrf 

Between 


-4 


% 


t,;':;vJ 


>. 


■y%       TimXrinrED    STATES. 

between  the  Attantic»  the  MiiTiftppi,  an )  the  La)r«f| 
•mill  a  lon^  range  «*f  mounta'tni,  made  up  of  a  great  nuni- 
licr  of  ridgef.  Theie  mnuntaint  ei^iend  ncmheaAerlf 
mod  fouthwederly,  nearly  paraHel  vtrhh  the  Tea  conO^ 
about  nine  hundred  miles  in  length,  and  from  finHy  to 
one  hundred  and  fifty,  and  two  hundred  miles  in  breadth. 
Tlumerous  traAi  of  fine  aiable  and  graxing  l-^nd  inter- 
>vcne  between  the  rid^^.  The  difftpent  ridges  which 
'compofe  this  imjrnenfe  rjngc  of  jnountainn,  have  UifFor* 
ent  names  in  different  Seated. 

The  principal  rtd^e  is  the  Allegany,  tl#ich  has  been 
dcfcriptively  called  the  bofi  bane  of  the  United  States. 
Tlie  general  name  for  thcfe  moui»tains,  talcen  colleftive- 
Ifjis,  iTic  Alkgary  Mounlaintjio  called  from  the  princi* 
^a1  ridge  of  the  range.  Thrfe  mouniaiiiS  vt  .Tiot  con- 
XufeJly  fcattercd  and  brolcen,  riTrng  here  and  the:  e  into 
fiigli  peaks  overtappinff  cadi  other,  but  ftretrh  along  'u\ 
iiniform  ridges,  fcarccly  half  a  mile  hi^b.  They  fpread 
as  yoii  proceed  fouch,  and  fome  of  them  terminate  in 
high  perpendicular  bluffs.  Others  gradually  fubfide  in- 
to a  level  tx)\intry,  giving  rife  to  the  rivers  ix^hich  ran 
foutberly  into  the  Gulf  of  llffcsico. 

Sc?il  and  Ptoi/uBfons.']  In  the  United  States  a*e  to  be 
found  every  fpecies  pf*  foil  that  the  earth  ttfbrds.  In 
pne  part  of  them  or  snether^  they  produce  all  tlic  vari- 
ous kinds  of  fruits  grain,  pulife  and  hortuline  plants  and 
Tools  which  arc  found  in  Europe,  and  have  been  thence 
tranfplanted  to  America.  Befic^es  thefe^  a  great  varie- 
ty of  native  yegetable  productions. 

Aimalu'}!  America  contains,  at  feaft,  one  half,  nnci 
the  territory  of  the  United  States  about  one-fourth  of 
^e  quadmpedes  of  the  known  world.,  Some  of  them 
are  connnoix  to  ](<lort7i  America,  an<i  to  the  European 
and  Afiatic  parts  of  the  E^ftem  Continent  $  others  are 
peculiar  to  this  country.  All  ti\ofe  that  are  common 
t«  both  continents  are  found  in  the  nortksrn  ^arts  of 
them,  and  are  fucH  as  may  be  fuppofed  to  have  migra-> 
ted  from  one  continent  to  tlie  other.  Comparing  indi- 
viduals of  the  fame  fpecies,  inhabiting  the  different  coha> 
tlnents;  fome  are  {letfeAly  fimilar;  between  others 
thsfc  is  ibmc  4iferc«ce  ia  fisCy  colour  lOf  other  clrcum* 

ilanctsi 


'i^JOmrEn  STATES.  ^ 

l^iKCt }  in  (omtJkm  tftftancti  the  £uropci|ii  animal  il 
larger  than  the  American,  in  othiTi  the  reverie  is  true.. 
,  A  rimiUf  Tariery,  arifmg  from  the  nperaoirc  of  the 
^%Umiite,  ({iiamitf  of  f«KKl  fumiiheU  in  th«parUthe|. 
inhabit,  de«e«  of  fafaty.*  kc*  takes  place  between  itt,; 
dividuals  of  itm  r^imc  ipcciei,  in  different  ^aru  of  tl4i 
continent. 

The  foU<Mifn$ Jt  A  catalogtte-of  (tyADRUFEDE 
ANIMALS  wi&in  the  United  Stam : 


M:iminoth 

Bifon 

Moofe 

Caribou 

Rid  Deer 

Fallow  Deer 

Roe 

Dear     -»:    * 

Wolrtr^e*^^ 


Weafcl 
^     Ermme 
Miittiit 
'    Mtnk 
Otter 

Simnk 
.  Opoflbm 
Woodchtich 
Urchin 


Field  Moofe 
Bat 

Grcmnd  Monft 
Wood  Rit 
Araeriean  K%t 
Shrew  Moiife 
Put  pie-Mote 
Blaek  htbto 
^  Water  iUt 
•  Beaver  '-^-'^i'^ 
Mufqntfli 
Morfe 
8^al 
Manttt 


iWolf 
Fbf 

Catamount 

SillowCAugar     FiAt*i 
Orcy  Cougar  -'  Grey  _  .   ^ 
Mountain  Gat    .   Red  Sfjtfifre^*  •  ¥8%^ym 
hynt  Swiped  S<^i*¥eVVSigAi 

KtiTcajou'      -     HywtgSqUirrir^*^--''       ;• 

SgmVreU  Ba^^  and  Water  1Ut,'m^lh^  ianic  ^^^ 
With  the  European  aoimaU  of  th^ame  naMe. 
'  .    '^SieJ&plQvir  Dser.  Orej  foi:^  Mardri,,  Otter,  ,^^^ 
■"^'  '^^^^^  Suck,  Hare,  feme  ^  thelM'wJv*^  ^l 

ij%!i«d.    Pi6|>aWri|a6jlofi!>eCi^. 
>e  perfea^T  ^oi^fticatlfi.  '.li'm 
^.   W3d  aniipafc  |jn|»p|i;^ 
*ll^^  ^J^Sjtf^  nature  u  thof^in  Iftfrope. 
jDff  ,t|>^ai^*fi[^Sl|^?«4  lobe  laijeir  i|i  Ami  tl 

^ing^  ^izf  1»foo|^»  (W^ 


.:% 


Aimethe 


0--i 


:LJ... 


i. 
'if- 

}»: 
■f., 


J. 


If 


i<l 


11 


•  !k'  T. 


14        Tut  UKITJHD   6€^^T«t. 

that  trt  leftt  ire  the  Hu9»  Rtd  8f  niiid,  and  Shrc« 

Mottfe. 

Mmmatk.  Thii  mine  hu  been  gfvetfte  «a  «9kn«w;it- 1 
animal,  whoTt  bones  are  foand  in  tht  northern  partt  oc 
*  both  the  old  and  new  world.  From  the  fom  of  tbeit 
teethi  thef  are  fappoied  to  have  been'  carnivorous. 
Like  the  elephant  th#f  were  armed  with  tuflcs  of  ivorf  | 
1>ttt  they  obvioufly  differed  Iron  tfia  a^phaot  in  fue  i 
their  bones  prove  them  to  have  been  5  or  6  tioMt  at 
large.  Thefe  enormous  bones  are  found  in  feveral 
parts  of  North  America,  parttcidtrly  about  the  fait 
licks  or  fpringf«  near  the  Ohio  riw. 

Mr.Jetterloa  informs  us  that  a  late  govemon  of 
Virginia,  haying  alked  ibme  delegates  of  the  Delawares 
what  they  knew,  or  had  heard,  refpe^ing  this  animal  ^ 
the  chief  fpeaker  immediately  put  btflifelf  into  an  orato« 
rial  attitude,  and,  with  a  pomp^  fuited  to  the  foppofed 
elevation  of  his  fubjefl,  informed  him  that  it  was  a 
tradition  handed  down  from  their-  Cithers,  '*  That  in 
ancient  times  a  herd  of  th^m  cameit<»  ihe  Big-bone  liiJMi 
and  began  an  univerfal  deftni^ion  of  the  bearS|  deeri 
elks,  buffaloes,  and  other  animals  which  had  been  cr^(^ 
ated^r  the  ufe  of  the  Indians;  that  the  Great  Maih 
above,  looking  down,  and  feeing  this,  was.  lb  enraged 
that  he  feized  his  lightning,  defcended  to  iheeam, 
feated  himfelf  ,ttpo!i  a  netgltboorine  mountain,  on  a  rock,, 
^  wtiiph  his  (eat  and  the  print  of  his  feet  are  ilill  tQ.bt 
fiin^  and  hurled  his  bolts  smim^  ihem  till  the  whole 
1i^  flaiight^red,  exdi^'  the  big  bull,  who,  pre&nting 
Idk/okrehead  to  the  (hafts,  ihook  4ett  of  as  theyi(U| 
1)jai  at  length,  midSng  one,  it  wounded  him  in  the  fide  | 
^4^^#f^  fpringing  roihidy  he  b^t^ded^over  t^  Ohio, 
^  Wwai^  th^  Xm  and  finally  over  the  gt^ai 
l3^>h«re  he  is  Iltin^  at  this  dajr.'* 
^lijIH  ^  ^tUOk,  This  lantsbai  has^  Metally  hoell 
iad  the  Bi^lo,  but  yef'y  i|it|^fO|pb      aa  tbit  ti^iiiiPt 

flieefi  appropriated  t^  anoUier  mam»  %  iiof  tM 
fi^li^i^es  iirpfoui-ooiim^  neat  4K4^l1tl^^$|ifw 
oiii^  b^tng  iielff^a  6f )iiomeftici«iin^    Gdii]^>i«td'l»li|^ 

iiHtt  dlll^  tii«  Bifon  is  ^oniiderably  l»rfl»r,  dpe» 
^Ij^tHiS^fc^^ parts ol^is body.    Qi^UsmMeH 


TAitt  vmr%m  ^TAtti. 


w 


^fi%'kht%  miwmBff  Maillof  Itli  tetabc  fpWfOr 
wrtfBKlkt  into  hati,  Cftl«ii»ftomik«490ie(Uccowaiiil 
«Hitt  Mit  ti*  ro«et6nn«t  riiiicd  }  but  i^htn  ibcy  grow 
«pv  Ikty  UceiM  (•4414  Umm  no  mhumo  Itnct  w  iU  «0i^ 

iHioj^.  Of  chtfc  llMM  art  twc^  lunOf » the  k^ack  a«4 
the  gref .  The  Wuck  art  £«Mi  to  have  been  fit)ni  a  t# 
1 1  feet  flkjk  |  at  pwlfcnt  thmf  art  very  rarely  fecn.  Tb« 
grey  llociSi  tie  nnnr^Aly  at  tall  at  a  horie»  and  foxnt  ar^ 
nttcb  taller }  btch  liaft  fprmdine  pAbnateJ  bora^! 
weighiog  lro«t  |4hto  40  ponfMb*  Thtk  are  ihed  anfliir 
ally,  in  UM  montii  at  FeWuary«  They  i^ver  run#  hUiB 
trot  with  amaxi&g  4^t#4  Tbey  aivfoiHii^  «a  New  £xigf 
laiufr  .     «ll 

C0^;^s%.  TMi  aoMMl  it  diflfngu^e^^by  iu  Imnclw 
ing/  paimalcd  bMiWy  utiib  brow  toilers.  He  U  prpbi^ 
>ly  the  ifladecr  of  tbe  northern  parti  9/  Europe 
From  ihe  teAJomi  ^f  tJlic  tianuilii;,  a%  wtU  a»  of  t^ 
I  Mooic,  tha  A  ibotigiM  naiivct  nad#^.  ve»y  toUiral^^ 
tluFfad— f 4Mnd  in  ibc  jpi^ri^  of  Maioff^    .  r.t« 

Afr#  ^Tlm^JU^  XW^lut  saltti4  bnvn<:bfQ8<hofQ% 
|)f  ihit^iptdct  wet  h«f  e^^hree  or  Ibiip  4ife*eut  iin4i  or 
varifttieti^^af  «hlch»  found  on  ihe  Ohio  riverxM^ 
h  its  Yietnkyr  is  very  latge^  aiid  thtrt  commonly  ctltf  4 
the-iW^.         :  n.a?       ■   '  ■).sr 

The  F«$Mi  Aep*  bat  branching  fatiiMled  bp^M^ 
Ii)  the  United  States,  thefe  animals  »re  |arg^  than  tb» 
£nrope;i(ll,  of  a  diffierent  colour^  afidAippoibiivb^.ibfinis^ 
IP  be  of  a  di^erent  fpecifts,  lii.tb^  foi|cbeni  Halesgf^ 
feverHl  aoiin^By  iuppoffd  to  he   varictiet  oi  ^ijfm 

■■' Aw-.*'  .■  ■  ,    ,  .      *     '    ■  •'        ..-^-  ■  -^ 

Beur,  tf(  thiis  ^xva^  tteo  forts  »re  foundjfi^  ^ottb* 
em  ftates  \  both  are  bkcic»  ,bu^  dUforent  '^^J^f$  i<f9TBfm 
and  habits.  Ohe  ba4  ibort  legs,  a  ^tcb,  ^HwXf  bOd]r» 
ft  generally  fat*  jMid-  i&^  very .  lond  g#  tpetitt  ..vmtabU 
Ipod,  fai:ii  as  fweet  ^appl^s,  Indian  com  io  4ie,a»uk^  bif  ^ 
ties,  graj)es,  bofieyc  &c.     As  f«Qn  jis  tlfe  $ift  ^^^ifl 

'  lalll^  he  Retakes  bimfelf  to  hi'  den,  WiiicbtS;ii:b9l*l»ll 
4t&  of  rocks,  %  hollow  tree,  or  feme  i^ch,  ^C|  ^  bi^^ 
be  g^ridutlly  becOities  tcrpiJ,  and  dozet  «i^ay'  toip\l^" 


<  i  ^ 


1^ 


It 

■it 

4 


^ymiLt>^a4  km^  ^i  the  Hoc* 


IV ' 


m^\.  V 


W  > .'." 


7«;:c';'^taNrif 


I0ffj  Ibickiag  fab  pMf^  ~ 
:  %ifliwih  he  but  ^«l#fir 

iloivw^  ifnr,  tndl^Vll  to  ll  i  Jl^^ 
cedU&g  apd  tlii  VNsiT.  Hi«l#M  i^liMigt^aaa  fait !>!># 
imortlean  and  gMMt«  1^  £«fi^dlir  dlfliN>)*t  e^vcf, 
ftcep;  and  pigs ;  and  (bmetrmei  tKAdMil.  to  %Hntlfr 
hitmigratesitHtlMDittHMrtfii'.  ^tkm'fimti'  wf>f^mr*tt> 
W  liic  comnMm  blkdi  bcttr  of  £tti>^  r  tUt  inirtorr<^ 
p^M  tb  tlM  bi^irn  bcAf*  of  ^Alp^i^  Md^ji  probab)^ 
i^tile  fa'me  fpcetel  witir  thofe  IpMpil  W  i  Rmg;i,  ii. 
Mh^  iii^kll  ibmcitiy  inbtbilii^tk  MUfllJiitotts  p^m 
W^JiideM,  bMnttb  |l^(^4a4lk0lilll0#|Bi«Bd4ktUt^ 
ftatef.  /'■■■'.:^^   ■■'^'^;-     ^..;.-^r"^"'-^-    '    ■•"^^'^v 

TMT  fMit^rcaki*  k  CkMJi^lS^Careiy9it,  mud,  ^ 
%f  fafrinttetf  the  ^Mf  v  dpr* fcen^  tobe  ii  gtftde  betwc^ft 
Oift  bear  and  the  linooddittclr:'  1f%lf  Mlttial  livef  Hi 
Mei,  eaonot  rwi  ftft,  wid  Um  «  dlMiiy  appearmti. 
•le  it  ireiT  mMnefoOi  U^  4Mt^r4^^ 
mhtn  Cutting  tltirfi>  ^ttfl|^  tiii^(l|i^$9^ 
fiB^diriiMf  tk^  belvmu^ii^ttiyi^^M  lUi^iLl^ni  %Mtes. 
-    IKi^/:    Ofthtt  tetflsdi  which  Hf*#ii«^UiM,^ 
InMliertiie  dMthiitilctf^inhis&vftgt  (l^^^wWegirM 
iiaiiiNU,  aad^c^AfidcitMe  tayieff  m 
The  Indiant  t^xt  fiud  to  have  fo  far  tamed  Ibme  0!  thi^   , 
««hililsbei^  ONSir  aeqiiaiotaiite'wi^titt^^  : 

•iMMi^vts^^  them  iir  htiiitin^^  11i«f  ^it  madtt  1^ 
^Ettgopeism  do|ts>  afid  alberwai^  ^  mongrels,  tii^  oil. 
iMkit^^  the  waif  and  dcig/at  bein^  m«rc  doc^  thaa 
fjmimb^  md  more  eager  lA  the  chftce  dittCi  the  laftteK 
lli^  apMarance  of  many  of  the  dogs,  in  ^  newly  fit- 
tlfii  pil#«>|  the  country,  ti^i^ll^  «i^ir  t^ttiorto  the 
nW-^Fbuiid  in  ill  the  dates.       is  '>^ 

^l^bir.^  G£foitcs  we  hate  a  gt«at  ihatic^  1  (uch  at  th^  "^ 
SSjIl^  foxi  Red  Fox,  Grey  Fox/CrorsiTo^  Brant  Fo*^  '^ 
^i^reTal  oth^f.    Il^  probifale  th|t  thefe  is  bntili| 
faciei  of  tlieieaiinifiab,^  as  thef  arf  mnd  hi^  tU  theii| 
t#idi£is  of  fitei  aifd  of  (^idfei  imm0^imak^  ^    " 
4itkttkim,tU6f  the  ^ited''Stftt<^'^\Fbll#inl^ipM;'m 
dtmMs  fhf«{Ae<l  with^  fuiv  of  thtf  aorthen|ftil^llit 
Ji^irUia^thol'-^thcibmherft.  ;  ^ 

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Tat  UMITEO  SI^ATES. 


77 


Heteiai  not  calcttUtfccf  for  nmnifig,  Imt  leapt  with 
forprifin^  t^y.  HitiiYoiiritt  food  it  t»k>od,  whk^i, 
like  other  MtmaU  of  the  cat  kind,  he  takes  from  Cbcjo- 
golar  ▼eim  of  cattle»  dcer»  Ice.  leaving  the  carcaTi. 
Smaller  prey  he  takti  to  his  den  t  and  tk  hat  been 
known  to  carry  off  a  child.  He  icons  to  be  aUnrcd  1^ 
fire,  which  terriSet  all  other  caraivorout  !wimalt ;  md 
betrays  no  fear  either  of  mail  or  beaft.  He  it  fo^nd 
in  the  northern  as^  middle  States. 

Saiiow  Conor,  The  body  of  this  animal  it  about  5 
feet  long.  In  hit  habits  and  mannefs  he  lefembkt  die 
reft  of  the  cat  ftmily.  He  is  found  in  the  ibiubcm 
ftates,  and  is  there  cidled  the  Tyger. 

Grey  Cougar,  This  animaly  in  its  liMm,  refembles  the 
preceding ;  but  is  of  an  uniform  grey  colour,  and  of  a 
larger  fize.  It .  i  ftrong,  a^ive^  !lerce»  and  unumeable— 
Found  in  the  weitem  paxts  of  the  middle  ftates. 

MountmnCat,  The  male  has  a  black  lili  along  his 
back,  and  is  the  mod  beautiful  animal  of  the  cat  kind. 
He  IS  exceedingly  fierce,  but  will  iiBldom  attack  a  man-— 
Found  in  the  fouthern  ilates. 

Lynx,  We  have  tiiree  kinds  of  the  Lynx,  each  proba- 
bly forming  a  difttn^t  (pecies.  Thtfrjf  ii  calk^^  by 
the  French,  and  Engliih  Americans,  L(mjf  cervkr.**'  A 
few  may  be  found  in  the  northeastern  parts  of  the  Bif- 
tria  of  Maine  ;  Hat  in  the  higher  latitudes  they  are 
more  numerous. 

Th^ficond  is  called  by  the/French  Aineficams,  Chdj^ 
carvkr  ;  and  in  New  England,  the  Wild  C^t.  He  it 
confiderably  lefs  than  the  Loup  ccrvier.  This  anim^ 
deft roytd  many  of  the  cattle  of  the  firft  fettlcrs  of  Kcw 
£ngland. 

The  tlfird  fpecies  is  about  the  kzt  of  %  conufion  caj^ 
and  is  found  in  the  middle  and  fomii m  vtAXtis.  ( 

Kmci^ott.  This  animal  is  fr^  p^-jri;  confgcKided 
frith  the  Carcajfni,  though  kc  refcraU-ei  him  it  xknhni^ 


smv! 


Jhut  the  name.    Ht  belongs  to  th 
leaft  he  very  mach  rdembles  th^m 
large  as  a  common  cat,  and  Is  better  h 
and  fpeed  ^SMI  ^r  ftrength..   Hi    v 
Bti^nreen  ^m  aad  dte  fox  there  >s  p^rp 


^  n  *  a .  ■ 


-  'if'*.' a  has 

•       "  :  .  yuty 

'   "v^M^fi      ■■■■■ 


Ml 


:» 


tmi  united  states. 


''^:, 


"■■# 


do  ;  but  Wing  able  to  Rrfptnd  htmTclf  by  t#Silii|.  the 
«gd  of  his  uil  round  the  lindb  of  a  tree,  or  the  like»  he 
can  purfue  hit  prey  where  other  cats  caanot ;  and  wheA 
be  attacks  a  large  animal,  his  tail  enables  htm  to  fecnre 
his  hold  tit  he  can  open  the  blood-vefleU  of  the  neck. 
In  fome  parts  of  Canada,  thefe  animals  are  very  numer- 
ous, and  make  great  Jiayoc  among  the  dcer^  and  do  not 
(pare  even  the  neat  cattle.  But  we  have  beaxd  of  none 
hi  their  dates,  except  a  few  in  the  northern  paru  of  New 
Hampfbire. 

The  tVea/Uxs  a  very  (Jjrtghily  animal ;  notwithftand- 

irg  the  fhortnefs  of  his  legs,  he  feems  to  dart  rather 

tlaa  to  run.     He  kiiti'and  eats  rats,  ft? iped  fqrJrrels, 

'and  atlier  fmall  quadrupedes  :  he  likewile  kilk  fowls» 

i^^ca  their  blood,  and  efteems  their  eggs  a  delicacy. 

The  Ermini  does  not  differ  matertaUy  from  the  Wea* 
, ftlin  fize^  form  or  habits. 

ii«r/Mi.  This  animal  is  called,  in  New  England,  the 
Sable  ;  and  by  the  Indians,  Wauppanaugh.  He  \^ 
formed  like  the  weafeL  He  keeps  in  forefts,  chie^y  oa 
trees,  and  Uves  by  hunting.  He  is  found  in  the  north* 
em  States. 

Mmk.  The  Mink  is  alKHit  as  large  as  a  Martin,  and 
of  the  iamc  form.  The  hair  on  its  tail  is  (horter  ;  it& 
colour  is  generally  black.  They  barrow  ia  the  ground^ 
«nd  piufue  their  prey  both  in  frefti  and  fait  waterw 
Thofe  which  frequent  the  fait  water  are  of  a  larger  fize^ 
Ugbter  colour,  and  l^are  inferior  fur.  They  are  found 
in  confid^rable  numbers,  both  m.  the  fdihem  and 
ilOrthern  States. 

(kHr.  The  Otter  very  much  refesnbles  the  Mink  in 
its  form  and  habits,  h  lives  in  holts,  in  banks  near 
the  water,  and  feeds  on  iifh  and  amphiSious  animals-^ 
H)und  in  all  t|e  States. 

iyher.  In  i^^da  ht  k  called  Pekan ;  in  thefe  States^ 
frequently  tfaie  &ack  Cat,  but  improperly,  .«^  he  does^ 
not  belong  to  the  clafs  of  cats.  He  hves  l^  hwtting„ 
lind  occaiionally  ptkrfiies  hit  prey  m  the  water— ^Fountl 
in  the  northern  States. 

Sbmi*  This  imtmal  Appeals  to  fee  Iwtindiferentif 
when  the  fiin  Ihinei  {  sind  thereforf  ^  l^  day  ^s^ 
keepi  c|6&  to  his  lipevf.    As  S^^^  me  twi%^ 

DiJUg^J  ^'  fS^^  ^  V^^.  ^Wi^  vlt*>^  it  pria* 

•^^-   "■  siptily 


The  united  STAT£d.  ^ 

etks  and  other  inredi :  he  is  alio  very  A»d 

eggs  and  yonog  chickens.  His  flelh  U  futd  ti^Jbe 
tolemly  goody  and  hit  fat  it  foinetiaaet  ufed  iw«a 
emollient.  But  what  renders  this  animal  rcmarkabfil 
itf  his  being  ftimiihed  wiih  organs  for  fecreting  and  re* 
taining  a  liquor,  volatile  and  fetid  beyond  any  thing 
known,  and  which  he  has  the  power  of  emitting  to  th^ 
diftance  of  a  rod  or  more,  when  neceflary  for  his  de- 
fence. When  this  ammoiiition  is  expended,  he  is  qti^ 
harmleO— Found  in  all  fbe  Oatcs.  ^'■r^^ 

OpoHum,  <rbe  mod  Angular  part  of  this  aninral  is  a 
kind  of  falfe  belly  or  pouch,  with  which  the  femftle  is 
furniHicd  ;  it  is  formed  by.  a  duplicature  of  the  (kin;  is 
(b  placed  as  to  include  her  teats,  and  has  an  aperture, 
which  (he  can  open  and  (hut  sc  pleafurc.  i^  brings' 
forth  her  young  from  four  to  fix  at  a  tini^  while  diey 
are  not  bigger  than  a  bean }  inclofcb  tbevn  in  this  pouch, 
and  they*  from  a  ptinciple  of  iallin£^|  affix  themfelves 
to  her  teals*  Here  they  remain  and  are  nouri(hsd  till 
they  Sire  abl?  to  run  about,  and  are  afterwards  taken  in 
occafionally,  particularly  in  time  of  danger.  The  Opof- 
Cum  feeds  on  vegetables,  particularly  fruit.  H 
likewife  kills  poultry,  fucks  their  blood,  and  eatt  their 
tggs.  His  fat  is  uied  iniiead  of  lard  or  butter— 'Fom.d 
in  the  fouthern  and  middle  iUtes. 

The  Woodchuck  dig^  a  burrow  in  or  near  fome  culti- 
vated J|g}d,  and  feeds  on  pulfe,  the  tops  of  cultivated 
clover,  &c.  He  is  generally  very  fat,  excepting  in  the 
fpring.  The  young  arc  good  meat ;  the  eld  are  rather 
rank  and  difagreeable.  In  the  beginning  of  O<^obe|r 
they  retire  to  their  burrows,  and  hve  in  a  lorpid.^fiEie 
Sfbout  6  months. 

Unbln*  The  Urchin^  or  Urfon,  is  about  two  ^ik 
length,  and,  when  fat,  the  fame  in  circumference, 
is  com.Ttonly  called  Hedge  Hog  or  Porcupine,  but  di|i.' 
fers  from}  botii  thofe  animus  in  every  ^ban^eriftic 
mark,  excepting  his  being  armed  wiiii  quills  on  hb  back 
and  fidest  Thefe  quQh  are  nearly  as  large  as  a  whe^^". 
(Iraw4  from  three  to  four  inches  long,  and,  unlefs 
ereded,  nea^y  covered  by  the  animal's  hair.  Their 
ipi&is  a»  ilpy  hard,  and  ^ed  with  ihnumc^le  very 
fmall  b«j|l#^ j^^      whofe  points  are  raUea  from  th*f 


m 


j 


4 


I 


kPk 


•o 

dog 


tme  united  states.  I 

ol^  or  other  beaft  of  prey,  he  throwf  biMKlAit» 


ft  Doftore  of  defence^  hj  (hortentng  hit  bodf »  derating 
hii^uk,  and  ereSing  his*  quilU.  The  a(Kulant  foou 
finds  fomc  of  tbofc  weapons  duck  into  his  moutS),  or 
other  pan  of  his  body,  and  every  effort  w  lich  he  maAeti 
to  free  htmfelf,  caufes  them  to  penetrate  the  farther  ; 
they  have  been  known  to  bnry  themfeWes  entirely  in  a\ 
^few  minutes.     Sometimes  they  prove  fatal ;  at  other 

|es  they  make  their  way  o«it  again  through  the  ^in 
various  par u  of  the  body*  If  not  moiefted,  the 
ffcK|fc  is  an  fnoffenfivc  animad.  He  finds  a  hole,  or . 
hoUil^l'i^hich  he  makes  his  refidence,  and  feeds  on  the 
haTh  and  roots  of  vegetables.  His  itefh,  in  the  opinion 
of  hittOert^  is  equal  to  that  of  a  fucking  pig-^-Is  found 
in  the  northern  States. 

Hare,  Of^^'wbis  animal  we  have  two  kinds,  vtrhich 
appear  to  be  different  fpecies ;  the  one  is  commonly 
called  the  white  Rabbit  or  Coney  ;  the  Qtb&r  is  (imply 
the  Rabbit.  The  latter  burrows  in  the  ground,  like  a 
rabbit.  They  have  both  been  found  in  the  fame  traft 
of  country,  but  have  not  been  known  to  aCociate.  The 
former  has  been  found  in  the  northern  ftates,  and  ap- 
pears to  be  the  &me  as  the  hare  of  the  northern  parts  of 
Europe ;  thp  latter  is  found  in  all  the  Hiates^^and  is  prob« 
ably  a  fpecies  peculiar  to  America. 

Racoon,  The  Racoon,  in  the  form  and  fize  of  hit 
body,  refeinbles  the  fox.  In  his  manners  he  refen^bles 
th€  (quirrel ;  likt  him  he  lires  on  trees,  feeds  on  Indian 
coT.u  acorns,  &c»  and  ferves  himfelf  with  his  fore  paws. 
His  fletli  is  good  meat,  and  hrs  fur  is  valued  by  the  halt- 
He  is  found  in  all  the  climates  in  the  temperate 

le  in  North  America. 

Ff>x  Squirrel.    Of  this  animal,  there  are  feveral 

Trleties,  blkck,  red  and  f^^Y'  It  is  nearly  twice  a» 
large  ;'.s  the  common  grey  iquirrcl,  and  is  fbutid  in  the 
fouthem  States>  and  is  peculiar  to  this  ^ntinent. 

The  Grey  Squirrel  of  America  does  not  M^rcc  cxadly 
with  that  of  4i|.r^pC|1)ut  i-i  gcneraHy  conUdered  as  <«f 
the  iame  fpecia^^  They  make  a  neft  of  mc^,  in  a  hol- 
low ttee,  and  h^'theyidepi^it  therr  p 
and  acor^  ;  tfu^s  the  plare  ^  their  r 
the  wmajfaand  i^eie  t^ey  ^rhigllrth  *  * 


ffilon  of  notit 

e  durtiir 

Thw 

,  is  phi* 


TED.  &TATIS. 


m 


* , 


\ 


in  ^QAfifi«^iblt  Qwnkeiti  If  in  their  4At%hc^  ^"^"^L 
trith  a  Hrer^  i^ch  of  them  takn  a  Qi'mgle,  fktnm  h»mr 
•r  the  like,  •ad.carrifs  it  tO'th«  wtter :  thiMt  c^oippM^ 
thef  tfmbArkf  «nd  treft  their  tailii  tathe  gentle  bniesi^ 
whi«h  fooA  waftf  them  over  in  ftfttftjr  (.buc  t  Aickfoa 
ft.iw  of  witkI  fotmtiitte*  prodofcf  Ii'-dt^rtk6|i¥e  flii|^ 
wrecK '  The  grtM^f  paist  of  the  miUei^  9^  thu  fpecics 
is  IbnnU  caflratecl* .  Al- 'k'       ' 

The  Red  S^nmrl  is  lei's  ob  %e  grejr  rq^rret.  Xti 
food  IS  the  fame^ft  tha^  of  the  grey  rquimlf  ciceptthac 
it  fometlroes  fee^t  on  the  feeds  of  die  pine  and  oilMr 
fvef^reens;  hence!  it  ir  (bmettmef  called  the.  pine 
fquirrel,  and  is  found  further  ;t6:  ^e  northward  thaji 
the  grey  fquirrel.  It  fpcnds  part  of  its  time  on.<riiito. 
in  qncft  .of /fdotl'i  hot  con&ders  its  hole»  under  foiiii'% 
fock  or- log,  as  4ts  home. :  > 

^  The  S^jftedSfMitStyAil^^ 
td*  In  fiifmaer  i(ieedi:ini  appWe«  pffa^hev^wail  «|m% 
fi^s  Unds  of  ffuiland  fecdft;  aod  kit  ici  iRiii«e»  (lore 
lays  up  ntKsr  acorns  and  gfain.  U  A»i»etsmM  afcendi 
trees  in  qtiedof  foed^l»fliaiway&>dciceod$  on  {ho  a|)i> 
pearancc  of  danger  t  nor  does  iC  feel  fecuns  bal  ip'iu 
h^iJe,  a  ftona  vall«  or  £osnt  covert  placid-— ^Fouttd  in 
the  northern  and  middle  States. 

Flyi^Sqifhi^»  Thiiii  the  leaft  and  rmSL  ilagvliir 
ol'lheclafs  of  fiiwrreU.  A  daplicate  oC.the  iktA  con*^ 
neiflsthe  fore  and  hinjder  lees^  together ;  by  extending 
this  membrane,  it  is  able  to Te^p  najac^' farther,  and  to 
alight  with  mMe  £il«ty  than  other  fqi^iczels.  It  lives 
'^  innoles  of  trtc%  aad  ^ds  on  feeds-— '-^Is  found  in  ^ 
.die  States. 

'lire  FkU  Me^hm  a  genera}  reftmblance  i^  tho 
common  hnufe  nion^.  its  food  depends  vety  mueh 
on  iu  fthntif^  In  gardens,  it  ofiea  deA.roys  fOmg. 
fruit  trees  by  ecti«^  their  bark  i  in:^lds  and  me^d* 
Gws,  it  feeds  on  ih^  rt^ts  of  grafs»4oftittimes  leaving  a 
grOQve  in  the  fward,  jarhich  jq>pearf'asif  it  hadhnen 
cut  taktwith  a  gonge.  In  wood^^  they  Art  fiiid  to  iieed 
cm«cei-ns,  and  !Ca£iy«p  al»|e  ^pra«f  ifet^t  ^;thcsr 

MThe';a#Ter^S|lsil 'Riftldes  j^  .fiei^ilc^ 
'-9fo4J^^  'fiQrma);i%  exti»diii>^it 


Twi  ITKITEO  8 


:*■ 


£9. 


Uing  eoniKacd  toeethct  hf  a  thin  itieiDbiiifl(ri  titaff  ffw^ 
.jiiii  the  aninni|»ith  wingi^  They  fnquent  the  cathitt 
%f  oldbuildin(*!(,  whence  they  itfue  in  (he  twilight,  ami 
ISeed,  oa  the  wing,  upon  the  infe^tt  which  iire  thfn  to 
be  found  flying.  In  the  day  time  they  hecp  thenrnl^i^t 
concealed  ;  and  bieome  tor|()id  during  the  wlntcr<»— — 
Common  to  North  America  and  Europe. 

Ground  Mwft,  Th it  animal  \t  Uager  than  the  6eld 
moufe,  but  fimikr  inibiMk  excepting  that  the  nofe  it 
morie  blunt  Its  bo^  ii^  a  flate  colour,  and  it  bur- 
rows  uhdev  ground,  and  often  dcAroys  young  fruiV 
Vtefr  by  eating  their  bark. 

H^tod  RaU  **  Thii  is  a  very  curiotii  animal.  Thejr 
are  Uot  half  the  fize  cf  the  domedic  rat.  They  are  fin- 
fiulav^wtth  refp'^^  to  their  ingenuity  and  great  labour 
m  conftra^ing  their  habitation^t  which  are  conical 
Iff  pyramids,  abcut  3  or  4  feet  high^  compofed  of  dry 
branches,' which  they  coUed  with  gteat  labour  and 
fcrfeverance,  and  pile  up  without  any  apparent  order*) 
yet  they  are  fo  interwoven  with  one  another,  that  ife 
would  takd  a  bear  or  wild  oat  feme  time  to  pull  one  of 
thefe  cables  to  r^fces,  a«d  allow  thei  animals  fufficient 
time  ta  Tttreat  %vr.h  their  young.** 

jiimmtan  Ric' .  This  animal- ntfs  a  long,  naked  an4' 
&aly  ta'l  ;  ihe  1>cad  is  Ii}ii|g  .fhapedji  with  a  narrotiT 
pointed  abfff,  th€  jjipev  jaw  being'  much  longer  chaa 
the  lowerr  The  ears  are  large  and' naked.  Its  coloor 
it  a  6tt^  brown,  inchning  to  atli  on  the  belly,  and  ics* 
ftx  cbavfe  and  harlh;  It  is  fuppofed  to  be  of  that  fpe* 
etes  which  live  among  the  ftcmes.  and  ckfte,  in  the  Blue 
M«untanE)»  in  Virginiay.  which  comes. out  v&ljF  at  nigh^ , 
and  makes  a  t^nible  noife;- 

.S^r^w  i^o!i/#t  This  is  tJic' iVnalleft  M^uadrupedes^^ 
and  holds- nearly  die  fUme  phice  amoag  them,  as  tha 
hunimufjg  bird  does  among  the  P:aihered  race.  Thef 
live  in  woodSf  andiare  fuppotW  ec^^doa  gsain  and 
Infedis ^Foand  m  New  Ertglan^. 

Moie^    Tlie  purf^e  mole  is  found  in  Virgmiai  thf 
black  niuleiu  New^Enghmd  ^  helive^  in  and  aboivt  the 
Water.    They  tdifi^fii;^  one  another^  and  bo^  $tot^ 
-.  .      Ihe  Eut-op«an^ ■"    -'.^^-^^^^  ^''^■':ik 

-T1^  UTatn^  MaWmmiMt^^ 
brown  on  tl»  baek,v  iiiif  >l^iflril|||||i  1I11  liiilj     riiiiti 


!c  animals-        i---..''*  "^" 


^^•f 


:l^^ 


THUitlNITED  STATEa 


Mmm*  TIm  bearer  is  an  ampkibiout  toimal,  vkich 
<aanot  li?e  for  ulj  length  of  time  in  tbe  wtlsi  ;  and 
can  eitft  without  tt,  pro(ride4  he  hat  %«  cOfMfcniencet 
c^  fometimet  bathinff  hinafeU^  The  largeft  bsavers, 
iormerlft  were  four  feet  in  length*  and  weighed  $t>^ot 
60  pounds  At  prefent  they  are  not  more  than  three 
in  lengthy  and  majr  weigh  from  a|  to  30  pounds. 

Their  cdour  ii  gtneraUy  a  ^rk  brown,  but  Tariee 
according  to  the  dimate  thax  inhabit.  Their  hair  it 
long  and  coarfe  ;  the  fur  ferfWcK  fine*  and  h'  'hly  val- 
ued. The  vCaAor  ufed  in  medicine  is  fou  >  fackt 
formed  behind  the  kidneys. 

Their  houfes  are  always  (ituated  in  the  le* 

times  they  make  afe  of  a  natural  pond,  b  .illy 

they  choofe  to  form  one  by  building  a  dam  acrois  Tome 
brook  or  nvulet.  For  this  pnrpo£e  they  fele^t  a  num- 
ber of  fjpUngs  of  foft  wood,  generally  of  Ufs  than  S 
i  aches  diameter,  but  fometimes  of  16  or  i^  inches  ; 
thefe  'they  fell,  and  divide  into  proper  lengths,  and, 
place  them  in  the  water,  fo  that  the  length  of  the  Hicks 
make  the  width  of  the  dam.  Thefe  fticks  they  lay  m 
mud  or  day,  their  tails  ferving  them  for  trowels,  as 
their  teeth  did  for  axes.  The  dams  are  fix  or  eight 
feet  thick  at  bottom,,  doping  on  the  fide  oppofed  to 
the  fiream,  and  are  about  a  quarter  as  broad  at  top  at 
at  bottOHL  Near  the  ^  o^  the  dam  they  leave  on^  or 
more  wafte  wayt,  or  filding  place4«  to  <arr|r  o^  the  fur. 
pins  water.  , 

.The  formation  of  their  cabins  i«  no  lefs  remarkable^ 
They  conftft  of  two  ftoricsj  one  under  the  other  above 
water.    They  are  fliaped  like  the  oy^il  Vee-hive  r  ^^  ^ 
a  fize  proportioned  to  the  Bamber  of  inhabitants.  .The 
waWt  of  H:ie  lower  apartment  arc  two  or  three  feet' 
thick,  formed  like  their  dafas }  thofe  of  the  «ipper  (lory 
aretiiatteri  and  the  whc^?,  on  thcviiifi^ic^  pmdered 
with  mud.     I^fik  family  conftn^dts  and  in^bitt  lea 
otprn  cabin.    The  upper  apartments  a^  cufiouuy  ftrci^*^^' 
«d  with  leaves,  and  reftdered  neat,  clean  and  comfort- 
vi^i  Thp  winter  i^ever  %prifes   tjbefit  aAiipfls  be- 
fope£lklir,  buffneff.  k  campleted  }  for  ibeir  houfes  are. 
lihtlhear  by  the  |aA  of  S^^mber*  f«d  their 
^proirifioris  laid  in,  which^^lifts  «f  fnu)l|>tecef 

>w<ir  lij^tiQeats.    ipi^pK 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


11.25 


2.0 


1.1     I.-"  I 


m 

U|L6 


1 

^                                                                                *  //                                                                                ^1 

w 

•'I 

iJ 


/ 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WHT  MAIN  STRifT 

WnSTiR,N.Y.  M580 

(716)172-4903 


^    X\  4 


'^ 


^ 


hf  V 


ft»i»»>Aliia##aiti|iflgyt4  iiiM^W  %  iiiPi^ 
ivtu  jrftet''  ^titf'  utt  aofil0flidicid«  '  In  AEmoKBr^diur 

IWtles  m  tiN^e  In  Ei|ra|»e#4|nif  ivr  vii%  iti^^r  t» 

tbem  in-tiN!tf  te%cA;|*5-^iy'*  -;/.  -v-vi .  .„^.  .-  ^.,  ,-\-     L..- 

Ifpo  ibeiittf tr  ilid  cettll^ttCttt^  baixe  not  fnanie  t})^< 

t»prnvcnientf  whicli  are  tn  be  tcfvii iil  coily  wafetiat* 

ftiie-^Fdttild'Iflf^  the  ^m***     ^    ^  •  -  ■ ;  i  .  ,  i  ^     ^ 

'^e  Mt/^H^  or  Jlf^  il#i»  lb  ak»irtr^f  ilfc^s  In 

ItMii^Md  i  feot  m  ctouMbiettcc*    This  aiHBiai  is 

>fllii'|flM|i^ii^th  dfl0»4^  i^Hic^  %Knite  a  Aa>fta|Me  that 

v^ft«k#]|&i^r  of  the  t«^«£i^l2lp^^^  ^abtn  ia 
^l^nimm  ana  iii«MW  8tawa>^  V'^v^'*^    j\-  r.     ^ 

^ms  ^rliicll  are  C0nciate4  4iriU»iiiMJM  ikm^  aiMl      '  "^^ 
m  M|e  &a,  and  feadt  on  m^nne  planes.    The:60mikmkh(  "ri 


,#ft,     •<  w 


'.^1». 


-"«P^  .^ 


Tirt  UNITED  STATES. 


'S 


Nvmbtr  in  tach  C(f0« 

8 
3 

4 

lO 


The  Owl  kind 

The  Vulture 

The  Eagle  and  Hawk 

The  Kite  Hawk 

The  Crow 

The  Woodpecker  and  othexs     f>  47 

Graniveroui  Tribes  62 

j1h2pli^oiu  or  jlquatic  JlMs%  comprehending 
The  Crane  ^-  2 

The  Heron  '  16 

The  Wood  Pelican,  fee.  46 

Teal  37 

The  Plover  kind  13 


263 
8 


Unclaffed 

■y.     .        ;.       .  ^    

Total  271 
The  birds  of  America,  fays  Cate(bf ,  generally  ez* 
ceed  thofe  of  Europe  in  the  beauty  of  their  plumage, 
but  are  much  inferior  to  ihcm  in  the  melody  of  their 
notes. 

Tlie  middle  ftates,  including  Virginia,  appear  to  b^ 
the  climates,  in  North  America,  where  the  greateft 
number  and  variety  of  birds  of  paifage  celebrate  their 
nuptials  and  rear  their  offspring,  with  which  they  an- 
nually return  to  more  fouthern  regions.  Moft  of  our 
birds  are  birds  of  paflage  from  the  fouthward.  The 
eagle,  tlie  pheafant,  grous  and  partridge  of  Pennfytva- 
nia,  (ereral  fpecies  ot  woodpeckers,  the  crow,  blue  jay» 
robin,  marlh  wren,  feveral  fpecies  of  fparrows  or  mow 
birds,  and  the  fwallow,  are  perhaps  nearly  all  the  land 
bh-ds  that  continue  the  ^ear  round  to  the  northward  of 
Vireinia^  # 

Very  Tew  tribes  of  birds  build  or  rear  their  young  in 
the  foudi  or  maritime  parts  ^f  Virginia,  in  Carouna, 
Georgia  and  Florida ;  ycv^  all  thofe  numerous  tribes,  par- 
ticularly of  the  foft  billed  kind,  which  breed  in  Penn* 
fylvania,  pafs,  in  the  fpricg  fc^fon,  through  tlide  re- 
gions in  a  few  weeks  xxttt,  makings  but  veiy  (hart  fta- 
ges  by  die  way  ;  imd  again,  but  few  of  them  Winter  there 
on  th^ir  rettttn  foiMliwardly. 

H  It 


#1 


*i- 


^WB  UNITED  ST  ATM. 


Ic  is  not  koown  how  ^  to  the  /bath  they  fontiime 
>Chdr  ro«te»  daring  their  .tb&nce  i&oqi  t|ie  nortliern  an4 
^iddle  Sute^ 

The  Svm^  ii  the  largeft  of  the  aqiuttc  tribe  of  birdi 
which  is  (eeii  in  this  country.  One  of  th^m  has  beep 
^nown  to  .weigh  361b.  »nd  to  be  6  feet  in  length*  from 
ihe  bill  to  |;be  feet  ^Wk  Wretched.  It  makes  a  (bund 
^enibUng:thatt>f  fijtfumpet,  bot|i?vheii  ia  the  wat^ 
and  on  the  wing.      ^        ^ 

T|}e  Canada  Goofe  U  a  bml  of  paflagc,  and  gregari- 
,«tts.  The  ofspring  of  the  C^fnadian  and  common  goofe 
jare  mongrels,  and  reckoned  ^n^ore  valaab|e  than  either 
^f  them  ^mgly^  but  do  not  propagate. 

Tl^e  ^aUor  .Partridge,  This  bird  is  the  ^uaii  of 
New  Enj^land,  and  the  Partridge  of  the  fouthem  States ; 
bat  is  properly  neither.  It  is  a  bir^  peculiar  to  Amerr 
ica.  The  Partri^e  of  New  England,  is  the  Pheafani 
,of  Pennfylyania,  but  Is  mitcalled  in  both  places  It  is 
a  ipecies  of  the  Croui,  Neither  the  Pbeaiaht,  Partridge 
;0r  Qu^l,  ^e  found  in  America. 

Crxiow,  Thefe  birds  are  faid  not  <o  pair,  like  the  reft 
jof  the  feathered  tribes.  When  the  fem^e  appears  0,9 
the  wingi  f^e  is  often  .atteaded  by  two  or  three  males^ 
Ifnlike  ^lodier  birds,  (he  daes  npt  bvild  a  neft  of  her 
.bwn,  but  takes  the  opportunity,  while  the  Hedge  Sparr 
xow  (probably  they  ma,ke  ufe  of  other  ne^s)  is  laying 
her  eggs^  to  dep'  '''s  her  egg  among  the  reft,  leaving 
the  future  cafe  i  :  entirdly  "to  the  hedge  fparrow^ 
T3he  cuckoY/'s  egg  requires  no  longer  incubation  than 
Jbcr  .ow.o,  -When  the  hedge  fp^irrow  has  fat  lier  ufual 
time,  ai;4  difengaged  the  young  ciickow  and  fonle  of 
jj>er  bwn.4}ftspvii&g  from  their  (hells,  the  young  cuckow, 
aftonifiiing  as  it  may  feem,  immediately  fets  about  clear- 
Ingihfii'neft  of  thd^oung  fparraw?,  sand  theremj^ining 
unnatched  ec^gs,  md  with/urprifing  expertnefs  foon  !ic- 
.compMflbe^  ^  bofinefs,  iand  remains  foie  poiTe^r  of  thp 
aeft,  and  the  only  objeil^f  the  fp;irrow'«  future  care. 

The  Wah^  ^dt  which  probably  is  of  the  iame  fpe(;ies 
.with.  Uid  Sfird  of  Paradife,  receives  its  n^me  from  the 
ideas  "die  Indians  have  of  its  i^perior  excellence  {  the^ 
^W^kon  Bird  being  in  their  language  tlie  bird  of  the 
jCrreit  Spirit.  Its  tail  IS  compofed  of  four  or  iSve 
|l«|(iHNrt»'whicI^  are  ^hi^  tiiiies  at  long  as  'itt  bod^^ 


*INa  tJtJiTED  STA-fES. 


*f 


i!(Ul  which  are  beiutifully  fliaded  with  green  and'  |mr- 
pie.  It  carriies  this  fine  length  of  plumage  in  the  fame' 
manner  as  the  peacock  does  his»  but  it  is  not  known' 
i^hether,  like  hini}  it  ever  rmfes  it  to  an  eft^  pofttion. 

The  ivhetjanirvi  of*  the  cuckovr  kind,  being,  like  that, 
a  folitary  btrd,  and  fcartely  eyi|feen.  Ih  the  fummet 
months  it  is  heard  in  the  groveifiiirhere  it  makes  a  noifi^ 
like  the  filing  of  a  fkw,  from  which  circuniftance  it-  hai 
received  its  name.- 

THe  Hummng  ^irdU  the  fmallell'  of  all  the  feathered^ 
inhabitants  of  the  art.  Its  plumage  furpaHes  defcrip-' 
tion.  Oh  its  head  is  a  fhiall  tuft  of  jetty  black  ;  its' 
breaft  is  red  f  its  belly  white ;  its  back>  wings  and  tail 
of  the  fined  ^ale' green  j  fmaH  fpecks  of  gold- art  fcat- 
tered  over  it  with  inezpreilible  grlice  {and  tfe  crown 
the  whole,  an  almoft  imperceptible  down  foftens  tlie' 
feveral  coloursv  and  prbduces  tile  xn&fk  jjleafing  (hades. 

jlmphihioui^  Kiptiier.l^  Among  thefc  are  the  ttiud  tor«- 
tbife  or  turtle.  Spetkled  land  tortoife*-  Creat  foil  fhelU 
ed  tortoi|e'of<  Florida ;'  whentfullgrowii  it  Weight  fVom^ 
50  to  40  pounds,  extremely  fat  and  delicious  fpod,^ 
6reat  land  tbrtoife,^  called^  gophe^  ;  its  u^per'  ihell  is 
aibdut  18  inches  long,  and  froA  lo  to  12'  b|oad-^Found< 
Ibuth  of-Savwnn*.  Rircr.  .        .    . , 

Two  fpecies  of  ftefh^wat^r'  t<>rtoiieS  ihlialiit  tlii*  tide 
Water  rivers  in  the  fouthem  States^;  one  is  large,  weigh- 
ing from'  la  to  i'2  pounds  ;  the  odier  fpecies  are  (mail;* 
but  both"^  are  efteemed  delicious  food.      \ 

Of  the  TW  kind  aio^feVeral  fpectesi*the  Yfrdi  brown,* 
and-blackf.-    '.  '  '  .  .'/  '     V _--]       '^^■• 

Of  the  Frog^\xi^,  ate  many  ffedesi    Porjd'Ifog;  grle^ti « 
fotift tain  frog,  tree  frog, '  bull  fro^.-   Befides  thefe,  mt' 
the  duHsy  brown,  fpotted  frog  of<Carolina;  their  voic* 
refembles.  the  grunting  of  f>yine. -^11)6  bell  frbg^'  ^> 
called,  becaufe  their  voice  i$  fanc^  to  be  exa^l^  like  = 
that  of- a  loud  cow<-bell.    A!  beautiful  griQcn  frog>hofei 
noiie  is  like  thjC  barking  of  little  dogs^  pt  4he  y^ping* 
of  puppies.    A'lcfs  greeu  frog,  whofe  iB^i^t  tefemble^ 
thofec^  young  chickens;    liittle  grey  ijmdid  frog, 
yrho  make  a  noife  lik^'the  ftrikihg  of  two  pebbles  to- 
gether under  the  furface  of  the  water,    "rtere  isi  yiet  an ' 
*«Ktreii»ly^  dimiatitiye  fi^ies  of  fiog$,.C4lkd^by!  feme* 


i/fif.-! 


|r 


M 


The  united  STATES. 


Savanna  crickets,  wbofe  notes  are  notunlike  the  chat- 
tering of  young  birds  or  crickets.  They  are  found  in 
great  multitudes  after  plentiful  rains. 

Of  Lizardt,  we  alfo  have  many  fpecies.    The  jfOlgO' 
tor,  or  American  crocodile,  is  a  very  large,  ugly,  ter- 
rible creature,  of  prodigious  ftrength,  activity,  and  fwift- 
nefs  in  the  water,    '^^y  are  from  i2.to  23  feet  in 
length  ;  their  bodies  are  as  large  as  that  of  a  horfe,  and 
are  covered. with  horny  pljites  or  fcales,  faid  to  be  im- 
penetrable to  a  rifle  ball,  except  about  their  head  and 
juft  bthind  their  fore  legs,  where  they  are  vulnerable  i 
in  fliape  they  referable  Uie  lizard.    The  head  of  a  full 
grown  alligator  is  about  three  feet  long,  and  the  mouth 
opens  neany  the  fame  length.     Their  eyes  are  compar- 
atively fm^l,  and.  the  whole  head,  in  the  water,  ap- 
pears at  a  diftance  like  a  piece  of  rotten  floating  wood. 
The  upper  Jaw  only,  moves,  and  this  they  raife  fo  as 
to  form  a  nght  angle  with  the  lower  one.    They  open 
their  mouths^  while  they  lie  ba(king  in  the  fun»  on  the 
barks  of  rivers  and  creeks,  and  when  filled  with  flies» 
mufketoes  and  other  infefts,  they  fuddenly  let  fall  their 
upper  jaw  with  furprtdng  noife,  and  thus  fec^re  their 
prey.     They  have  two  large,  ftrong,  conical  tuiks,  as 
white  as  ivory,  which  are  not  covered  with  any  fkin  or 
lips,  and  which  give  the  animal  a  frightful  appearance. 
In  the  fpring,  which  is  their  feafon  for  breeding,  they 
make  a  moft  hideous  and  '  terrify ine  roar,  refembling 
j>the  found  of  diftant  thunder.  .  The  alligator  is  an  ovip- 
']^rous  animal ;  their  nefts,  which  are  commonly  built 
on  die  margin  of  fome  creek  or  river,  at  the  diftance  of 
15  Or  20  yards  from  the  water,  are  in  the  form  of  an 
obtofe  cone^  about  4  feet  high,  and  4  or  5  in  diameter 
tt  their  bafls.    They  site  conftns^ed  with  a  fort  of 
jgoitar,  made  of  a  mixtbre  of  mud,  grafs,  and  herbage. 
%r^  they  la^  a  flo^of  this-compofitton,  on  which  they 
depofite  ft  layer  of  eggs  $  and  upon  this  a  ftratum  of 
their^jnortar,  ^  o?  8  inches  thick  ;  and  then  another 
la^e^feggsf  and  is  this  manner,  one  ftratum  uponan- 
^  other,  nearly  to  the  top  of  the  ncft.    They  lay  firom  6ne 
V  to  two  hundred  eggs  in  a  neft.    Thefe  are  hatched,  it 
is  ^ppofed,  by  the  heat  of  the  fun,  aflifted,  perha]psi  by 
the  ffniieatation  of  the  vegetable  mortar  in  which  '^ 


iXH-^i 


Trfte  UHITED    STATrs. 


*i> 


"^ 


are  depofited.    Thefeinal«,  it  it  {a2d»  cftreftdly  watches 
}jer  own  neft  of  •  eggs  tiH  thef  are  all  batched.    She 
then  takes  her  brood  under  her  care,  and  leads  them 
about  the  (hores  like  as  a  hon  does  her  chickens,  and  ii 
equally,  courageous  in  defending  them  in  lime  of  dan^ 
ger.    When  (Ee  lies  iMUHing  af|0n  warm  banks  with  her 
brood  around  her,  the  young  ones  may  be  heard  whining 
and  barking  like  youne  puppies.    Ths  old  feed  on  the 
young  .alligators,  till  tney^get  fo  large  as  that  they  caiv- 
not  make  a  prey  of  them  ;  fo  that  happily  but  few  of  a 
brood  fur  vive  the  age  oft  year.  •  lliey  are  fond-xyf  the 
fk(h  of-  dogs  and  hogs,  which  they  devour  whenever 
they  have  an  opportunity. .  Their  principal  food  is  fifli.  • 
In  Carolina  and  Georgia  they  retire  into  th$ir  dens*, 
which  they  form  by  burrowing  far  unde^g^ol4d,  com- 
mencing under  water  and  working  upws^dsj'Uftd'^^'* 
^^emain  in  a  torpid  ftate .  dtutng  the  wuiten    Further 
fouth,,tn  warmer  climates^  they  are  miore  niimerottSy^ 
and  more- ^fierce  and  ravenous,  and  wfil  boldlyhdUtack  a. 
man.    In  South  America,  the  carrion  vultiire  is  the 
inftrument  :,of  Providence,  to  deftroy  inultitudes  of ^ 
ypung  allig^Knrs,  wha would  otherwifcrender  the  coan*:- 
try  uninhaUtable. 

Be6des  the  allig&tor,  wr  have  of  this  fpecies  of'  am* 
phibious  reptiles,  the  browti  lizard,  i'wift  lizard,  or  litdjK 

green  cameibon  of  Carolina, .  which,  4ike  the  camek(A, 
as  the  facuUy  of  changing  iis  col0W«     Tb%  ftrip 
lizard,  orfcorpion.    Blu« bdli«d,'  l^uamous  lizard,  fi 
eral  varieties  {,  larga  copper  coloured  lizanl  j   fwi 
fkflfobfvlyltie  lizard,  wiib  a  long  {lender  taily-as  brittle 
as  that  of  the  ^lafs  £takt^    The  two  Uft  are  rarely  feen^, 
but  are  fomeumefi  found  aboc|t  old.l^  buflding^  ia  the-' 
fouthern  States*  '^.^^^.^^  ^ 

^f^tefiTx.];    l^he  diaradisrs  byt^twhlah   ampihil^m: 
ferpenu  are  dtftinguiihe4  »'e  thefe,  the^  belly,  irfilr^ 
«liflied;with  fcude,  and ''the  tail  has  both  Icura^  and^ 
tesdm    Of^thefe  reptiles-the  foUowing^are  fountiii^lbiM 
Unified  States  ti-—^ 

lU^eSfuifce  '% 

Y^yt  Rattle  Snakrr  • 

&iAaiU  Ibitde  Snake. 
Biftard  Rittle  Saak^^ 
mccafia  S^uike  "  *  * 


# 


m 


90       tm*  united  arXATES. 

Grey  Spotted  Mocca/in  Smike  of  Carolina 

Water  Viperi  with  ailiarp  thorn  tail 

towk  Viper 

Brown  Viper 

White  Bodied,  Brown  Eyed  Snake 

Black  Snake  n^th  linlar  rings 

A  Snake  with  15a  fcutie^and  135  fcuteltae 

Blueifli  green  Snake,  with  a  (Iretched  out  triaDgnlal^ 
ihouty  or  Hog  nofe  Snake  .     , 

Copper  Bellied  Snake     ^  f^ 

*    Black  Snoke  '  , 

White  Neck  Bla^ck  Saake 

Small  Brown  Adder 

Houfe  Adder 

Water  A^der     <  . 

Brown  %ake 

Little  BiSwn  ^ad  Snake 

Coach  Whip  Si^ke  * 

;#  :Coni^kei 

Green 'Snake 

Waminun  Snake 

Htbbon  Snake  v 

Pine,  HofQ»  or  Bull  Snake^  with  a  hiNri#%car  m  his 

taa  ^  #^  r 

j[pint  Snake 
arter  Snake 

Irrp^Sn^ke  ^  * 

'MckWlfnake*^"'*' 

k  SnaJEe 
^  row|i|{h*  ^>otted  Snake 
44»«>yeliovfifii  Whitie  Siiake 
..  luffing  Sna|fe  .   ; 

-^RiiigSniJjM:- ■':<,,;. y; '»;' 'v   '■  ,    .; 

^pj^headed  Snake  7^ 

inb.e  Haitle  $nake  Qftay  he  ranked  among  the  large^ 
iferf!^  t%Americie.    They  arc  fron*  4  to  upwards  of  d 
i|et  i^^^gth,  and  from  4  to  6  inches  in  dtameten 
TgrmMj^^  It  i?  (kid,  they  11^  mnch  larger.    Thehrat^ 
!cs  cohlw  of  fcveral  artipilated  crnftaceous,  or  rather 
y  hags,  foroUcg   their  tails,   which,  <rhen  they 
e,  ihake  a  r^itdi^  noife,  waning  people  of  theur 
lich.    It  is  ^d;>they  wltJ  hot  atts^ck  a  perfbn,ixi»> 
pr^tioai^  i|^M«    When  mokfted  jpr  irritated^ 


-'% 


r 


»     fHB  UKltED   STATES.  91 

*  they  ereA  ihiir  rattles,  mnd  by  intervali  gWe  the  war»> 
ing  al.ar]n.    If  purfucd  and  oTcruki»i»  they  inftantly 

V  throw  themfelvet  into  the  fpirat  coil ;  their  whole  body 
(WelU  through  rage,  continually  rifing  and  falliiig  liKe 
a  bellows  ;  their  beautifiil,  particoloured  fkin  becomes 
fpeckled  and  rough  b^  dilation  f^etr  htad  and  neck 
are  flattened  ;  tlieir  cheeks  fw^ten,  and  their  lips  con- 
(Irided,  diTcovering  their  fatal  fangs  ;  their  eyes  red  at 
burning  coals,  and  their  brsindiHiing  forked  toneuesy'of 
the  Colour  of  the4iotteft  flame,  menaces  a  horrid  deat|}. 
They  never  (Irike  unkfs  fure  of  their  mark.'  They  are 
fuppofed  to  have  the  power  of  fafcinatioa,  in  an  eminent 
degree  {  and  it  is  generally  believed  that  they  charm 
birds,  rabbits,  fquirrels  and  other  animals,  in  fuch  a 
manner,  as  that  they  lofe  the  power  of  refiftimi^e,  and 
flutter  and  move  flowly,  but  relu<ftai)tly,  tOi|prds  the 
yawning  jaws  of  their  devourert,  andj^her  'creep  into 

^  tlieir  nlbuths,  or  lie  down  and  fuffef  mmfeltes  tv  be 
taken  and  fwallowed.  This  dreaded  reptile  ^feafiiV 
killed.  One  well  directed  Ilroke  on,  the  head  or  ^croU 
the  back,  with  a  Alck  net  larger  than  a  man's  thumb, 
is  fuflicient.tt|ctll  the  large  ft  }  and  they  are  fo  flow  ol 
motion  that^^p^  cannot  make  their  efcape,  nor  do  they 
attempt  it  when  attacked*  .  Many  lliflerent  remedies 
for  the  bite  of  a  rattle  ihake  have  been  prefcribed  and 
-ufed  with  different  fuccefs ;  the  followingj  receive^ 
from  good  authority,  is  recommended  as  a  cure' for,  thf 
bite  of  all  venomous  fnakes.  *«  Bind  a  ligature  ^g 
round  the  leg  or  thigh,  a'  ove  the  part  bijteifr&'i 
to  interrupt  the  circulation  j  hen  open  or  fcarify  ili 
wound  with  a  lancet,  knife  or  flint,  and  fuck  the  woun 
or  let  a  friend  do  it  ;  t|ien  rub  it  with  any,uoi£tui> 
matter,  either' animal  or  vegetable  ;  or  SF  thjit 
be  procured,  make  ufe  of  fait.  Take  care  td 
the  bowels  open  and  free,  by  drinking  fweetoii 
milk  or  cream.  If  pqire^ioney  be,  at  hknd,  a| 
the  wound,  after  openid^  ssifd^cking  .it^i^n  f] 
to  any  other  thing  ;  asd^  ^ji^entifally  df  * 


milk.*' 

^^       The  Moecafin  Snake  isffrom  3  to  5  feet  Jq  lei^a^,  «||| 
/    as  thick  as  a  man's  leg'}   when  diiturbed  by  an  tne^ 

^^  thjBy  throw  the«ftrdv6s  lifto  a  ipoil,a^d  ihim  gradual! 
tiu&  their  ttpi^^kw  till  it  faUs  ba^]r|4f^#|f  toochii 
i>-''-    '    '  ^  '%        -«"        ^''  '.'^'' -•'■■'  '^,' ■     th^ 


* 


» 


^ 


VVimtJi  STATESy 


-4- 


tiie  neck,  at  the  (knM'tuDe  i^aling  tMr  long  piBrpU' 
rorked  ton^uf ,  aad  ,<lircAing  their- crooked  •poilbnout 
fangs  towards  their  eoesny.-  Itr  this  attitude  thecreii> 
tare  has  a  moft  terrifying  ap|>earance.     It  is  faad  their 
bite  is  incurahle ;  but  the  probability;  is,  thai  it  is  not*- 
liike  the  rattle^  fnake  they  ate  flow  in  their  moti^A,  and« 
fiever  bite  a  •  psetfoii'  nnlefs  provoked<— -Found  in  abun- 
dance in  thefwaxikpt-  and  lowgrouadf  in  the  Ibuthem^ 
Sutes*  ^ 

Hie  SUek  Sntike\%  of' various  lengtmii^om  519  6  feet. . 
aU  over  of  a  (hining  black  ^  it  is  not  venomous  ;  is  uiefui ' 
ia  deftroyingrats,  and  piarfues  its  pjreywiih  wonderful  > 
agility^  .  It  is  faid  that  it  will  deftroy^  the  rattle  fnake 
by,  tWifiing  round  Uand  whipping  it  t<^  death.  It  hat^ 
/^been  t%,orted  alib''  that  they,  have  fometimes  twined^ 
thenfel^s  tOfigA  thi  bodies  of  children,  f<}tteezing; 
them  till  they%«    Tlbey  ai«  found  tu'ail^  the  States. 

^htC9ach  0^J^.  ^Mi^  is  of  various  and  bea«tifal  ^ol^ 
Ourlyfonae  parts  brown»,or  chocoiatefOthiersblaokiand.^ 
Others  white  ;.i«4S^6or'  7.f«et  long^^iMud  very  ilender^ 
alui  a^vve ;  it  •  runs  ^fwiftly,  and  is  <2uil^  tnoffenfive  | ; 
knit  the  Indians  injaffine  twit  ifi  is  able  lifiot'a  man  iU'^ 
twa  with!  a  jerk  «f i  its  tatt.  Like  the  Mack'  fnake,  itv- 
1»ill  HMiupon  its  taily  withrits  ;hcad  and  body,  ere^^ 

The  Pine  ht  iSW//.5iM^,  ealkd  alf6  the^-Honi  Snake». 
Is  the  l^igeft  of  the  ferpent  kind  known  in  North  Amer-  • 
iea^vexceptvthe  rattle  fnake,  and  pe^ap^  exceeds  him  1 
In  length./  They  are  piei-  bhick  and  white  ;;ape  in-" 
JC^tmh  with  rcfjf^a  to-  mankind,  <  but  devour  fquir— 
rels,  rabbits,  and 'every  other  creature  they  ckn  take  as> 
|b6<L;.  Thek'itatts- terminate  wHh  a  hard  horny  fpur^,> 
|^l%tyJihey;  vibrate  very  tfjixkk^  yiheu  difturbed, ,  bttt> 
^^(^'attelttRt  to  ftrlfce  with  it-  T^cyhavf  dens ' 
iarth;  to  whi<;h  they^  retreat  in  time  of ^dli^gen  • 
le  QJfifr  SiiaJ^'&»ymiyetY  ftna^'  head';  the  up^f: 
If  itr  bjp4y  •  is  o^^^plour  blended  *  brown  andi 
)(i  regulafl»\a«M|?athtlY^footted  'With  yellow.  • 
very  inwiot^lR^  With  fstkXi  fcalesi , 

sly'  eooiie^  thin^thol^  of  other  ierpents^.  ^ 
^  dia»rettt#iirfiire.    .^^  ^ 

,tl  th«  hbdy,  ikot  onli^at  ^ie^  place  ftt^^  hik-'M 
U  Wo  or^:Mp:||P^4r  ■  jplpd^s;-  ^  ■the.inufcles  bei^g 'i^cii« '~ 
j||f9d'iaJi-<WB^^^tttft^^  .  qijtile  throu^^  tSs  irert^ 


:•' 


■t-fii 


Thb  UNITED  STATES. 


« 


bra.  Thef  appear  earlier  in  the  fpring  than  anf  other 
ferpent,  and  are  ntimeroui  in  the  hndj  woods  of  t^ 
'Caroltnas  and  Geor^a.    They  are  harmlefi. 

The  Joht  Snah,  if  we  may  credit  Carrer'f  account 
of  it,  is  a  great  curiofity,  Iti  (klu  is  as  hard  as  parch- 
ment, and  as  fmboth  as  glafs.  It  is  beautifully  ftreaked 
with  black  and  white.  It  is  fo  ftifF,  and  has  fo  few 
joints,  and  thofefo  unyielding,  that  it  can  hardly  bend 
itfelf  into  the  form  of  a  hoop.  When  it  is  ftruck,  it 
breaks  like  a  pipe-ftem  ;  and  you  may,  with  a  whip» 
break  it  from  the  tail  to  the  bowels  into  pieces  not  an 
inch  long,  and  not  produce  the  leaft  tindure  of  blood* 
It  is  not  venomous. 

Tiie  fnakes  are  not  fo  numerous  nor  fo  yenomons  in 
the  northern  as  in  the  fcuthem  States.  In  the  latter^ 
however,  the  inhabitants  are  fumifh^  with  a  much 
greater' variety  of  plants  and  he^bs,  ^''||i|i  afford  imme- 
diate relief  to  peribns  bitten  by  the^poifonous  crea- 
tures. It  isi  an  obferyation  worthy  of  perpetual  and 
grateful  remembrance,  that,  wherever  venomous  ani- 
mals are  found,*  the  God  of  nature  has  kindly  provided 
fufficient  antidptes  again  ft  their  poifon. 

^  FISHES. 
Fiihes  form  the  fourth  dafs  of  animals  in  the  Lin- 
nflcdn  fydcm.  Mr.  Pennant,  in  the  Britilh  Zoology, 
diflributes  fifh  into  three  divifions,  comprehending  i\x 
orders.  His  divifions  are,  into  Cetaceous^  Cariilagtneoui% 
and  Bony,  >  ' 

Cetatemu  Fifh.  >^ 

TJic  Whale      Dolphin      Porpelie      Grampus      Ikhiga. 

'  CartUag'meoui  Fj/h, 
Lamprey  Brown  fpottedGari;^  fiih  Red  btUiea| 

Slute  •  Lump  fiih  .  Silver  or  W|i 

Shark     .  Pipe  fiflx  Yellow  Bream^ 

Dog  fiih  Golden  Bream  or  S114  Black  or  Blue  Bl 

Sturgeon  fifli 

B9nyF$lk^ 

.    Chub 
Stickle 


*I  V- 


•,   ( 


'Ed ''     % 

.Conger  eel 
Cat  fith 
Snake  £lh 


Sucker 
Minow 
Week  fi 
BSngfiih 


;^*  Probably  fomethat  are' placed 
wie  Receding.   Wc  are  not  able  ac 


's  (••    >!  ■ 


^4  Tni  ITH1T£D  STATB&' 


Ha44ock 

Cod 

FroA  f  fli 

Pollock 

flmatl  Pollocks 

Hake 

ffcttlpiofi 

PUiec 

Fluunckr 

HoUybut 

Dab 

Hed  Perch 

White  Perch 

Yellow  Perch 

sea  Perch 

Whitinff 

Sea  Baft 


HoHe  Mackerd         Soft 

Wuc  Mackerel  l/lttmtMim 

SpreklcdMadkrtl    Whke  Mi 


SidmuiV' 

telmoo  Trvnt 

Troue' 

Pike  or  Pickerel^ 

Alherin* 

Mullet 

Herrtof 

Carp 

Pond  fi(h 

Toad  fifli 

Roach 

Shad 

Hard  Hc«d> 

Ale  wife 

Brec 


Tide  Black  B(k' 

Rockilackiih 

Blttc  fiik  (Begallo)) 

Sheep'*  HM«r 

Red  Drum 

Black  Dfum 

Branded  Dfin 

Sheep's  Head  OniB»' 

Moubonkdr 

SkadiM 

Poffie 

Daee 

AnchoTt' 

Flyinc  fifli' 

Sword  fiOu 


Striped  Baft- 
Shiner  ^ 

The  m^lttHHc  Hr^eft  oi  all  animals.     In  t!ie 
nortborn  Teas  C6m^  are  found  90  feet  in  lengths  s^n4~ 
in  tlie  torrid  cone*  where  they  are  unmolcfted,  whalea- 
have  beea  feen  i5o  ftet  in  lengu      The  head  11  ereat^ 
})r  difproportiened  to  die  fize  of:  the  body.    In  the 
middle  of  the  head  are  two  orifices^^ough  which* 
they  fpout  water  to  a  great  height.    T^eyes  are  not 
larger  than  thofe  of  the  ox,  and  are  placed  towards  the' 
back  of  the  head,  for  the  convenienct  of  feeing  both' 
before  and  behind.     They  are  guarded  by  eyelids  as  in 
qnadrupedes  }  and  they  appear  to  be  very  fiiarp  fighted,^ 
;uid^uick  of  hearing.    What  is  called  IVhale  bone  ^d' 
^res  to  the  upper  jaw,-  and  is  formed  vfi  thin  parallel 
fimttat }.  fome  of  the  longeft  are  1 1  feet  in  length ;  of 
thefe  there  are  froiii  550  to  500  on  ead^Gde,  accord- 
>Ji|ig  t^  the  age  of  the  whale.    The  uil^  which  ak)ne  it 
Utef  J^'  ttdvknce  itielf  in  the  water,  is  broad  and  femila- 
nai^pnd  when  the  fiih  lies  oa- one  iide^.its  blowia  tre^ 

iT^ir  fidelity  to  each  other  is  rehrarttablc.  -  An  in- 
fiaiDicI  Qf  it  i»  related  by  Mt.  Anderfon,  at  follows  :; 


'*  6oial)lp|^ers  haying^ 
and  a  femle,  in  co: 
long  ioM  terriblir 
with  two  men  if^  r;»i||»  5^ 
lidiii^^ 'aU  we|l^|K^ 


-:i*-'i£« 


le  of  twtf  whaili|^4  fnale 
wounded  w  made  a< 
Ifnick  d(9Wtt  »  bogl 
%w  of  ffe  taflkhf^ 
The  c/A^t  ftiU  auen^* 
it  every  aififtaace  |  till,  at- 

lift. 


X 


% 


,v.A  *: 


-Tk*  ^NITCD  «TAT18. 


H 


15 


;|«(l,  the  Sfli  tliat  w«t  Arnck,  funk  iindtr  the  number  of 
4tt  wounds ;  while  iu  faiUnful  affocUtCy  difdaiiuii|[  lo 
.lorvife  ihe  lofi,  With  great  beHowing,  ftretched  itfelf 
upon  the  dead  fiQi«  andihareJ  iu  fate."  The  whale  , 
gqef  with.f  ouQg  nine  or  len  monthii  and  general^  pro-' 
ducei  one  y pong. one»  nsftr  above  two,  which  are  black 
and  about  to  feet  long.  The  teats  of  the  female  are 
placed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  bellx*  When  (he 
fucjcles  her  iroiingy  (he  throws  hevfelf  on  one  fide,  on  tlw 
;rurface  of  the  water,  and  the  .young  ones  ituch  them- 
felves  4o  the  teati*  Nothing  ean  exceed  tlie  underneCs 
and  care  of -the  fenifile  for  her  young. 

The  lamprey  irequents  mod  of  the  rivers  in  the  New 
England  Stjites,  e(pecia11f  where  the  paiHige  is  not  in- 
;tf  tnipted  by  damt,  That,part  of  the  Lamprey  Which  ie 
.bJ!ow  the  air  holes>  is  falted  and  dried  for  food.  After 
tthe  fpawning  feafon  js  over,  and  tb%^oung  fry  have 
gone  down  to  the  fe^  the  old  fifhes  iHth  themfelvee 
io  the  robots  and  ^imbs  of  trees,  which  have  fallen  or  run 
*into  the  Vater,  jind  there  periflu-  A 'mortification  be- 
gins at  .the  tail,  and  proceeds  upward  to  the  vital  part. 
ilK  of  this  l^nd  have  heen  found  at  Plyfhouth>  injtle# 
Jiamp(hire,^difFerent  dages  of  putrefaction. 
'  In  adfUtiOH^o  the  above  account,  Br.  BeOcnap  iu 
his  Hidory  of  Ncw,Hamp(ljire,  has  given  us  the  names 
fiiC^  diferent  fpecies  of  infe4«»  amd  45  fpecies  of  vermes* 
Their  nances  may  be  ibund  ^Ifo  in  the  American  Uoi- 
tTcrfal  Geography.  f 

The  WHteai  Fly^  cctumohly  hut  Jmprppcrty  called  the 
Heffian  fly,  vfiAch  has,  -of  late  ycars^  proved  fo  de- 
ftfudive  to  the  wheat  in  various  parts  o£  the  UuUed 
States,  has  generally  been  fuppofed  to  have  been  im- 
ported from  Europe.  This  opinion*  howevefj^^mt 
not  to  be  well /ounded.    This  defi  131^1  ve  in&^F|ro|i- 

,  ably  a  naindl^nW,  and  peculiar  to  the  Dnited  Ski^^^v 
The  Itii  or  Cnnk  fA*  is  a  curiofit^.  It  is  /ufnah^ 
with  a  cyft  of  blaci  li^iior,  which  is  a  tblefablc  Ai|h^ 
ftitute  £crink.  JlUm  tt  emits,  i^djen  pursued  by  its ^eii- 1 
emief.  ^^Ihitf  moment  il||^iqttdr  is  emitted,  the!  wlfer 
h^eomes  fikf  ac  thiokirtKpit  iiS^d,  In  the  eyef  W  its 
P»W*^*  ^^'•I^^SS^I  J^S^portunity^to  make  its 

^cfeiP.   ^hre:]|»«f$^lQrfli^^rs,^8paedbyF^ 

#^e  mtVi  im  ^p  ^^S^^mkM  p$m^'-Mtote^  an4 


/ .  :ii 


i-i 

f-j 


gj«i« 


9« 


tbb  united  states. 


is  certainlf  a  mcft  j^pt  and  curious  contrivance.  The 
whalemen  call  chefe  fifli,  SguiJit  and  iky  that  they  ate 
eaten  in  abundance  by  ^me  fpecia  of  whalei. 

Pcffidaimi  Cht^aSer  and  MeMurt,'}  According  td 
the  eenius  taken ^  by  order  oTCongrefs^  tn  i79P».t!he 
number  of  inhabitantft  in  the  United  States  of  America 
vfi%  nearly  5»95o,ooo.  The  numbers  at  prefent  ( i  ^oqJ 
probably  exceed^w  m«ft*a«/.  •**  ^"J^  '*. 

This  number  is  rkpidly  multiplying  by  emigration^ 
from  Europefy  as  well  as  hy  natural  increafe.  The  A- 
merican  Republic  is  compofed  of  almoft .  all  natiopns, 
languagest  charaders  and  religions  which  Europe,  can 
furnifli ;  the  greater  part,  however,  are  defceiided  from 
'  the  Eti^lifh  r  and  may,  perhapsi,  be  diftingulihiQ^l^ 
ddn^mtnated  Fedtrd  Amtmans.      -     ' '  *  *  *       '    "  ^ f  \, 

The  number  Af  flaves,  in  1790,  in  all  the  States,' was 

Federal  Am«9ic|ns,  colleAed  together  from  various 
cduntries,  of  diderent  habits,  formed  under  difFerent 
goveiiimeii^s,  and  of  different  languages,  cuftoms, 
manhera  and  religions,  have  not  yet  aflimilated  to  that 
degree  as  to  foim  a  national  charaftet*.  We  are  yet  an 
innut  empire,  rifing  fad  to  maturidp  with  prcf- 
pe^s  of  a  vigorous^    powerful  and  rcipe^able  tman*- 

hood..-,   '^'■J'iif  '■■■j    ■•/-■■^'^  '■    '%  ";r^  ^'■^' ■■■ 

The  EngUrii  language  is  unlvcHHtyiliHS^k^^  in  the 

tJmjN;4  ^^tes»  and  in  it  biifinefs  is  tran{a<5ied,  and  the. 

records  are  kept.    It  is  fpoken  witli  great  ptirity,  atid 

pronoun^  with .  propriety  in  New  England,  hy  pet- 

ip^  of  education ;  and,  excepting  fome  corruptions  in 

pronnnciation,  by  all  ranks  of  people.    In  the  middle' 

andip^tttti  ftates  .where  they  have  had  a  great' influx 

of  fo^lptersjt  the  language,  in  many  ini|ances,  is  cor- 

rupl^  tiefpecially  4n    pronunciation.      Attempts  are 

mai:ti%  to  introduce  an  uniformity  of  pronunciation 

throfa^out  tke  dates,  wMchy  for  poetical  as  well  as 

oth«|;  reaionii  ^  is  hoped  will  meet  the  approbation  aiid 

enbji3iirs^9ient  of  aUliUTaryjgid  influential  chiHi^iers. 

<    J^t^imu^led ' with  '-vm-'  AiK|ricans»  are  tbe^^istclu 

^kmjs^f  Inih,  Frenc^,  <iern9an«i%ides  a]^|#^}!i41 

'  thi^t except.  the,^|pi^>smdviH^'K^l|«i^    in  n  ff^  ftil^JM'^ 

Ids  iliiree,  ibeir ilstiive  langii«t^  tn^hich  tbe^^ft- 


\  - 


it> 


9i 


v^i0k 


Sam '  fp|^';%ilL^  _^  ^__^ 
#1,  fa  ilij*^^^ 


IN 


'»*^;np 


SW:.  lUf     ?, 


m 


'r^w^ 


■^ 


<Mi  pf  CQetr 


^^r 


■■c:i^ 


■jn 


'  :ie 


w^S**^:  rVf  *m"^*  m%' 


1 


■\\ 


.,fe 


1., 


.tU 


m 


M 


$ 


m* 


t"     ;■'  ,        .         ** 

tot' 


/  *?'-■: 


IS 


j    <»' 


« 


.■r"k 


'K* "' 


f .  :'i. 


V 


'.*A' 


^A 


ui^ 


•;r 


•^^1% 


J^:*;*; 


mW 


fO 


atATt4 


be  tticlMr  iproMrtkm  to  Orcit  Bcikita  atti  IMbik 

«fii«ilHr«f:|^ff6  been  atuteitctf  la  tfie  Uttitd  il^i^ 
wkh^t0ok0i^mU^  Of  thffi^iiiiirJpfioir^ile  Hk 
flK»ft'  edliftil^^  tiz.— ^^-%iffie<f  and  lawcd 
leatt^i^idjr^iim,  0i<^^^^^  &m^ 


IMMi  Mi  it 


rftttd'fiii^s  wip^^im  artificers  ^  alim  of  4SCstw 


iP*2i'Sii^ 


a|i^^jbr^d|^<d^^ 

il  f  iili#ar]^s.|t  aYinoft  all  Mhdu'for  «fd!i)iarif  lOe  ^ 

|ia&»toir««ff4w^l,|wii^^  :^"  -J   ■• 

viiLiMe^  of  ^  H^ 

pfoisciited  ai 
idilt  Jotttherni  #t$  tlitf  middlt  and  fiortli^^f  s  t 
J  '  ;         Qiiantli 


viH  icextt  of  h^Siibt^  flianti^^iif ln|^  w 


aol  jB|f  c«ttiM^aiMl  ftur  art  |na^te  iii  t|it  Ii6#lwit^ 
Mid  ^  flNi^;  iibAuiM<*  to  as  extent,  not  only  # 
ibr  t&iip^y  nf  tlie  familiefl  m  irhieb  ihey  w*  iliad%* 
Wt  for  i^,  uM  ev«a  iiii1)«ie  ea<^  ^9C%i|Ki««t{a»  i 
lE%e  fdiaemf .tf^diel,  t^^ 

ougii^tii  t^  il^<i^  f  t  gol^t^e^,  peiMrter.iiit^  M  ii^i 
ftone  waicaio^liumf  J^Bii«itlijP(#^^^^^l^^^  lipt(i|pTr_ 

toyJ&Mbi*'*^^^^  other  idiriimem  c^'NAlii^w 

Soi|ii,^^tiB|c:^  |^vb'.t]Hjr.ibi|a^ 

cuo^^lilieeii^  .^Eh««»iur|  oil^:  aft»4^ 

tii^E^ii9e^(0s|i||c4»si<^^  jmnie^liatilf  Ml 
Juiiji^^f  7 1  ^iii^         ftoiir'aiiiJiiealof  ^ 


5»    *•>« 


ar«##>ed  in0oft(lefi$  witl»  ia,  f^ni|^^|a  ffipi««i^|^^ 
\Qi^  tROi^  irev^li  Sen  «i  %  v^^^ipMne^^^^lii^^ 

lonOaixig  of  ui^iptrds^  8oQiOO«iir  jOlf^li^  i  jj|e|^|||iiii 

:J9it.kk[%4Mii:^in' J^M^Afit  tio^ptef :l«ie(.i)ii  tB^i%  ' 


..>a 


:ni 


.  jperfdltHre  for  t^  iltne  year  wi»  i  1 


■'Hi  .    X' 


rmnvMmmm^tt^ 


,>? 


Bhm^  Diibi  ^      .       .       -      «44i^i^8  T  fO» 

|ii)Ht#^Jmi!|» Louis''  .^v.^;-<>'''  .^  '''8^i*o»f<-ifo. 

M^^^th^  UA^mmtil'  llill  tuinit  wftv  Jacorpo. 
ciUltlitmbA,' U  h0^vaSmf$0  0^4iiM^a9i  tmislbimii  o# 


at  rdnpoOft^  r^jf^  revf|||tKm|M«  juuMceCisi  mill' 
ul9p|  ^^mmj9  webatis  ream  tj»  btUeve, juTt Jet 
tbcir^^U^lp^it.  Chfiaijaif  profdt  ,0^  Mik 
gipSitliidlif  vnri^  fbniis»  ani  wi|h  difffmt  ijeai^lki 
doariiw»»,ordiaMic^  aii4  pf<^tv  lleu^i^  <|fb 
nomiattifNii  <;|Climv»  are  mate  or  k^  ^imia9|i|i.i» 
thf  tJteiu^jitaMi»  viiu  ConmsaU^nali/b*  vnfhfplim 
aas»  Diitcli  ll«farned  Church,  £piii:opalians.  Baptifti* 
(hraUrt,4>r-^4ei«^&»  Methocifl^  Ronuii  C;aifaoiktt 
Gemma  Luilicratts,  German  CaTvioia^  or  Prc2^| j;fp|w 
anw  Mof»M9i»»  Tttoli^  Memu>iikiU»  Umvet|i|i4f> 
anq^Shalicnk*       . 

4^ife3^1  A«W«»  iw$  orkinaljy  |*0fil«4  IfJtei^ 
n»ed  iiatMiM,,w^toh  lited  9a|Uy>)(^ttiiti^ 
'JTb*  %t9|ieat»»».who  Arft  Viftti^,  tj|^  Jkore«^  ir«|ttiiis. 
tke  natcvKfkt  wjl4  bcafts  of  .aw|/or«|k,  yhfekhaw  i^ 
rt^itr  iii  lib  >iPit>o^  ^^le  fe,«^>  ^lyitiwij^ 
liaQ<^  ol  tW  r^^ivf  load^s  m^m  tfief  w^ 

«l|r4ilk^^    f  li^  10  .any  f^^f  ^fi^^  ^^  W<«l^4fiS!^' 
»ca»  iwi|ii«fQi|»  ije^j^  tb»  Jthid  ,w»x€^a«^H  •-■^»— 
£ogfi(hi,l^c«l^,  S^wnilh,  aii4  Bf^it^ nai* 
um6  J^thiir  4;^  m«  parpofw  j?t  0^ 
iw«h  w  pa^irtii.    ^ghi  as  Cudli,  Uum  i^ 
¥»re aftfc^wfl^the  cau%^  ljftww»ih^ 

I^gopesuk  naM^    Tkc  jgjp^*  of  dilfcwil  princfi 
•ft«n  Wi  claim  m  ihc,^M^  trf#  of,  c«iiu^^ 

la  ptopD^uon  t9m  prog»«fs  of  populatfon,  ap||,u# 
growth.  4>f.lh«  ^Ug|ri^«*  ^^^  *fef  iealoufiet  of  tilt  , 
naooD^^,  nirKfch  W  na^c  i;ar)y  dUcyyorks  aivdii^i^ 
iQeutt  on  thitcoaft*  ^erf^  »)a!r<pi#  |  $a^a^t  Mm  wm 
TfviTad  I  and' each  |iowet  took;  nii^iA»^es  ^  auc<e|ui.4|0%' 
f^cwnt  iu  <?p»  po«feflBUw»  at  the  e^ppnAt  of  a  rilr^^  ,, 

i|^  incafciiffr  pf«»t4  thf  «fecaA«N*  >«£  ^pai^^  sa»» 

M^|Bei>ettiN»  INl^<*  *•<*  ^'P**^  ^ksk^n^m^ 
tcritt  C^pni|li^  p>fe  aM*^«al^ 


from  tWi  |>^io4^  Mef  <^>ii|{a^ 
April,  177^  irlkeH  joililitHi  l^egsa  btlAi^  ISNtti 

HpcJi»  ^  flljemorabli  i»ar  i. »  nwr  ikakkvmiAii^ 

vhic^,^  in  its  j»yeg^  exhibiud  U|4  noft  aioftliotir 
cllamll^  and  events,  «o<f  cbfed:  iiilfc  il  f«MiMon»^ 
^Ml]r  !gbf>o)»  ^r  the  ^lAori/aiia^iiinii^ 
•biUeQ^tii^ea  to  1^  QM0tL(^MW4»m^(i¥&it§Mj[i. 

feNfcen  ft  cTiftifigiitflicd  and  iiicei4i|^  afficit  |l^  tW4|g^^ 
^lii0^  «^  wrttH  t|i^  f^iH»li»  »i^,IS^^  MiUi»#l>«^ 
HMMn  t<^.be  tiie  fiilklisft  of  Jili  «0»oirf  ^ '  ^He^icctti^ 


^ 


tMH  |MM«r  st9&  to.  fcfoif  tli«  i^ijnoiy  «£  t^^m  ;t 

5«cf  and  Artjgrf^a,  ^  i^h  W^o^&td  »i>o^r. 
M  a|]^!  wko  allied  141  ipmii^g  tlic^^iti^au^ft: 


■\' 


fi' 


i*    .   T  * 


,^*i'  -  ^« 


.»^a<«*     "VJ**" 


n  vC-, 


i  <. 


i^lkyfriT^D  sfi^ttft     m    i*^^ 


frhidi  OrMK  iHtik  cxpiUded  n^tf  «i  luindM  iii3l> 

wdi  fioibpQg;     Amefiel  cndurdt  CYerf  orutf^  wm^ 

and  i9^h  tffWQ  t  butgtorioun^  ^nxtdlm^ 
ffoa  n  nMfigpr  doiiiiaioo,  9}oApmi4  v  ^nl^  «nn>S  h*^ 

.  f  fWli  ihc  coii^afioq  of  tlie  war  to  t^'^tt«ti^9micfttr 
iltic  lifw^oliii^oii  of  (hnmimr^  in  1:7!% 'cii^ 
inbi^Mnts  ti  tht  United  Ststts  ^ufiired  lOimY  <;t|4^«r<^ 
Mffapeiiu  ffo^i  ^  f^ttavftgsqit  in^^ 
losiiri^  r  f|69  PJNf#  pn^Mft  and  ^tkidarly  &^  UMK? 
«K>i»efr  iU|4  (sminddptt  of  the  fniefal  f>f in^n^iciii^       ^ 

OxK^  |d  of  M&f^f  nl^  Cl»«  dele|»tet  (tom  th^ 
€tff;«il  8tal«i,  t^WA jt  tH^t  time  H«d*«tifi#  tbf  eojn^ 

fKMciatiMi^-ilie  irboicrcl^jdH^  Mandr|ee<^l^ 
«iil««  of  tiiii^ttUid  Suilftk  o9e<ilk>fie#  #  |!:«iieild  m'^ 

wai  ^iifmiod  Biif^ili^  c^Ojie'Ui^d  Suites  d^ 
the  TitW  Qt  iiany  Amifi«4^%e^ai;or$.    I^e  <^  m^« 

#^ pimi^rL  ie  l8##^ 

cl^  llipidMiiit^^  ttio$  agi^i^ic#;»e  m       , 


[ri^' 


+  > 


/ "', 


'4 


f^     o  R  i*^  my  IB  i^  *  A 

«€  m«  tbMi  diiii  AUniimtili^dib^^ 

tmfciiiy  h»v»  been  aarlMd  #ith  wlfifc^  and  ibt  m#i(f 
oief  they  liafe  stddplnl  Mi  lieeifr  Ira^iffive  4kf  mat 
aadbnfl  pfoTperUf .  ^  tlie  dU«  af»|Hn«itftmit9P  to  c9|pe/ 
#iildi  tltt,  Mueral'  hs^Vf  te^  itto^r  lhi  «(bl>iaiiMfoi 
#r  i  f^^eitttt  «Mf  juaithat  i^  Aeni»  sl^  of  t  lBI»Clfbdr 
\  Miili  tkt  alTttiki^tioh  of  tte  dtM  of  !ti»  Siid!t(d)^ 


If . 


H^ilt  st«d  tfle  «kicini|9^B«(iiiit  diiit  Bit  l»ee»  ghrefi  t6*. 
iliini«Mtiffei,  conuiiercey  Mtetattn^.  ii|i4i  tio  nlHof  inyeta^v 
iKmirom  #  tyro4>eltof  the  l^eie^^misn^Yii^lQcirea^ 
fefpe  Aftlrili^jr  of  ©e  A^rlevi  9^l«ir^      > 

hat  once/ 


^  « |i  ftcm^^  &«mi  <«[€  iMi#ei  of  wlln^^ra«  a 
4f  iHit  Iccae,  ••  to  b«  «  fi>M|#t?til  to  l|j{ittkim£^|#th'.. 

aatoHiaMj  Kiil'l«ei<wl«tftyliUf  a»  aiw  aii  *il 
mMit.al  ^-Mim!^  him  lb  t«tf 

,taii  tHl^ die  rcfl^l^i|iPtt*|lieiKV«M<^M^  ^- 


*■,  <> 


rjifvferjrfeeliai^ 
ftaiMli 


Mi'k  *^  •  i«0«f«  aecfw»tit»,coiififtf  of  iitee  grand 
T^^jjyt  i^»*fi«»  l*«  Jfe^asi  or  I^friEi  State?)! 

''«#^^*  \'   .  :.  ■  .  ^•''•'  .4'"*^^  v:-'-: 

IJx^irticrorMArat  CowhictjcVt*     ^^ 

{leloagmg  t4/Ma4atiu)fetu}  ^  ,,    ^ 


r    ..  .  -I 

tM  «n  oM  the  |<Itw  Eiiglaiid  Jpac«f,  a9d  cooif 
|m^  An  pm  iC'^^ciitifim  whif  finet  the  yt^r 

T%>pii(lMOe«itk|i:i|M«»M»«i)  cMBpifliciiat 

Plli«ir^t4N|4    .  ■     ^\. 

WAAnAlUI  V  TttMfA&Y  S.  or  Olft«9 

yiR0iifi4  /       *8ovrii  C4&0VIM4  \ 

]NotT|i  CA40MM 


•^♦■•■w— 


iiiM     mil    -— »  .. 


•f  »r--    •.-;-' IT  *>.*» 


Ill   iqiK  III    III   (  'I 


i*.,'* 


>IEW   E UPLAND, 

>fo*T»Eini  «*  sASTEilJf  states; 

,-  .    ■     -  >    ■  ■  '     . ,      ■  ■     «>',  „ 

$|»aar#ifi»  iifi4  ili«  AMtie  p^m^  ^»iHktH  ^tji«i» 
Occam  andjl^  l#M(^lMM|i>^r  l>f  tic  |^  of 
J^cjrjork,    ttfoBtf  liWteirfii^ 

pne  in  Ijhiptceii  i)r  £0^^1.19  |^|ff«^  9N  afi^i^ardi. 


^**;:.  's 


^d 


NEW    £N0LAKD; 


K 


foor }  tilt  mihUf  Itmtkt  «iii  4ebtMlMri«P  ^  ^« 
ftrft*  tnd  tbc  m^rj  tid  too  Irtfudit  faia»pcraoec  of 
tl^  bft  deacof  th#  4mttcr  proportiOir  ff  theft  twd, 
l^cintoriDcduiUcloft  k^tUmAiak  Indul^tiu^ie  jUtih 
!»«)▼€  lital  10  the  *ich,  tiul  abovt  tho(e  fuiStiinsl  to 
whic^  the  «|%ttinate  fwfk  hW  vW^mt :  this  irmro. 
ibredxe  hi^pkft  diYifionof  the  thrfe«  Of  the  tkk 
and  poor,  dte  Amttican  RepuUIc  fttrnifliet  a  mpch 
fmaller  proponioii  than  Aiif  odier  ilUbta  of  this  lenown 
world.  In  Conne^cot  ptiticuJarly,  the  diftfihotigo  of 
.vcnlih  and  itf  cencomttantt  is  inor«  e<)CuU  than  fife- 
•where,  and  tbercfore,  m  far  ai  eacefior  want  "f  %  A'  ^h 
jnay  prove  diiflruifl^vc  or  (alutary  to'  life,  ';h<;  ;fu*.4  it* 
ants  of  ihU  ftatc  may  plead  exempiion  iVcn  vVireafcs/* 
What  this  witter  fays  «i  Comiearriit  it  rvticuitr,  will, 
wiUi  very  few  exccpuoo^  apply  tc  Ac*r  Eogland  at 

larjre.  s'- 

f'ace  ^iHC(miry^JKoimt€hiSt  C^r^J  New  England  is 
a  hilly,  and  io  fome .  parti  a  mduntainous  country, 
formed  by  n^tor^  to  he  inhabitj^d  hy  f  har^y  race  of 
Iree^  iOdepciident  teJMihTlcam.  ^lie  -mouiualns  are 
xomparatively  fmall,  ronning  nearly  iiprti)  and  fouth. 
In  ridg^  paraMel^to  each  Otter*  Between  thqfe  ridges, 
jBor.  ihe  gfeajt  livers  in  majeftic  fn^and^M'S  rej^e|vtn^ 
t\\^  ini)uir%|ble  rWaleU  m4  larger  ftre^s  whi^h  |rb» 
ceed  from  ue  mottntatiis  on  each  fide#  To^a  fp^^a^ 
<m  ^e  top  of  a  tie^bo«nng  mountain,  Jthe  vales  to- 
jHreen  tha  ridges,  while  in  a  ftato  of  nature  ea|Uhtt  a 
fomantie  appearafvce.  They  feem  an  ocean  of  woOds, 
iliFefled  a^d  deprefl^d  in  its  fuifaee  Ttl^e  that  of  th^ 
fireai  ^ean  itfelf;  A  richer#  though  lefs  romantic 
««ew  is  ^ktMk  When  idio  v^tes,  by  ilidiiiHioiis  htif- 
haadmen.  We  bee*'  ^  ^*f;>red  of  ihehr  Tiitutat  |pro^th  5 
and  the  fruit «fiihe1rH!*T.  ^•ipear^ M^^^aded  oribhards« 
ett<ni(Wa;|Reaibws,  ii%^  with  large  herds  of  (heep 
iiid  seat  «attfe,  aind  rich  iields  offlix,  com  and  dif 
%»io«rli»t#6f  g^aifli;  ■  ■  •  ".■■':  ■*•'  ■;  :         ''  "'^■ 

^tMi^f^HXk^: mtt  of  Tarbtii  hrtadths, fromt  twott 
tmtxktf  nSii^  %  and  hy  the  li#iia  Imi^ 
^»tf%  md^^kitlimfmi^  iimti  Ibir  th^ig&^theiB. 
dhcfe  is  fre^Mly  ilii  wrctilfttiiNi  «(«^  rifii #  M 

-..:./    ,%1*er?_ 
•*  ■  ■  ,.   ■  '  ,■ 


«t^  i#'d»LA''ii«. 


tvfiH  ana  TiM*  t 

begtm^earAofiMetiii,  itt  CoiiclKcm.  'niffetM^tt 
-of  »OQ[nG|inf  ft##1wl  i9f  l^iiigt  ^^tcr,  .  «t  fin  ttft 
to  mifttHeri^'ftiVknit  f  f i^  ti  liiNlir  whicii,  ioterloek. 

^"liMk^r^*^  diflAtail  ind  fyiling  ovr*  the 
rncln  tn/MKi|lfe?<tm4ei»  flow  aiiandetiog  into  tbt 
ft#efi  lfil««i  iNb  t^mrf  ok  tht  gbbe  it  better  traaer- 
Yd  than'Ne^SftgliiB^. 

^     Jiivert.y  ,Th»  firtrtcipal  riv  •«  fn  New  England,  tre 
pi:nob%^€,  Keifliebeek, 'ilndlt)«coggin  or  Afnerifcoggin, 
8a(lo,  Ypi^^^u^c^^  ^''1'^<'<7  M  rriniirdk,  Conncdtictit, 
itouHitdiiitk,  and  Omoo  Hirers     beildei  ratny  fmalkr 
■one».r  -    -  '"    ;■'■■''   '"-  ' 

#^^^.3  NewJRijiglaii*,  gafitiifettf  fpeaking,  ts 
t)mer  adftfned  fc^r  .graz*in|(  thRQ  fbr  grainv^  tbotigh  a 
fuifi  cient^^uirfcjif  of  the  htier  if  1  tifcd  for  homceon- 
T:irt(^P>f<)!i,  if  We  fetcept  wh^at,  wi  ich  is  imp^fled  in 
r^inliderahle  t^Uiintities  frcmi  them.ddle  and  fdudiertk  . 
A^te^  Indiin  c(frn,  rye:,  oats,  barls:  » buck  wKeat,  iti 
"anVi  'hempk  cfencmUy  fncc^ed  veiy  vhell?  Wheat  $• 
cakivated  to  ndyantagUo  ifnany  pa-ts  of  the  interiolf 
country,  btit  on  the  ie^i^^aft  it  isfnbjeA  to  j>)aft»  Aji? 
plies  arc  common,  and  In  g^eral  plenty  m-.Ne#  BWi^ 
land  i  and  cider  ^oniiitiitiei  the  princtpai  drink  of  tm^ 
inhabicants.  ftacitts  do  not  ^ive  fo  weifas  formerl^ 
The  mheV  comttib^i  fruits  arc  itoorc  or  left  ctdtfvat^  in 
different  parts,         '- 

New  Eflg^Hud  !s  a  fini  graifMg  cnar.try  ;  the>aBiet 
bftween  the  hiil$  are  generally  1ntcrfe<5ted  with  hroblfit 
of  w^it*r,  the  l^nks  of  which  ate  lin^d  wi^  a  itiB^ 
rich  iifieado^  or  interval  land.  Tlie  hi|^  and  'rbcf^ 
gtptind  i&j  Jr»  rtianf  prts,' coveted  with  cloWi  iiMl 
generally  aiSbrils  the  nneft  of  pafturci  It  wili  not  hi 
•  teatter  ajjT  wonder,  thetefore,  that  ^c#  JEnf^iik^ 
Nwrtls cf  mmt rnt»eof'li\tMm.Mm inr dfrlvSildt 
•wwirtttr  W%¥ted^wlu^~^tib^0ftiffin|P^^ 


0i 


lit  ^  IfEW    tflCLJm^  If 

m  die  year,  the  farmers  ai;^  trnplojeci  in  pKipriiig  ibo4 
i4>r  tl^eir  cattlt  iijkM  titt  cold,  winter  t^fpe^Ui  dcaU 
ing  it  out  to  thaili.  The  pleafiir^  anct-proSt  of  Ma^ 
tluSf  ;is  howerer  a  faiislying  comptnfatton  to  the  hove^ 
and.  induftrtous  farm^p.  £.utter  aii!^  chc^e  are  qnadc 
tcT  exportation.  Conriderable  tiU^ntion  hat  lately  beea 
paid  to  the  raifUig  or  OiiCepw      \ 

potulatm  and  Ch$raBtr^  .New  England  is  the  moft 
.popuWs  part  of  the  jUnked  States.  It  contained,  ac- 
cording jto  ihe  cenfui.  of  I79ip>  i^oM^a^  %4^'* 
The  great  body  of  thcie  are  landholders  aiScultivators 
of  the  foil.  As,  they  poifefs,  in  fee  (linpiei  the  farms 
which  they  cultivate,  they  are  naturally  all  attached  to 
their  couiitry  ;  the  cultivation  of  the  (oil  makes  them 
irobaft  aiid  healthy,  and  enableSflhem  to  defend  it. 

-New  Engla;id  mii'^y  wtth,prx)priety,  be  citlleda  nur- 
fcry  u/m8n,ii7hen/:e  are  annually  tr^nfplan ted,  into  oth- 
er parts  of  the  United  3tates,  thoufands  of  its  natives^ 
Vad  numbers  of  them,  fir.ce  the  war,  have  emigrated 
into  the  northern  parts  of  New  York„  into  Kentucky 
and  the  Wedero  TcrHtcry^  and  into  Qeorgia  ;  and 
feme  are  fcattered  into  every  ftate  and  every  town  of 
note  in  the  Uniof). 

Theinhabitants'ofNewt  England  are  ^Imoft  univerr 
f^lly  of  £ngli;ih  dj^fcent ;  and  it  is  owing  to  this  circnm- 
ftaiice,  and  to  the  great  and  general  attention  thatJbas 
been  paid  to  educati(»n,  that  ^e  Engliih  languaige  has 
bieen  preserved  among  them  fo  free  from  corruption. 

in  New  England,  learning  is  mere  generally  diifufed 
jimohg  all  ranks  of  people  than  it>  any  othcr.part  of  the 
globe  ;  arillng  from  the  exrellent  eftabliihrnent  of 
Khools  in  airhoft  every  townfhip  and  fmaller^iftridt.  In 
tlwfe  fchools^  which  are  generally  fupported  by  a 
pObUc  tBrX,  and  utider  *he  diiedir.n  of  a  fcLool  con-.mlt- 
tpe,  are  tatight  the  elements  of  reading,  writing  and 
•rUhmetic ;  and  in  the  more  weakhy  t(  wns,  vh<^  are 
beginning  to  introduce  the  higher  branches,  yiz.  gram-r 
mar,  geographyt  &c.    . 

A  fcry  valuable  fource  of  infbrmntion  to  the  peopl^,. 
i»)|^  Newipaperi^lj^  which  aot^  ItU  than  thirty  thru^ 


if 


'*. 


Srt#  EWGJLANtt 


ttt 


f&ndii^  printed  e^cry  w^iin  New  En^nv?,  an  J  circu* 
tate  in  al^M^  *^c^y  ^^^1^  ^^^  ▼illigc'in  die  ct  untry.*^ 

A  perfon  of  mJiiure  age,  who  cannot  both  read  and 
irnte,  is  rat«ly  to  be  Toand.-  By  means  of  this  general 
efhthliniment  of  fchoolJi;  the  excenfive  cifculaiion  of 
ncwfpapers,  and  th^  confequent  fprejd  of  Icamifig,  eir- 
ery^tow^nfl|ip  throughout  the  country  is  furnilhed  with 
iTieh  capaWe.of  conflu^ing  the  affarrs  of  their  town» 
With  judgment  and'  difcrction.  Thef^  men  arc  the 
channels  of  political'  inforniittion'  to  the  lower  dafs  of 
peojie,  if  fiKh  af  clkfs  nwy  be  faid  la  exill  in  New 
England,  where  every  man  t})inki^  hlivifelf  at  leaft  ^tf 
good  as  his  neighbour,  and  believes  tJxat  all  mankind 
ou^it  to  poffels  equal  rij^hts.  ♦ 

Hi/iory.'}  The  fir  a  cortipAny  th.it  came  toNew  En^< 
land  planted  ihemfelves  at  Plymouth.  They  were  » 
par^  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Robiiilbn's  coi^gregaticn,  which 
iSor  tw^lv*'  years  befori  iiad  live^  in  Holbind»  for  the 
fyke  of  enjoying  liberty  of  confcieiice.  They  cam« 
over  in  \he  year  vSio*.' 

^Before  tliey>  landed,  havinip^  e»  their  kmeei  deiMltl]^ 
given  thankii  tp  €rod!  for. their  fafe  arrival,  they  licinAed 
fhenifelves  into  a  body  ^  poUtic,  by  -  a  folemn  c0Ufiitl^^ 
which  they  all  fnbfcribedy  thereby  making  it  thi  balU 
of  tlkir  |^ov«RUiifttiti  -They  chefe  Mr.  Johft  CarVtf ,  » 
gen^eman  Qf  piety  and  approved  abilities,  to  be  their 
^Ov^rnor  for  the^^yeof.  Vhi&  urab  ow  the  llth  of 
Novanber,  ti5id»  j  .^  _  -  -  ■./♦■ 4; ;,.;,:, -^■■,    '•.*^>^, 

'Fheil*  next  obje<!^  vii^s  to  i)e»  oh>  a  dOt^Ventent  pladl^^' 
f^ttlemeiit;'  In  doing  this  they  werd  obUi^d  tocncoin^ 
ter  numerot^  difficulties,  and  to  fuifer  incredible  hkrdi<^ 
(hips.  M^iny  of  them , were  fick  in  confe^uence  ^tlut 
iutig«tes  of ;  a  long  vo^ag^  i  ^tit  provifions  wer«  had; 
the  feafon  Was  uncomtnonly  cold  ;  the  Jhdiani»  though 
ftfterwards  friendly,  were  now  hoflile ;  and  thsy  were! 
Unae^^inted  with  the  coaft.  Thefe  difiieoUies  thejr 
fiini^ipBted,  and  on  the  $xft  of  December  tliey  were  aU 

•'  .     .  '     •  .  .    . 

^  A<c6r4ing  tb  an  aAurate  eftimate,  madt  ten  jteari*fl|^»  i| 
•]^f{]«Mrfr  th«r  no  left  than  77,000  newfpaper«?were  pirintfd  %recii» 
Ift  m  lliie  ^/l^cricaoStxti^wluch,  in  a  |»|i^»  m<mH'  aJGbqiiot^l 
ti\mwh  f>i  four  milUojruM  and  at  4  cefili  each,  would  ntajw 
doU..ti^    The  number  fioce  bat  greatly  ihcrcafedi 


«%■■ 


'» 


;*/•' 


m0" 


m^ 


t^lmf 


$4e]j  landed  A aplaccr  i%|li,  In  graltfU|tniiimeaiai 
xatioa  of  Plymottth  iaj^pgp^,  th«  town  twK  ihey  Ull. 
left  in  their  nativ^  Und,  ihef  cull^  PfyiM&k  '  This  is 
the  firft  EngUIktown  that  li*a^  ftttiled  >  New  Engh^ 
The  whole  compapjr  that  landed  confifted  of  but<|di' 
fimis*    Their  fltoa|ion  Wa#  di^refltpg*  aod  their  proC.^ 
pe&.  truly  difmal  and  difeooi^ging.     TKeif  nrartii 
qeighbotirs,  except  the  natives,  <vere  a  French  fettle/ 
ment  at  Port  Royal»  and  one  of  the  Englifh  at  Virginia. 
The  neareft  of  th^f  was  five  hundred  mlle^  frofli\h|Bm> 
and  utterly  incapable  o^  affording  them  relief  in  ai^ritie. 
of  limine  or  danger.      Wherever  they  tunn^  their 
i^<s,  diilre&  was  before  them.     Perfecuted  for  their  re- 
lyeton  in  their  native  Istnd— tgrieved  for  the  profanUttonj 
of  the  holy  S^bba^,  and  other  Ucentioufnefs  in  Holland 
*^fatigued  by  iheir  long  and  boifterous  voyage— Ulifap- 
|>ointed,  through  the  treachery  of  their  comciander,  of . 
theif,  expe<^ed  country^— forced'dn  a  dangerous  and  uc*. 
kndwn  ihore*  in.  the  advance  of  a  eold  ^  wanter-r-fur- 
founded  with  hoftile  barbarians^i  without  any.  hope  of . 
I^Uihan  fuccour-^enied  the  aid  or  fiivouf  of  the  cdlirt> 
o^l^gl«nd<-^9»tthout  ^  p,atent-^wi|hottt  ^^ut^ic  prom-^ 
ift  pi  a  fteaceahle  anjoyxnent  of  their  reUg^us  Kljertiei . 
•i«rWom  out  n^th  toif  an^  fuferingsr-rFithott| 'tonve^^ 
lle&^ill9ltef  from.th^  rigoufi  of  ^t(e  weather.— Suchi. 
wm^ike  profpeast  and  fueh  the  fitu^^onof  tbej^pi*' 
^ibltar/  Chriilians }  »id,  Ui  add :to  ^eir  di^ieS^^t  ^^ 
fetumd  and  yery  mortal  ficictiefi^reyjit.Ied.amor)ttth^ 
i(^0k^tmt^{o$;fonfStt  oi  i^fr.  number  bef^e ^.! 
a^nt  of  the  n^sf  tpring.    To  ftt|>port  thetn  undetr.. 
llMift  tnall*  they^had  need  of  all  the  aids  af^deomfprtl. 
l^ldl  OtfiCHat^ity  affordii  aaid  thefe  u^ie  fuffi^ifnt..^ 
^<il^  and  tttuBolefbd  enjoynsent  o^theb  i^gknii 

tonctled  ^em  to  tbeir  humble  and  k^nely  fittiiaM'^^*^  - 
i^bdre  their  hardA^j>s  wi^  unexampled  (atience«, 
%id  per(ev»!BtedJn  ^^it*  oilgrimage  of  aln^oft  t^^ral^* 
kled  trials,  witk  idi^h  tedgnation  and  calninefs»:l|^av«  ^ 
l^oof  of  great  piety  and  uneonquerabie  virtue.  • 
'  Th^pni4«n(»  f^endly  and  uiuright  c^u^of  tht, 
SynonthcclonT  Inwards  their  iieighbou,r$>  the  Indians*.^ 
%»re<iit^  ^%UI»i^  ao4.a)!y^        Oni^e  ttth  aff 

"  jtcaildi^^  - 


§le/fijmk\m§l^Jit  rro  ^6h1^  nine  Sachems  dedac^  ^• 
UgijuicelMiliag  Jaitm  ;'dh  MafalToU  and  iQany;  of  his* 
Sub-BacnnM;  who  lifed  ^tmmd  the  tiafs  of  Ftcuxcnt 
«ll^  Maflachufetts,  fubfcribcd  a  writiDg,  acknowledging 
th9  icing  of  £ngli|nd  Uieir  tea(Wr,  Tbefe  o^mlaAiocs. 
are  lb  many  proofs  ot  the  peaceful  and  benerolent  d^ 
pofttion  of  the  Plymouth  fetters  j  for  hid  ^y  be^n- 
6tlierwif<i*  difpiofed,  they  never  could  have  introduced' 
and  maintained  a  friendly  intercourfe  with  the  natives. 

The  firft  Juei  invNew  £nglattd,,wat  foiight  with  fVord 
and  dagger,  between  two  iis^vAts;'''  Nejther,  of  them 
was  Icilied,  but  both  Were  Woiihdedin  For  this  difgrace- 
ful  offence  they  were  formally  tried  before  the  v/hde 
fompany,  and  fentencedto  havt  *'  their  heads  and  feet 
tied  together,  and  fo  to  be  twenty  ibur  hoursi:  without 
meat  ox  drinlE/'  / 

It  WHS  in  the  fpring  of  1630  that  the  greea'  contrary . 
viis  enterediioto  by  we  Indians  ih  all:  paits,^  from  the 
^tirra^anfets  round  to  the  ea(iward,  to  extirpate  the 
Englits.  Tbd  colony  at  Plymouth  was  the  principal 
ebje^  of  this  coxifpiracy.  jThey^welV  knew  that  if  they 
could  el^  the  deftruAion  of  I'lymout^^  the  infaiil^^M'' 
tlement  at  MaOjchufetts  w^4  ^^  4p  eaf^r^idrij^e. 
'Fhey  laid  their  plan  with-  much  asrt^  ^Hei^  C9fdc|r  of 
having  foipe  diyer(ion  at  Fiy.:ifOjith,  Uity  in^ndc<i.to  ^ 
hafe  Si%n  npoi^  the  Inhabitantsy  ^d  tho^  to  h^e  ef*- 
/  icddd  thlir  dedgn*^  ]Eftit, their  p\qt  ^  difclofejl  tpihe 
people  at  CharleiiQWsii  by  /^hn  S:Agaixi^r^,  au  Indian, 
who  had  always  been  a.giieat  (riend^  toJl^e  lihs^^ 
i^bls  treacherous  defiga  of  the  ind^ns  afajmed  the 
)£ngli(H,  and  indiici^d  tne^  to  teredt  ioru  ^a  matltfaia 
guai-ds,  to  prevent  any  fuch  fatal  furpnfe  in  futiilre. 
7riiej(e  preparatiQii^,  and  the  iinhg  6f'thp  gritH  iim»%  fo 
terrified  the  Ixidians,  that  they  difperfed,  relinquijQbed 
thipir  deHgn,  and  4ecluied  them(elves  the  ^ieiutfitof^tlia 
fofflifl*. 


was  in  rd4|,  the  four  c(4bnies  of  Piymout^ 
mfetts,  J^onnedkicut  and  New  Hiaven  agrei^d  upon 
Articles  of  confederation,  whereby  a  congrefi  was  i{^mr 
td,  conTi/Ung  of  twor  commidson«f$  kota  ci^jph  cdl^y. 
Who  isere  chofen  aa^oallY,  and^?^&i&tt  imii  <^|r^^ 
tnd  as  the  reptd^tivel^f  «^  19^iuted  Cobn^ 
Ik*      ..    /^:    .   ■        -\New  ' 


if-mMm>mm^, 


'^X'-f 


hf  Oie  aniclff  ol*  coiili^iHpfB* ,  igH^fi 

liyiftorrsOr^Mew  EnglM;  b^.coniuJ^n^Hiitcliiflte't^ 
Hiftorf .  of  M9ir^boiett8,,»Ti4  Mteot**  Cpo|i||up^«i^ 

Hiftory  oCthe  tofi^rt^iei  in  fj^Ci^nd  %f^y^^J^\kmp*$i 
HiUory  of  New  HampUiiie-'rhefira  I^ttterin  Qordon^Ss 
Jfiftpry  of  the  Amerkin  I|i(voVtti9kni-HOo«;  W4ni||#Qp^t . 
J«arnal-«r-Chaliner^  P«iitical  Aona^»^-an4';  Goo]tih>H 
Hiftoiical  Cdledigas  oC  the  Indinij^MM  HimM^^^nd^^ 
inj^IiPted-  in  B«(|on»  by  th^.  tiiAq»ic4v5iaci«c^,  m  th«. 


'.  ■v 


hi 


wp-lh- 


^   E    R:  1^   (?«  N    T>. 

i>-^J-^  ^%1  PUNDJ^^  north,  by  Lt^wcT  Ca^^- 
4  V    ^'Tt         'JQt* ^*^*  ?   **^*  ^  Gonneaka^  River,. 
ivIaa^itSom %w Hamp(k()re ; .f0tM;|iiiji>7  l/M'. 
;^ft,byJNfe?e,Y^rk;: 

f.'}-  VjH'niont  h  mtwgSfy,  divided  by  thft. 
^^._,-  ,-j»ttntain,  yhiie^^^ns  from  noith  to  iouth,  andi 
Smtsibf:  St«ate  nearlj  io^jthe  mldjile. .  t^  eWH  di^i*,. 

WiMDsoa    IViudfir 


iRiiTLAN9      Kutknd 


jXpptsoH        AdMm 
5  (iP^^iif W* ^*#*i 


ir 


.^ 


I 

I 

■s 

I 


4-^ 


Tbi 


^l^e  iilbent  litfiBiH^ 


v.- 


^n^Mmm^m^t. 


■< 


ij* 


m^9»  irhii^  f nil  Iron  weft  io  cai^  iqIo  Q>oii«aia|ii 

Itf id^»  7  oe-SLfodsmkng^  O&ter  Cj««k  U aavigalllii : 
fpr  boau  j;o  xniles...  lu  baoks  are  exceUeat  laoci»  Msg ; 
ax^muiUy  av«r^vred  ao4  enriched. .  , 

Lfuiesiuid  Spikes.']  M$|L>phrei»agog.is  the  btttlbt 
l^kp  in  this  ftate. . ,  It  is  the.reieriroir  of  t|»ree  coniiaiV** 
st>ie  ftrea^is,  B|ack»  ^nen,  anci  £iydc  rivers* . 

11»  fon)?  low  lau4s,  over  agiiinft  tliB  great  OirB»1i;||i 
rfmarka|>le  fpriDg  w^  dtlcQvered  ihmk  so^  years  i|ipice|:, 
which  dne$  up  oaceao  t%aor^iree<j^an,  an4vhtti!ftf> 
ottl  in  laDother^^Ke*  !l^  has  a,%onf^^eUiQf  fuljithuey^  ' 
SAd  thrpws  up<  jcODiinuaUy  a  pccofiar  kind  of  finite  Autd*.  ^ 
4^  thi<!J|^XeIlt)w.£^un>  rifci^  upipn  thf  wateK^wiif»if^^^^e4^',. 
fp9^  and  othier  colle^iQils  o£i  water  in,  tlNt  ^^\j^,-:  ^ 
Vvmarjcably  clear  a^d  tira^P)t«eot»^dj|Sbri  al^ilii^ 

Tojfl trout  and ''perchk.  ,. :- ■.'•^  ■■t^'-.%^'V   '■■^?^-"-- 

M^auahf^l]  t;h9  pii^ijlsd^Qitiiliih-^ ti^^^  llVf 

tine  oit^  wf^have  already  meottpiCed*  .whitli  ic^ldti  Ul)^' 

Bifid  i^^ke  tlikippUiiUi/  TiiJM&enc  f^     the  e4§  to  tht: 

till  yoD  gj^c  td  Qnio|»<Tiv«y4  "w^ttre  theLin(^ta3it  !«»:•  1 
roinates*;.  The  hetgbli  of  limd  tSAg^eraU)r  f^m  ioi^/^Oo 
utiles  1^  ths  riV9r»jiiid  aboitt  the  fiuKe^dttUuice  icpiftX^ 
ti^  Ne^  York.Uiie^. /^  iQ^l^i 

i^«f^taip»  U  heml^i^  pine»:  ij^ce^  aad^other  .^:^|..': « 
greepsi  .hence  it JiA»  always  a  greap  afpearaace*  and^  t 
ajl  aeectiint  ha<  i>)>«di»fid.tbfiJSfifCTippx«vi^^  of  ^Ikr 
JSmv*  GtcieQMotuitaiii. 
C/|NiMiri»3    ^  Kew jE^lapHi/. 

gppcf#y  flpft^^  Tf  ^ 


m' 


limtmt^m^. 


ii'- 


t  : 


iii^  teefciAtle  %ik  ^ioAd^  fttte.. 

Lb  apoa  the  iif«rsi  4t  «1iStt  piii^i  of  fc#eftl  Mncbi 
lingled  #fth  tow^  intortids  of  beech,  ch%*saii4 
%h?ke  oak.    B^ick  frost  tie  HfefS,  tUt  I»m1  #thicUf 
timbered  with  btrch,  fui^r-maple,  afl^  ><Mteniii^  an4< 
irii^ite  oak'of  an  exeunt  qoalitf .    The  foil  U  naturaV 
^^t'  «4ie«k»- 1 y^et  bas4cf >4x)atsi  Jift,  hemp,  Jee.    Indian 
toni<  biicfc  firom  the  liverj  iv-^freqiientlf  injured  by» 
the  frod  ;  but  on  thr  river  it  ii^  raifed-in  as  greait  per- 
fi^on  as  invtif  part  of  New  Enghmd,^  owmg  in> 
{•feat  meaftire  t<^  ^  fog»  arUing  from  the  river,  "which* 
cidicT  prevent  or  extrad  the  froft**  Thefe  fogt  begirt^ 
ttt  th^  tifhe  the  corn  is  in  danger-from  the  froft,  and  laft 
Ult^cold  weather  colrimences*^    Frnit  trees,  in  the  north-' 
frn  conn  ties,  h#^  not  hitherto  profpered«' 

^m^:  and  Mmivfiiaiwis.'i^  thfi  kdiabitaiitfe  of  ^if 
(bte  trade  principaliy  w^tb^  ISoftotr,  K^w  York,aad> 
Hartfbrd.  'The  articles  of  export  fre  pot  lind  pearl  aih- 
ts,  c!neil:^(^  beef,  hotfes,-grai^  fome  butter  sind  cheefet- 
timber,  ^0.  ^1^  hibitbitanti  geiieraUy,-  manufadurd 
tl|eir  PW3  clo|hmg,  in^U^^^^^ 

:/"¥^^ft^ninii^ei  6f  po^  s^rrd  jieari  iJ^atsc  ao-e  made  in> 
#ycry  <^«rt  w  the  ftate.  Bt^t  oneijf  the  n^oft  important' 
#.ar|u^^tires  -in  this  ftttO  is  that  ofmaple  fugar. 

pi,pkeioii§MiH^m4Cknii^er^yx  &  r790,  accord- 
tug'to  thecenfus  then  tkkcii;  thi^  ftat^  contained  B^^si9^' 
inhabitailt8i>^co&^Vtng^  thiefiy  cf  emigranu  ^om  Con- 
iKai«^t'iilkl  Mafa^  meir  defeendants.. 

i^wo  towitfl^ps'iii  Oi*ngere<6tir>ty  are  fettled  piincipal- 
fy%y  Scotch  p^ple..  'f he  body  of  the  people  areGpn- 
gregatiofisdi^.  •  '^he  d^et  dominations*  are^  Fkeftxy- 

>^^he  ^Miiittiits^of  this  ftilttf^e  aft a^gbit^  ofj| 
j|le  fr6m  ^rioas  pWce%.of  dld^r^nt  linlifl|eptl^ 
liers«nd  hal»tls.    'They'^^v^,  not  li^^d^tog<^di«r  l0n|( 
<tn«tt|fi  Id  dlimtlita;  «lid  forii[  tgciierid  chi^^ 
finalfle  Ki^^tdtfr,in  ios  %  atsoA,#Biifaber  of n^Hdnall 
^  iig^oni|4w«;i&u4er  them  a$  Hving  tbgetlit^ 
■  ■    ■- -.     '.- >.^;  ;...  -  -  ainicAbl^. 


1 1  - 


M 


:'-i!^ 


f  ift  «#ltT; 


[tural 
imif|. 

and' 

[tural 


«itfl|«tlii|#«l  lifn  I  m  ytc  ngor«iUI]f  tppoftd  in  Mf- 
ticular  rcUeious.  Mid  |K;l'tic9k  Unfti  |  jeaknto  of  Uicift 
nil^n,  ana  coMiciMit  of  tbcir  libcflifft  i  dmppfiiums. 
which. (teiglflate  mtiirallj  firon  the  dstsid  ^,cxI)lerie||^ 
id  oppremoo,  aitd  the  habit  of  Uying  uiMiar  a/rta  gw- 
Vament-^and  you  hava  a  pretty  juit  iica  of  ^  chanc« 
tfr  of  thf  pecfpla  of  Veraiont. 

MiRtarf  Stt^Hgthii    Ui  tj9^  thipra.  were  «^ar«tdf  ofi 
ip,5oo  men  upon  the  ihUitia  roUs  of  this  Hate. 

LitarfUturf  aid  /p^ovemeiUs.']  Much  cannot  be  faid. 
in  favour  o^*  the  pi^ent  lUte  of  literature  in  thi%  &zU4t> 
but  their,  ptofpeds  in  this. regard  are  good*.  In  every. 
charter  of  a;townA.  provjiion  is  made  ^Dricbod^^  bv  rfr*. 
fervtng  3<  c^  acres  oi'  land  for  ch^^r  fupport^.  The  attem- 
bly  01  this  (Ute»  ^i  their  0<);(tber  f«iU9n»  in  1^91,  t^aC* 
^  an  ad.for  the  eftaji>liftiro^a%5)jr.  a  op.il«ge  in  thi^  towa 

iof;  QurlingttJtni. on  Laki^  Chai23{dain,^a(ijdrapPPlQt#  %%^ 

^Truliees.,  'ii^er^  is  a  ^uri%ng  Av^ade^iy  i%thf(  town  dL 

lijiidcU^bury^n^arAut^^gt^*  apd  here*  itis  ivpt  iiig^fobap 

i^,  tbeColHga  n(|a^  be,eIla.blUh.ed  at  ictagfi  fvivre  period* . 

(Z^TMi^i    SenntQgton,  fi^uatad  near  thafovA* 

Wftil  cocner  of^uie^ate»  <;pntaix»w  abouc  i,4^..inhiahifi» 

li^^il^a.n^mberof  h^ndfoine  hoafeft  §j^^^ 

f^ui^ch,  a  co^houfe,  a^d-g^t,  f 

Itisone.ctt:t%ol4$ft  towQf  iiithe,4NM(ff 

i%de4  a>^  th^  fW  i^H*    l^iaArdiriviaf; 

Wmdror.^dJtoUfi4ibf  a^lii^a^  of  th^lajpm 
4^  aUe||^J(eif.t6l.b^  th#  ie^t  of  gov^t&r^iM^  m%yt9xu, 
-^'^  fo^rier.  u  iki»ilc4 ,6^  Conita^^ciit  iiV^»  alMi  <^ 
t^i  a^at  X)6<^ ti^bitai^  t.  the  latrterliaMpon  Ot» 
ur  QiNiick^  and  ef&taiitt  ^wax^i  oi;  i^^^inhabitfM^ts*. 
<Qoth  ate  iioutilhiflg  loWai^  4      '^ 

K^wbMtf  jsihe;&irc,toamc^QraQ|^fx^  HM> 
Lj  eourt-tteHifi^  an<i,  a  trerjr.  f iegaat  meeting^hou^t  for.- 
Ft)gregatrQaafi^>  wtcb  a  ibeeplcj^  the  fiir^4re<£led  in  the . 
)i$mt  .  1^.  ceieb¥a!lied  Ce»&  m^^o^Km.  mtef lM|ei»., 
H|^mn9€nce  about  9  jnijies  bi^w;this  iowoil  .Newbory 
cojxtt^aife  ftai^da  Ofi  ^  high  l^da  bp^^l,  MOm  t]|i^ ; 
j^vail  ju^  coromanij;!^  ft  fijipieii«leWvOl^a^lt|^it  cf^M.^ : 
great  O9  JtW^hieh  is  Ibiaed  by j^ciMrtCKW  bfiitdi%llM 
9r9?..  I|  i«.a9e,«|,%|||||tf4)(^M^/a9^^ 


„  _.^_  _-  fctr^drtfn  •ttiM^^'i^^^ 

it  tcseuu^oMb ii abottt foiirfeet iff dtcnoiifcT^^  Hi. 
ter'mg  thh^  yoii  lefceiul  1Q4  feet,  and  IMq  o|^^m  4>«- 
cious  room,  tcr  feet  in  br^adlb  tnil^AO^ftif  il^  i«i|tM 
the  aiigje,  c**f^«^tit  al>wu  4r^#^^  <*^^**w  fS 
iStU  caverniVbf  ilJ€l>tfi«)teK^wlfi^^ 
^anally  pexcolwing:  !%«  fiOi^flftii^iitehbt^l^ 
iU  roof  appear  Uk*  mh\tsM^vm^orihMt$,Hm 
Uf ejbon^inuaUY  inctiafii^  lii  ttW»r  iftd  inuuHiitudiB. 

0^itkialfi^#^  di&  die i\dei  4^ tbtsfi|bcctta*« 

|<pi  Hall/avt  tablcs,^butvbeitc2ief,  «^.^ld^  a]^# 

e^'f ooar,  ^h^  ill«ililii»tf<^  %2dl-^  aiMii'  of^  #^ 
imMt0iM^  u^i^^»!^  mt^M^mi^ 


^*  ^'Hlfr  thlnMilwftf  of' 


_- .  .    Itlg  «  , 


-.'^^h'^ 

-'^#' 


A 


»>  -^      V 


^S^'' 


fnsfl 


rl  jrh%l»A  of  ^'oimtTf  called  l^«n«Mri  before 
w  .  « J^IP»  fMmwt        bjr  New  YWk  ni^f  NeW 
iiittiipPfei  «idiiielibtiBCeif(KinB.cIiumtlk»vil^ 
iCOttin  «irvilHici#  «i^^  ilk^  pftrtilrHlafs  of 

#K^  it  lioiiU  bd  IMtthoe  ittemiiiing  i^  iifefiil  )q  <!»• 
||9.    Th«f  if«te  ISpp  topHy  i#>ae<l  til!  OiieejtW  peac^l 
Wiin  MtliUcf  coii)^^       bebiseen  Great  Bfltam  air^ 
Jb«r  coionicf,  tliife4idlabit9nt<  or  tkit  jdiftri^  c0iin<lerixip; 
tHimT*lvet  a«  in^  ikmte  of  natuci^,  and  not  wit^n  ^!i»f' 
^urifdi^ofi  etthtr-^fAllcw  York  or  Hew  HampiWe,  \ 
aflbciate4  »^^  (prmtd  foi  iiii^*i^>m  $  ^cmiikatK.n, 
Under' thft  conftitutioiiy  thef  liave  evvnti^iied  to  e|er»  , 
ciiie  aJH^  tKe  tfowt^M  of  an"  tntdepende^  ftlte,  and  iHve 
be«r  pro^^ered;'  'Oil  t)to  loordr  of  }4itf^hi  'k  79 1 ,  a^ee* 
Mf  to  a4i  of  CottireiSi  «f  Bece>nB«ir  6ch^  1706,  thts 
llate  beeafAe  one  of  the  Uinrited  Sta;te«,  and  ciffi^!l!m'n  , 
ehe.foairfMitli,  and  not  the  icaSt  refpe^ble  Pitlqi^il^ ' 


#£. 


the  A^^can  Union, 


'.*5^. 


Dh  Sanjniel  WUlia«lsli«i  Wifth  ^  kiftc^x^rt^- 


$tite>  ii^'OiieTdtvm^ 


A.- 


>'^- 


/1- 


J^' 


.1 II  1*1, 1 1  II 


«<#f- 


imiijifi    jui 


V,l    » 


Mile*  '  ' 


N  E  Vf  'm:.A'Uf.S  H  i-R'E. 

Mite*; 

Gr^Atert  breiiddi  oa  >•  between 
Leaft  breadth 

•  nLoi..:..  T  Tl  OltMBEO  north,  hy    tlie  ProfviiK«  ^ 
if^mrui.}  J^  c,f  i^r>wcr  Canada  j  ?a%  by  the.  Dlf- 

triiftof  Maine  and^hi;  Atlantic  Oce^n;  fomh,  by  M.if-^. 
Ikchufetts  f   w.ft,'l>jr  thc.wcOerh  bank  pf  C^^  ine^ftknt* 

j|crfctJ^:#Wl4ch  it  feall  loo.doo  5icr*s  iirc  wntef.'    The 


Jim  tkditllrttittli*^*^ 


totil  •     14I.885 


-.^i. 


Iv  '* 


•      i?W<,^//««r  C««/o'-l' T1iMmJ« bgs b^ aW  I tl  to.1^ 
-of  &a«osia  ;  a\i<l  chilli  ^t  its  fottthpafV  corner.    .The  mif 

the  ikor^s  of  wl^ich^rp  r6c^^     t^e  J^^'Tf  j^'T^'^it!)-^^ 

{Un4r  ixJ^cJlit adinlnmjr  Wljlcli  ate  jnlt  n;.iHk^^tm^  i'  cr . 

e4  br  ctfltclc<    Fn^tn  ^fca  tio  rcmavkabivs  high  Ivjna^, 

:i«pp4r  ftf«rftr  that*.  i&  or  30  tijiles,  then  commences  a 

'  1IBcS»t8tJ<>t»ou5  co«ntTy.  -    v         ;       . 

ThVlandsbordetms-on  Conncflicat  river  are  Inter- 

fp«ffe4  %it1i  qttcofivtt  incaaowi  d^  iptcrvHls,  rich  ^n4 

■^,:mmi^:l   t'he  m<»ft  noted  xnojintafif  in  t^'^  State 
are  the  White  Moumiinv  one  ofvirhictiii  called  Mount 

^ht^h  ;^e  aU  d£icribod.4n  iht  AnJiefen  U>iver|sil  Ge- 


.*]^.iJ jVf  Ivc  of  tl^  Wged  ftreitjijm  i<2W  "^rtVland 
»«^ei^  nipw^  or  left  of  their  praters  ftom  ^^^o^- 

/^^e4»x:tit  river  Tiles  m^ebg^    a^\^Jf^  ^P;' 
^ratt  ihe  IJml^d  SUt^^s  fro«i  the  tnulh  Province  of 

biwidlle  45th  Jeitr^e  of  MitudH,  to  the  head  i\>nng 


\ 


NIW    rtAMP,iUAl. 


tat 


)f  toiaHMffee.  Its  menl  co«!  sabeat  ).  S.  W  It 
extendi  alohf^  the  wvftem  fide  of  Hew  Hubpftitr^  >«it 
iTOinilef.  and  ttjcii  p>ffcfin»  MajftAjifetis.  x  'sltt 
fntaller  Urtsamt,'  t%  reeeifci  from  NewUkmpfhtre*  pptr 
A^onoofuek,  Ifrael'i  riTer,  fobn'i  river,  Great  or  l/>w- 
oAffiMpnoofuck^  Sugar,  Cold  and  Aflmelot  rirert. 

_  jCHcut  rWer,  in  iti  coorfe  benreea  New  Hamp* 
(kifili^  Vermont,  has  two  confiderable  falh  $  the  firf^ 
are  cjifed  Fifteen  Mil^Fadls,  between  Upper  and  Lower 
Coos  ;  the  river  If  ripid  for  lo  milei.  At  Walpoleiia 
i«cond  remarkable  fall,  formerly  known  bj  the  name  of 
the Gkeat Fall, now  denominated  Bellows*  Fall»»  In  1 7R4, 
a  bridge  of  timber  was  conftraftcd  over  this  fall,  365  feet 
long,  and  fupported  in  the  middle  by  a  great  rock,  wider 
which  the  higheft  floods  i^afs  without  detriment.  Two 
bridges  have  fitice  been  erefted  over  this  river— one  at 
Hanover,  the  other  at  Windfor.  Tlie  former  is  about  jo 
ipfs  in  length,  contliling  of  one  arch  of  150  feet  chord— 
coft  ifetween  1 2  or  1 5,ocp  dollars ;  the  latter,  j^xi  ^et  ii^ 
length,  cxclufive  of  abutments— co(tjib,Ooo  dbllars. 

This  beautiful  iiyer»*  in  its  whole  lengthi  1i  lined  ott 
each  Ctde  with  a  great  number  of  the  moi^  floiiriflung 
and  pleafant  towns  in  the  United  States,  tn  its  whole 
CQurfe  it  preftrves  a  diftance  Of  fron\  80  to  too  mUei 
from  the  fea  coaft.  ^    , 

Merrimack  river  is  formed   by  the  confltt^nci   pi 
Pemigcwaflet  and  Winnipiicogce  rivers*     After  the* 
3Pe»nigcwaflct  receives  the  waters  of  Wihniplfeogee^  tt 
takes  the  name  of  Me^imack ;  and,  pnrfuing'a  couriteof 
about  90  miles,  fir  ft  iiia  foutherly  and  then  in  a()  ea/iiezl|' 
dfreftion,  pa(Sn|  over  Hookfet,  Anin/k'eag^and  Pimt^tck* 
ct  falls,  it  enipties  into  the  fejt  at  Itfewbcarjpprt ;  From 
the  W.  it  receives  Biackwater,<ContoocQok,rifdati<}tN>ae#.^ 
Souhegan,  Naihua^and  Concord  rivers :  From'  €^e  ^aS^W 
Bow  cook,  Suncook,  Cohas,  Beaver,  Spicket  and  Powow 
rtvers.    Contoocbok  he^ ds  near  Mooadno^f  q^o\inUtei> ' 
is  very  rapid,,  and  id  or  1 2  miles  from  its  mouth  is  ibdi"^ 
vards  wide*   juft  before  its  entrance  into  the  Memin|«ck, ' 
it^rauches  and  forms  a  beautiful  idand  of  ab^  |  Or  € 
a^re^   This  iflatid  it Ycmarkable,  a?  bein^  th^  $ot  wherti ' 


^  «  Mo  wttry  grtaint  tKroo^h  happier  villies  iKiflNFr 

«  J^  driakv  t^  |«a  a  loveliet  wave  iImb  thtoe.*'      JUaiewt 


^HM 


f:ffW   HAMFa  HI  Ri. 


a>Mi^DaAmiper£oiiQCil«o«itrfOfd2miT,ciflotL  ThU 
.weoitn  bad  bceo  taktii  |i]r  t  pam  df^InAuii*  IMi  Rm. 
nrhmioMa£Mk^l|bii(iaaMrrifd,tftt}ii»Hlifld.  The 

JiuUtQi,  8  or  l(ppuunUr»  iattgof^tjad  diinkbg  tKcai* 
:Ivcf  }^wiM«,  iclilulMp*  .WShe^iinproifBd  thii  dpponvnitf 
to  maka  her  ^Cfipcii  fiod  tBat&c  iiii|{bt  efed,itirii||i|t 
dangtr  of  l^nc  iwwied,lhe  wiU^cnie  </tbtir  toittli^ki 
Jtilkd  them  aSufcalptd  them,  foo{k  thiiir  canoiTtiMt  W- 
tunir<|daif  A  the  fiver  taHaverhiilL^  cairricd  tlit  Icalpt 
10  Bofto9,<  where  (ht  was  geaeffvo^  rewarUed . 

A  bridge  hat  lately  been  proK^ed  over  Amolkeag 
.falls,  sjohtt  in  leiD^Ui,aiid  80  tcct wide,  fttfyported  hj 
J  |uerf.  .  And»  what  is  renarlEable,  this  bridge  was  reo- 
derejd  pa4abt<i  for  travellers  hi,57  days  after  it  was  beg^n• 
vTiiefe  arefeTcn  othe^  bridges  over  the' Merrimack— -one 
at  Kfwb^irfi^  two  at  l^averhil|»  pne  at  Anidover,  one  at 
pr^cuty  and  two  at  Concord' 

The  Pilcataqua  is  the  on|f  targe  river  whofe  whole 
cottfreis  in  NeW  Hampfkire.  From  its  form  at)^  the 
iltnafion  of  Its  bfanches,  it  is  extremely  favourable  to 
the  piirpeAe  «€  nafigaiiea jcnd^commerce*  .The  mod 
rei)>e^able  bridge  in  the  United  States*  hs|s  been  ercAed 
over  this  river,  6  milei  above  PortfmoutlH  2»6oo  ieet 
ijH  )^fh*    ^t  cofl  68»ooo  dollars. 

Zf£/j  'WinnipiftogeeLaVe  is  theIarge(tcolleAion 
•f  w^tertlik  New  Han4)(hire.  ;It  is  abotic  ja  miles  in 
.length,  from  S.E.  tb  N«W.  af^cV  of  lery  unequal  breadth, 
ij^ro  $toiz  miles.  I^  is  full  of  iilands,  and  is  ^uppUcd 
with  numerous  rivuleti from  the  faitfounding  ittountains. 

Thjslake  is  frozeTi  about}  month"^  i«  a  year,  stnd  many 
^il^ghs  ^d  trains,  from  the  circunhj^cent  tbwns,  crofs  it 
dfi  th«.iee»    ilnfutnmer  it  is  ,n<avigable  its  whole  length. 

Th^^eir  coofiderable  lakes,  are  Umbag^  (in  the 
NvE.  c«nier  of  the  State,  and  partly  in  the  DiftriA  of 
*mine)  S<mani,  Sn^ns^pee  ind  Great  Oflapee. 

SiHl0klpnMwu,']  Of  thefe  there  are  a  great  variety 
iathis.iUte*  The  interval  lands  upon  the  margin  of 
ueJjme  rvNty^^e  the  mo(l  valuabU,  beeaufe  they  are 
^^'^^^^'iS^^^^^^^^^  every  y«ar»  br  the  water  from 
t&  Qplnii^  iH&h  brings  down  a  fat  (fime»^r  fedin^enu 

^efe  inUrval  lands  are  of  vaiious  breadth,  acdt>rd- 

log  to  t)^  ne^  or  retnote  Hlbiilion  of  the  hillk.    Qk 

.._  ■'■  '  ;■  ido&wAicttt   • 


t 


HKW   RAMlftiriR'B. 


iif 


CktmMiOL^  riftr,  tkey  art  from  a  Qtftrtcr  of  a  mtl^ 
to  i  mic  and  y  half  on  «ac&  fide ;  anJ  it  it  oUtrvable" 
ilMt  they  yitii  wheat  in  gre:iter  sibdiiipc  ^^  perfec-^ 
tioii  than  the  fame  kiQi  of  feiU  eaff^  the  hetjzht  of 
hti>d*  'THcre  laodft  io  ev^ry  part  of  the  ftate,  field  all 
the  other  kinds  of  gnit  in  the  greated  pcrftAion;  bof 
arc  aot  ^  Sf^d  for  pnflnre  at  3ic  oplatidi  of  a  i^p^r' 
qualitf.  The  wide  l)>readin2  hills  are  generally  muchf 
elieemed  as  warm  and  rich{  rocky  moift  land  is.ac* 
counted  good  for  pafture ;  drained  fwamps  have  rdeep' 
mellow  j^il ;  and  the'irgdlies  bfetween  hiUf  art  generallf: 
very  produtflivei  • 

Apples  and  peats  ^re  trye  moR  cdmmbn,  and  the  prirt- 
cipal  fruits  cultivated  in  this  lUte.  No  good  humand- 
man  thinks  his  farm  complete  without  an  orchard. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  bu/inefs  of  the  inhabitants  of 
thas  Itate*     Beef,  pork,  mutton,  poultry,  wheac^  ryt.  In* 
difiA  corn, barley,  pulfe,  butter,  cheefe,  ^4%  hdmp,  hops, 
efculent  plants  and  roots,  articles  which  will  always  find'' 
a  marker,  may  be  prQdaced*in  almoCi  any  q^ntttyii^ 
KewHamplh^re.  '     '"' 

TratJ£  and  Maffufaattnt.^  'T^'e  inhirbltanft  in  iRc  fouth^- 
wefterh  quarter  of  this  Uate  generally  carry  their  pro- 
diice  to  BoftcJn.  In  the  middle  arid  northern  part;  as  Tar' 
a^  the  Lower  Coos,  they  trade  at  PortfmAuth.*  Aboytj.' 
the  Lower  Coqs,  there  are  yet  uo  convenient  roads  direi!!^ 
i|  to  the  fea-eoaft.  The  people  on  the  upper  branchietr 
of  SftcoVi-yer  ^n^  their  oeareiV  market  av Portland,  itv< 
theDift^iaof  Maiitl'j  and  thither  the  irthabitani^  of* 
Upper  Cods  have  generaH^r  carried  their  produce  :  fotpe 
have  gohc  in  the  other  dire«ftioa  to  New  yorkibafket. 

The  people  in  the  country  'gtoerally  inantifaftitro^^' 
their  own  clothing ;  aod>(onfiderable^ttsintities  of  to>ri! 
cloth  iot  exportation^  Tile  other  l!(iamifiia:UTes  a^e  pOl 
and  pearl  autes,  maple  fa?ar,  btlcks'^d  tKttt^»  9^i 
l^me  iro%  not  fuificient,  however^  for  hmne  i^orutttop^ 
tion,'ihbugh  it  might  be  mnde  an  articjie  of  clcpl^r^^ 

Population  anJtChardSerSX     The  nuthb^r  of  )i&b|& 
ants^^jn  1790,  \m  bi«n  mentioned  i^  the4;>if!^dm^<ta^" 
Me  ^  ^ivilions. 

Tl)fri9habitants  of  New-Hampfhire,  Itlce  the  fettler^ 
in  all  new  countries,  ate  in  geiieral,  a  ha^dy,  robud, 
^t^vC}  bVave  people. 


NEW    HAiiJPSIffRt. 

Mftt,  JitdmMt  faU.'i  Hie  only  oc^lcgc  iBr  Oiii 
State  If  hi  tht  towDihip  df  l^aoTer,  fittoted  ^m  % 
betatifol  plain  |||ppt  half  ft  mile  eaftvof  Cooiifaicut 
mer,  in  latiti^Rfl*'  ^.)'.  It  was  fi%mtd  Dartmouth 
CclUte,  after  the  Right  Honourable  Wmm,£0rl9f  Dart^ 
moJi,  who  was  one  oiitt  principal  benefa^ora* -'  It  wa$ 
fotioded  by  |hc  4ate  piou»  and  benevolecvt  pRiJSte^r 
iHiiefmkt  wbo»  in  i*i6^t  obtained  a  royal  char^,  whei^ 
ro  ample  privileges  were  gcanud*  and  fmtable  ptoviktm 
mzdtior  the  education  and  inftro£Hoa^of  yoi^ih  oTtho 
Ittdiao  iiibes.  In  teading^ ^^'^^^1^  and  aU.parts  of  learn- 
ing,  which  ftould  appear  ncdtfeiy  and  expedient  for 
ciTtlixing  and  chtiilianiziag  tbie  children  of  Pagans,  as 
w«Il  at  ta  all  ^e  liberal  arts  «idicienccs^  and^alfb  of 
£nj;^liili  jouth«  and  $mj  otjiers.-  It  is  |iow  one  of  tht- 
apoft  growing  ^miSiaties  i*  the  United  States. 
^  file  funds  of  this  eo^ege  confift  clne%  in  lands,  s^ 
monming  to  a^t  80,000  icres,  which  are  iacrearmg; 
i|iVtilne>  iaproponion^tothe  growth  of  the  country. 

The  niimher  of  under  graduates,  in  1790,  was  about 
if  en  tiief  iiat  t  fittw  incrtafed»  A  gnruiinaf  fcH«el»  (|C 
ftboat  50  or  €«feh%n,  ii  tQOf  xtd  to  ^«  eolkgft 
Hm  Ihidinu  trji  tffidcr  ihi  Immediitf  gbfemmtnl 
mi  teftrttlUoti  df  11  l^&Atnat,  ^  it  im»  ptofeffor  of 
Ulkiftf}  1  profdbr  of  i|iA$h«iii«tici  tn4^fittairal  ph^lo^ 
oj^t  a  pfmiar  oC^ng1;^l^f^i  wKltw^tium'ii^ 

jMtlt^oi  whifih;ii  it  Etfieri^  lagt^ 

1^  |l^  Hon.  |ohn  ^^H^^iLU  0|PF  Sxettr,  «nd  in* 
¥pi|iibrat^d  hy  a^  ol  ;dmhly>  to  tf  i^»  bj^.:tbe»iiim«  of 
^.in^illirps' .Exeter  ^demy*^^*  It  t%a  very  rcfpe^abhi^ 
f^d'  ix^^  *  ^Ak^tbtii  un^r  the  l^pe^ioo  of  a  hofir^ 
af4r4^e#j|^|}^  immediate  g^^ 
tidfi  of  a  pi-eeeplpr,  anci  ^  aflittant.  It-hM  n  fuiid  of* 
i^t  Uvo0oifi'e1ie  ^^  i»  in  lands  not  yet 

pnil^ive.    1%tt^«i^ 

{ui|:€iimin«Em!y  Itetv^h  5P 1^^^  .        * 

^  An  %«%iny  at  M^  IpTwich  was  hicoipoqited  in, 


■■'■.:  r 


'^. 


;-.Ji 


tbm 


■/■ 


REW    HAMPSHIRE. 


tvf 


Tlitrc  ii  another  acadtmy  at  Atkinfon^  founded  by 
the  Hon.  NafSanui  PttMjf^  who  hat  endoured  it  with- 
a  donation  of  i>ooo  acres  of  land.    It  was  incorponted 
in  1790.  *  ;:^ 

At  Amberftf  a^  aaacl^ir  was  incr>rporafeed  in  1791^. 
by  the  name  of  the  '*  Jwtm  Aea^HtfJ*'    Simibr  iimi- 
tntioni  arr  forasinj^at  Chaiieftown,  Concord,  aad  other ' 
places,  which,  with  tho  pecuKkp  attention  which  has 
lately  been  paid-tofchooh,  by>the  legifkitnre,and  the- 
eftabUninient  of  fociaV  libraries  tfa  ievend  towas,  afford 
a  pleaiinff  proipeA  of  the  mcre^C'Of.lileratttM  add  ^oSt*- 
fm  Inoimcdge  m  thit^State/  ' 

CM  Ta«Mv.^j  Pprtfmottth^is  die  ki^e(^*  towfr  la^ 
this  I&te4    It  is  about  two  miles  fipom  £e  fea,  oil  the 
fouth  (Ide  of  Pifcataqua  river.    It  contains  about  64>' 
dwelling-houieSi  and  nearly  as  many  Ofherboildtngs^- 
bvfides  Xti&k  lor  public  u(es  |  which  are  threa  Congrega- 
dAaal  churches,  one  Epifcdpal,  one  tJniterfali(l,a  ftate^ 
lUufe,  .|]iaricet-hou&,  four' ^ooUhotifeSi^aail i^  worh*' 
hou^. .       .  ' '' 

Its  4siifbbtir  ti  one  t>f  ^e  bedtm  l3ia«onthiettt|^lrlB^ 
l»ifufficient  depth  of  lifter  for  veii^ls  of  any  bnrtheav 

Exetfris  iV^mles  S.  Wl  from  Pdrtfinoudi,  fittfi^a 
at  the  liead  or  navigatton^rupon  S-wai](ifcti|^  or  £1^ 
liver.    It  iipwell  fituated  &r4  maaufa^iiriiig  i0Wn#  |u(di 
has  i4ready  adioclt^mattufalfcoriuiii.  Its  49iGlQ«y'$  <$  ^^ 
ipiiUs,  alttUIn^ i^iaittjiig  mj^  pa)^. mi»,imff «i^i 
two  chocolaler'aad  i^H!^  mifls»iroii  iworHandt  a  prtnft-  p^ 
ii^  offices.    Tht^ptbl*?  btiildings  are-  two  Con^ga»: 
tk»al  chmdies^  iM  aeii^^    a^iew^aiid han^ToAie court*'' 
houTe,  and  ^^fAiiMtlxt  piibltc  offices  of  the  State  anr^^ 
hep^here..  l^rnMf' thii  tiiwii.  was  £unoos  for  (hl^* 
btttldlg,  bllt  Ihls^^  ba^aefa  te  oal^^B^^ 
interruption  hy^'un^v  > 

Cdaeovd  ii  a  «leafant,  Ikcwftttittg  *  hibnd  totyik,  ^vnk^ 
ated  on  the^weft  banlr^  Menimifict  rivl^^  mila  W* 
N.  W»  fffom  ^B^rt&BOttt^* .  tW  Gene^  Codk  of  <lata» 
have  eontapoilly  hi^  their  fcfiaoins  hcte  >  and  $n6<^^* 
central  filoatiittw^^iuida  llliiving  bach  coiM^  It  ,«il^ 
jpbably  IboiiwlMoaii^  the.  pesn^mtnt  ^llri^i^P^ 
aieat ;  MiU^  of  1^  tfada  of  tha  oppct  t^tturf  leeOf^ 
lMi'iAthiit0inb 


i|4  NEW    HAMPSHIRB^ 

Dover.  Amtierfty  Kcenc,  Chsi^^ftown,  Plymotidi  ^^^^ 
Havcrhillj^sf  d^  the  other  mo^  confiderabte  townt  io, 
this  Slate,     ,  .    > 

Ctir'tofit'uu']    Itf^he  townfliip  of  Cbefter  is  a  circiilmr 
e^iocBce*  \M  a  mile  in  diaiaeter«  and  400  ieet  high,. 
caUe4  l^ltUe^alce  hilU  .Oath«  ibuih  fide,  lo  ^ards. 
homt  iU  hate,  ^  the  en^raaee  of  a  cave  caUed  the  JM/'^, 
i^  tai|^id)i»  a  room  15  or  3Q  fce^  f(|Qajre,  aad  ^iect 
high,  l^red  and  circj^d  by  a  regular  sock,  fjrom  the. 
upper  part  0^  'which  are  dependent  rnvKf  excrefeences,^. 
nearly^  in  the  form  and  fiiue  of  a  pear,  and,  whe|i  ap- 
pro&bed  by  a  torchr  throws  out  ^  fparkltng^laftre  of; 
a^oft  evo^  huft.    Mai^y  ^i£^t|»l  (lories  have  been 
tdd  j^  thi9  caiy^  bf  tl^&  wb«»  4«iight'ti^  the  marvel*. 
l^VkU    It^if  ,a  cc^Id>  dr#9ry»  gloiymjr  ^ac^. 

,  4?«%i(ti*]  The  p|i^H>a^  denoi^mations  <^  Cbriftians. 
in  tb^^  State,  are  Qongiegation^ifts,  Pre(bytfcri4n^,^ 
]gpil^paJ|^nf^.Ba{iti^9andiQu  Thefe  i^afmall'i 

iji^^t  Qf,|9»(^iii»iHaQS  im~anotbet-o£  Uniyerfaliftsi. 
in  rbrtliBiouth' 

.jiPwgirA  T^felt  d«^^  Ea^iOi,  of" 

anyfisirl  <$NewHai&p^i«,iWiiln  11614^  by  Capt.  jehn^ 
Sfi^iibt '  wfc^^^wigsd  rfie^^  Ci^or*  ^^^m  f enc^coi  ;to  Cape 
C^Y  anj  i|I^IiMl«e4irc0y^t|ll^he  river*  ^ircataqua^. 
C^  b^fj^turo  to  i^^ndt  b«  pob)^^  #  deix»^iption  of;. 
^  Imtpi  i^b  a  iniii>  e^  Mm»  cp^^i^blf^  he  pifl«»te4 
^lllficeipHaJ^^^  1^  ii*tl^^^^  of  l|i»B«cj 
i4iiJ*.:i  v*lhflr  l|^'ifttUim|^t^«^ 

Jft|<p;^9i«^fbins>^i|  iirJ^^ 
iipoii  0f  kh^  |0^eritQr#f7||»,i^  ba4r 

»  Hqpi^te  lej^ifattitet'   Thiy  ever  bt>^e  a  pr6pot«tinnable^* 
ibirt  <)|  thf(  e](p«nl«%M4  levies  i»J^-Mriii»tiPi^  jpx* 
Ilii#^oiil  «iMi : jMUlttiii  myitions^  #hf $iir  ibn^d  by.^ 
^  colcm^  «r  ^  cfovn.  Jn  ettry  %i|#^  the  o|^ot. 
filifiil^fc  urge  liiglf .j^ilil  ^coa«;toim(»  d^  Oi^  |^e. 

iibaiiii^i^^c^tlli  b(^e  ty^par^  4^  t^;4;<wtm«ice^ 

lied  l^ygiyia)  mandmnf,.  xh^jMjpt^iiiii^^ 


""^9%^ 


M^\ 


4.V 


■'  11  »i  ^T",.' 


thu 


«i?i 


F*  :^ 


■.*5V  « i^ 


(.    .n^'. 


B^STItlCt  o%  ItAINB;^       i^ 

ihU  r  Ir^int*  they  flew.ei^crlf  to  the  Amencan  fttnd. 
ard,,wh<ii  the  voice  of  thiur  cooatry  dtchxtdior  war  ;. 
god  their  troopt.h^d  ^  Urge. fliare  of  the  hasard  and. 
iktigttc,  sn  weU  a«  of  the  glory  of  acconipliiluiigthe' 
Ute  revokitioiu  \ 

Eor  apdmplete  hiftery  of  thU  Sutc,  the  reader  {»•. 
r^erred  to  the  Rev.  Dn.BeUnap'c,  pahliflHsd  in  three ^' 
volumes  %9o*  ia  i^^h  written  ia  a  puutjneaii  hiftcm- 
ftyK 


*«i«i<b 


\    1       A 


(BKJ,l»NOiyO;T0)M4#Ue^lfTT|.] 

•    •      '       '  ■  .-        '       •  ■  ^; 

SITUATION  AH9'£XTB1IT.. 

'^^^^"^'•i  JP^,  from  which  it  ii^parafeed  by  the  ht^h 
Im^  I  eaft»>y  the  riiMrVSt  6r«iip  and,  a  line  dl^wb 
d»e iyNtli ^Mits finifce^^e  faid highi«ii4i^» iirhicli 
divides  It  fiT^  thl^PMfSate^if J4e 
hy  tbe^  A^datotic  Q?ito%  w#fti  by  Nic#.  Hwnpflilte. 

r  i)ji$ftMi^>  ^:i»«iiMlit#.  oil  M9ine  W  4l^d4d;  ttt«». 

five  coni«i#i^-^tlat,' ■"■>■'."■  ■ 


^etetli 


9^49/      iPenbMltet 


■:;«%." 


'*m,-mm 


> 


%%:■ 


lf»-    ^ 


*«  c     * 


;?P|Sr7  ' 


Fm  iffii  Ctmhjt  Sm/^I  ,  Tlie  Dillria  of 

md'  C6mmt*         y  ih^nrgb'tD  devtted  trad  of ' 
coumryi  cannot  be  called  moiintainoiie.  >  A  great  pro- 
p«f  cioo  ci  the  lands  are  araUe  and  ette^ingiy  fertile^ . 
ponicularlf  between  Penobfcoi^and  Kennebcdc  rinri. 
On  Ibme  fiHts  of'the  iea.'Coaft,*Mlandrart  bll-mdif. 
forcnt  l>biie  thif  defed  night"  eaiily  be  remedied,  hj- 
manuringiit  with  a  inanne^fegetible»  calledToelMreed» 
which  grows  on  rockf  between  high  and  low  water " 
mark,  all  along  the  ihores.    It  makes  4  moft  etcelleni . 
iiMnure,  and  the  ibppl^t .  is^  immenfcb, . 

The  country  has  a  Urge  proportion  of  dead  fwamps^ . 
and  funkco  laWl*»  iR^h  are  tij^  drained,  and  leave.a 
rich  fat  fjiAV  TK^  «niieri^'cotmti7  Is  univerr4ljrrepre<« 
fented  as  being  of  aii^  excellent  foil,  well  adapted  both 
for  tillage  and  paftur^» .  The  lands  in  general  are  eardf^. 
cleared,  having  but  little  oadtr  bruih* 

The  Diftria-of  Maine  tef  tiatHraUy  bi  confidered 
iiVthtee  divifiqns.— The  fifti  comprehending  the  tradV ' 
\fvd% eallof  {feaobfcet river»  of  ibout 4,500,000 acres  it 
^/femi,  and  he^l  traa,ofaboQt  4^000,^00  acfes,]y1ne^ 
between  Penobfcot  and/  Kemiebecfc  rivers :  the  thhrdt^ 
firft  iett^dy  and  moft  pop«U>os  |t  pre&nt,  weft  of  Kea*- 
nebeck  JiT^y  coiktaimns^  alTo  about  4,ooQ^0QO'S|cres. 

Tha  climate  does  no^  matariaUf  dii&r/roai'  the  reft  \ 
o^e^  Efiglaad.  V  'Cite  weaiber  ikmore  regula^in  th«.; 
wintc?»  which  uTuaSf  laAi wiUi  Ibvc^tf  lroin:!tii»«mid« 
die  of  December^  CO  the  hft^^i^Ui^liioHRgtlis  time^: 
the  po^jmd  fiie(b»wiitetHlttir«i#MiM»  oaibe.ice» , 
and  iki^ng  contloues  ^mntaqrupted  h|i^U)iws. 

The  Sevadon  of  the  lands  ia  genetal ;  the  ^fHty  of 
the  .«kv  .which  it  leadctad  fweei  and  ftuvbltofi  iy  th^ 
hfliliamifi  qualities  of  many  of  ^foireft  triect  j  thc^  lim^ 
pid  ^»mi»  ^U(  httma  mi  ibitU,  M^idk'  ninftdlantlf 
water  thtl  couiitrTi  anlrjtlifr  fieg^lai^  of  the  weaker* 
all  vaitf  IQ  fmiir  tM*^  oi^the  hcilthieft  #o»iitfics  ii^ 
th^wnrid. 

Jtim-2>  Thk  liAr$ft*hai  a  fttcoaft  dTi^bMr  34^. 
"IH^i  In  vdiiieli  diftiaec  thcif  k.aii  ubit^iiice  of  Mi  v 
and  «oiiii^<riKoiit  iMvbottts ;  htm^JliAAik^m  h  i^m- 
<ffl*ii^« j||fiW%i<i^     'fo«t  §m^  iht  toaft,  bfi 


./y. 


m^ltfCT  vn  MA^INE 


Hf 


whait  it  cftHed  the  imkmi  fof^^  Almoft.  the  whok 
coaft  is  liaed  with  iikadb  amot^  wlich  vcflelt  maf 
generallf  anchor  with  iafety. 

The  priaeipal  are  theiolk>#ing,  ai  yotytofcetJfrdBi 
eaft  to .  weft  :  St.  CMx»  Paflamaquoddy^  ScboodKatf*  > 
Unioo*  J^obTcoC)  iCetin^eheck,  ShvepTt^^  AmeriTecig- 
giOt  ( now fQoft gedeiallf  calted  AndrofiroM^iyili^Stet^ 
rivc5  Co&n'f  tiverr  ft07ar4^te^,  Pr«iSaKttjt|  llone^ 
fuch»  Sao0,aild  Menfom  j  alfo  York!bldCH>^Neddoek' 
rivers  ih^  totlnc^  of  ^l^rlc,  whiah  are ihort^aoduw: 
conliderable  ftreams* 

Bap  and  C^. ]    T^^-  pi4<i(ipal  bays-  aiji  PaiTattia- 
qaocUijr,  Machias,  Fenoycotj  Caibo  and  Walls*    Of 
thefei  Penobfcot  and  Caii^«  are  jhe  moft  reixMrhable* 
Both  are  fail  of  illaadfi,  (boie  Qis^i^  are  Ipige  enough. 
f(L)r  towndiips. 

BroduSionf.  %    The  foil  •  of  Uitk  eouhtt^i.  ia  genera}*. 
wlWre  it  ia  properly  fitted  to  «ecei#  the  fted,  appeati 
to  he  very  friendly^  to;  the  growth  of  wheats*  ryey;har« 
ley»  oati^  peai^i  hani0»  fkuc,  v  well  u  f<>r  the  prodSHB*  « 
liofi  d£  alnioft  aU  t^indi  of  euUnary  rooti  andfhtniii 
tad  Ibr  fingiiih  gral^  i  sM  aUb  for  Indiao  «oni|  pi«^ 
vidtd4ht  fifld  bf  prdcar«4  ftom,a  mort'  Hortham'cU* 
mata».  >  |^ppi  nt  nha  IjpontaaHnii  growth  of;  dM: 
cpttfitfyi 

^Thfo  cottfitry  ii.f  ouaUy-  fvod  file,  gyoihig  «•  ibr  ^ 
Ugir#nA^hif|a  9^mm  naat  4MtW  ma^  bo  Mi  hotb^i » 

fiMMtfe'^ilif  #iill«^  \'^  ^^  -;%;■■'    ":  ■  -  ■     •■■   ■  "s-v  •'  --;  ■■  - 

'l^ht  iMiiiiril  fiip^^ll^  cw0otif  confifti  o|;«hna^ 
pine  and  ljftf^<«^^  fiiiitablalof* 

iP^^i^^^wda  ai^d  i3M<ig)f9 1  iha  white  pifie  tt,  perhaps, 
0^  alijihtrithe  aiOft  u^f i|l  Md^  iaqpocf^         wck4. 
wqiiid  ib{^  iti  piace  m  b«»^iii|^   Mapbr  h«ec)4; 
vbitra:y^  |ref  «ui)r,  ^ti#y;tUiii^*?>i|eEiiro^gr^^ 
this  couptryw    Thel^||!^>  »&r|^  i|g)uli^,.£ri^ 
uled«^c.^(;9^^t  wprhi  and  i|tpf»t«i!afiH«&  Kt^l^^^ 
hxxbt  tn  lUaJiQgany*    Tfce  low  lands  produce  fir,  '^ia(i 
tl»<^  is  ikriiieiitei^  for  Ahcrtt<»H^  ;  h^t  tty^iiik^ 
baUasi.diatIf  hi^y  f^<t«    Thiahalfa«ii».coiltaMi«P^ 


^'.''  •■. ' 


"r-  »- 


Wi6 


OrBTMCT  fn^  AlArHR 


bark  of  die  tree.    The  nr  il  if  evergreen,  refemblin^ 
the  rpriice^  but  Tsrf  tapcrmg,  ^ikk  neldier  tall  nor 

Fh>m  the  difkreAt  rivers,  in  thii  eafti^m  country^ 
witters  may  bt'dra^Mi  for  xiUIt  "And  all  water  work. 

Great  advtntages  airife,  to  thoic  who  live  on  the  fea-' 
eoa(l»  from  the  iheil'  fifliv;  vis.  the  lobfler,  the  fcollop, 
and  the  clalni.  To  thefe  advantages  may  be  added  thofe 
which  arife  from  the-fore^l*  being  filled  with  themoofe 
atid  deer,  and  the  wattfs  bfting coVercd^Dntb^wild fowls- 
of  difrerent  kinds* .     ^ 

JRitforh.Jy  Thi»  conntry^-abounds  with  lumbbr  of  va- 
rious kihd^  filch  a*  mafts^  which  of  late,  bowev«r|  havo' 
become  fcarcc  i' white  bijne  boards^  Afp  timber,  and  tr^ 
Ct-y  fpeciet  of  f]^it  liiiibar.  mannfi'/^ared  from  pine  and 
oak ;  thefe  are  ezporced  i^m  tKe  dtfTerent  ports  In  im- 
nenfe  quantities.  X>ried  ^  fvv/^flies  a  capital  article 
of  export.) 

State  oft,heramri.^f  Thfe  ereAtdn  of  la^cpUcgc,*  near  • 
Caljcb  Bay,  is- oontemplated,  and  a  charter  granted  by 
the  leglflature.     /yc^deznics  •  in  }^|Iowi^U,'  Berwifik^ 
Frybuii;  and  Machlas,  Intve  been:  incotj^oirated  by  the  * 
legiflaturc,  and  endowed  with  handfome  grams' of  the  ■ 
public  ii^tids.    ^^iiother'at  IV^r^and^his  been  ioAittttedj, 
hut  has  not  yet  been  endowed/    And  it  is  but  joH  t^^ 
obferve,  that  a  f|>irit- df  imprbvct|ient  is  increafitig. 

Chief  Towm.^VotiX^d}!^  tj|i;i;apit4bf  the^Diftri6^ 
cjf  Mkine*    It  is  fitdated  on  apf di^cintoi7^ in  G^co  Bay, 
miQdwM  formerly  a  pat tof-f^lmeu^^^^    WJfily,  i7«6, 
l^is  paft  of  the  town,  being  die  mt^jpopulods  and  meT" 
cantile,  and'fiKiiited  on  the  b^tr^)^  together  wit^*^ the  > 
ii?and^  whi^h  belong  to  WmouHi,^,wa;i  incorppiatlid  by 
di^  liame-  of  ^Vtk^.  It  has  ^  nnoll  eztellentf  (kfe  and 
capai£idtt»,  harbouiy  whlqlr  isj  SBildidns^  px  ?iever  com- 
^{^teljF  ftozeii  o^e^  >|fi;^  neai^-thernain  oeea^c^nd  ir 
eaiy  of  iteci(f. :  Tl^  ii^(|bita»ts  carry  on  'i  ^onTiiier»> 
b!e  foreign  tr^de.    It  is  one  of  the  netoft  tbriying  com- 
lilercial  towns  in  the  C<>miir^<>nwealth  ol^BH^t^chuietu^,^^  \ 
iiUhough  thwe-founhs  if  ii         laid  in  ath^s  by  the 
^ritii]lLflc«t•i|l  lf;f5r  it  b^M  imec  be^ .  ent^ilieft|i^re^b^^ 
iiid^ittbiiiii  wouta,|o0iQh»bitants.  Aji^ohgltspi^bii^ 


on 


>. 


IHSTRICT  09  MAIN£. 


m 


kuUdiiqps  are  tht^e  ehurchet,  two  for  CoMgregittoaalifts 
aod  one  for  EpUeopalimniy  and  a  haadfonic  court' hooic. 

Tork  it  74  milct  N.  E.  from  Bofton,  and  o  from 
PortTmoatb.  York  river,  which  it  navigable  for  vcf> 
fels  of  S50  tonty  6  or  f  mile*  from  the  (ea,  jiafles 
through  the  town.  'Over  this  river,  aboat  a  mile  from 
the  fea».a  wooden  bridge  was  built  in  1761,  270  feel 
long*  ezclttfive  bf  the  wharves  at  each  end»  wliich  reach 
to  me  channel*  and  Jt^'feet  wide.  The  btidge  ftands 
on  thirtten  piers ;  and  was  planned  and  condiiAed 
by  Major  Samoel  Sewally  an  ibgentous,  mechanic  si^d 
native  of  the  toWo.  The  model  of  Chicles  river  bridge 
was  taken  frOm  this»  and  was  built  under  the  faperin- 
ten<ianee  of  iJie  fame  genileman.  It  has  akb  ferved  as 
the  model  of  fidalden  and  Beverly  bilges,  and  has  been 
imitated,  even  in  Europe,  b|^ho(e  mgenio^s  American 
artifis,  Heflkmv  Coxe  andThoropfon. 

JThis  town-^  fettled  as  early  as  i6ro,and  was  then 
cafied  Agamtmicus,  from  a  remarkable  high  hill  in  it, 
of  that  natoe»  a  noted  land-mark  for  manners. 

Hallowell  ii  a  very  flouriniing  towO,  ritaate4  at  the 
head  of  the  tiit  waters  on  K^etioebeck  river.  Pownal- 
borpugh,  Penobfcot  and  Machias  are  alfo  towns  of 
confiderable  and  increafiog  importance.  Bangor,  fitu- 
ated;  at  the  head  of  the  tide  waters  on  Penobfcot  river, 
Kittery,  Wells,  Berwick,  Nori^  Yarmputh,  Bath,  and 
Waldpborqogh,  are  thcpthcr  mod  conriderablc  r.owns. 

Po^latoiiy  Charnatr  and  Rifl^oiul  ^^^  ^^  ^^'^  o^ 
thefe  articles,  fee  t)ie  uble  of  divifions.  The  Difliia  of 
M^me  is  lu^pOfed  now  to  contain  upwards  of  120,oqq 
inhabitants;    *  ,  /  -        ,        ^ 

There  are  no  peculiar  features  in  the  chara^er  of  the 
people  of  this  diftrift*  to  diftinguifh  them  from  thei)r 
neighbotsrs  in  H^^  Hamp(Hire  and  Vernaont. ,  Placed 
as  they  Ve  10  like  circum^pic^s,  chey  are  like  tlieart,  a 
brave,  hprdy,  eater^rjztngt  tnduftrious,  hofpitable  peo- 

pic.  -;•"'■  "   '    ■  "./    '.;  .   , 

Thci  oreys^^r'relifftofi^  denpmih^tions  are  Conine- 
gationalifU  And  lU{i^s  I  ;tber!pj^r^  a  fcyr  £in(copaItatktf 
an4.Jllonalan  CatMics.- '  ''c       ^'^ '  ^   -  '•■  .  , '  -    ' ' 

hSm^J  The  retti^ni^f  t)ie  l^mfti^  tribe  f^  the 
only  I)||iiiU«im  take  optbeti^  t^^ende  in  this  4mrid. 
Thejr^oni^  of  abm  i  oa  htM'90(id  )iiit  togetb^  in 


'fW^:^- 


t*»* 


m 


M  A»SACHOS21'TS. 


H' 


regnltr  fecietf  «t  Indian  OIH  Towjb,  which  it  Ikoaied 
on  an  iflaod  of  aboti^  ac^  acres,  tn  Fraobfcoc  nvcr,]oft 
above  the  great  kHU,  Thty.itre  Romgn  Catholtci,  and 
have  a  prieft  who  reftdes  among  them/  and  adnit<|iftcrs 
the  ord^Mficefl.  Tll^  have  a  decent  -houfe  for  pnbUc 
worfli'.pt  wIDia hilit  and  another  Imildin^  where  they 
iheet  to  tranfaft  die  plibllr  boftneft  of  their  tribcv.  In 
Aeir  adeqibltes/all  things  are  managed witix  the  great- 

fift  order  and  decorum*  The  Sachems  form  the  legiT- 
a^ve  and  etecntive  attt!)ont7  of  the  tribe;  though  the 
heads  of  att  the  famiKes  are  myite<l  to  be  prcient  at  their 
periodical  public  meetiogr.  , 
irt/lery,yTh€  firft  attempt  to  fettle  this  country  was 
^  made  in  1607,  on  the  weft  6df  of  Kennebeckf  near  the 
Tea.  No,  permaneA^jfettlenisifit,  however,  was  at  this 
time  effe^ed.  USti  n^n^^  that  any  further  at* 
tempu  were  madei  %ntii^tw^sn  tlie  years  1620  and 
1650. 

The  fsparation  Jbf  t!ii«  di(h-ta  lirom  Bfaffachufetts, 
and  its  erci^n  into  ariv independent  fts^e,  liare  been 
fuhjefls  diicaifed  by  the  inhabitantr  i^  town  meeting, 
by  the  appoitktment  of  the  ^giflat|iK<^<  Such  is  the 
ppid  fettkment  and  growth  of  this  oonrrtry,  that  thfi 
^^jieriod  |i4len  this  contemplated  fepiu:«tion  will  take 
ifiace,  h  probably  not  far  diftaWt.'    t  "-^ 

Forfthe  heft  hiAorical  account  of  this  diftirid,  fee 
lodge  Sullivan's  Hiilory,  publilhed  by  lltomas  and 
Andrews,  1795.  v 


-;..  <• 


mm 


SSft 


id» 


jsaessm 


mtmJm 


I,,  ^  MA  IS  S  A  C  H  XJ  3  E  T  T  S. 
^  biTUATiOK  inD  Extent. 


MSea 


Crcateft  length  i^oT  ^.^^   f  t«  3^  t  f^  t^E.  Ion: 
Orcatel^bttadth ^1  ^  -  "f  #in3''«c4a^5»'N.S|6^ 
■^:        5iied>  i!Haare:ii»les;^'      ^•-•:       ^'•■'^■.  \ 


i*.i^;»i , 'IJQU1®>3SD   nteth,  by  Verm«MtR^_ 


iT-;  ,.'Vi.;; 


K" 


MASSACIfUSETt§.  ^ 

tamkOMftfi}  fouth, l»y  till  Atl^mSei Rhode IflMiHn4 
Conncdiciit }  well,  by  Hew  York.  * 

X)tv^L'i   Thit|ttatofMAfl^cfa«rettiifdi?ide4iiito 
the  foUQwing  ettintics 


IMSddkfin    41 
Hunpflttre  6» 


^tf.  i^.l|fl»J|M. 


AmtA 

BArnfUibU 

>iinttt«]ict 
'WoreeOet. 


115 

15' 

fO 
(MS 


7644 

599» 
9fiti 

4240 

♦341 
tOf3 

447* 


<  9t6rf  7 


44875 


Ctlrftowm* 
Salem 


»#. 


^^,1  f  NortlumptoiB 
PiyiQimtb 


Ifmintdn 
fiM-aOabk 
ttomi 
erbutoe " 


^4999{  3<»9V 


5W07I    "Worceftef 

I  ^  Oteac  Banti^oiif  373 


Am 
4l3r 

i5«J 
«W 
fiat 

3»34 
a*  to 

t3s6 


ItrkOure 

,  1  II ^»  fHy    iiiiiii>.ji  '.      I  II  <i    m  ■  't'm 
14C0ttBtic|  »^5        54377     65779  37578/ .      , 

";    /P«:)f>uUtlon  fuf<r  ^Tcry  fqnate  n^  66. 
•C2iii^.5    See  Wtfir  England.  . 

/?iw«.]      Hotiratomck    irivcr   rifes    ftoiA  fttiKat 
^fources  li!  the  weAern  part  of  this  Su^»,ifi<l 
fotitheriy  through  Conileatctir,  Intd  Loil|  ftiN»  Soui 
^erBeld  rtver  (all*  inttf  CpnAeaicttt  ri*|r»  frorti. 
weft,  between  Deerfteld  and  Greenfield.    A  mofl^ti* 
eellent  an4  beautiful  tribft  of  mdidow  lies  on  its  hgAa* 
WeBstM  met  empties  into  t^  Conne^ciit  at  We(fc 
-^^pring^eld.    QQtine^icut  river  pajTes  tkfpviah  this  ftate» 
^  a«[d  taterCs^s  the  conittf  of  HaiMhife*    In  in  tbvxtt 
%^it'r6ns  over  fails,  abov?  pedrfield,  and  between  |lorth« 
^nnpton  and  Springiicld/    A  coi||panyt4ytl^enaaieo$ 
-''^•^The  PropirietQis  of  the  Loc|ts  ilM  CansUi  tmObatu^-^ 
^  ficul^rii^^"  wi^  tneorpQ^lvd^  i^  General  Cpurtilg 
1792,  for  the  parpofeof  renderifi^  C^fuiedient  j^eT 


til 


^184 


M  A?S  8  A  C:«  U  S  E  T  TS. 


M- 


«s4;;i^ 


ft  it^  nattgible  for  TcfTelf  of ^ordcii^  about  to  milti  frdiii 
ttt  mouth.  There  are  1 2  fetiiei  4ipo6  tbii  riTep  in  tlie 
county  of  EiTeSy'  over  iev«ail  of  whieb  bridges  h;i?e 
beeneredcd.  ^ 

-<Na(hua»  Concord,  and  ShaiHbeen  riTert,  rife  in  this 
Oate  and  Htn  a  norUicafterty  courfftintO'tht  Merrimack. 
Ipfwich  and  Chtbacco  rivers  paft-lhrongh  tbt  town  of 
IpAvich  into  IpArich  bay.    'Myftic  river   falls   into 
■  Vofton  hsibour  eail  of  the  peninfula  of  Charlcftgwn. 
It  is  navigable  3  milci,  to  Medford.    A  canal  is  cut- 
*  ting  CO  conneA  this  with  Meniroack  river. 
'  ¥.'  Charlei  riter  is  a  confiderable  ftream  which  paiT^s  in. 
to   Bofton  harl^ur,  between  Charleftown  and  Boftdn. 
It  is  navigabia'  for  boats  to  Waterto^n*  7  miles. 

J^ep^ua  rtver^ter  pafling  over  faUs  fuffici,«nt/to 

^Irry  itltils,  nnitmiirith  other  fmall  ftreainsi  and  forms  a 

'  tiery>conftant  (upply  0^  water  for  the  many  mills  fitu- 

litcd  on  the  riv«r  below,  until  it  mect^thc*  tide  in  Mil 

ton,,  from  whence  it  is  navigable  for  v^fTels  of  150  tone 

^  burthen  toihe  bay,  dil|ant  about  four  miles. 

North  Hver',run8  in *a  Terpentine  courfebetw. en 
'Scituat^andMatfhiield,aTidpa(restothefea.     Taunton 
river  is- made  up  of  fcveral  Areams  vrhicb  unite  in,or 
eiir|l|»^|lM|imr<jf  BridgeWater.^  It^.courfb-is  irom  N.  £. 
tOf  S.  Wi  till  itfaUs  into  Narraganfet  hiXf  at  Tiverton, 
Oppoiite  the  noith  end  of  Rhode  Ifland.    Jt  receives  si 
>On^idera^e  tribut^rji^  (beam  at   Taunton^  from  die 
•:.?', n#rthweit    •■    ■■'■r--'  .•■>  -  •    '".       •    •      ' 

iCapfSfJSaytf  IJltmdsi  Gfr.]  -1  he  Capes  of  note,  on  the 
..coaft  of  \his  4atc,ar«r^€ape  Ann  «nth^  north  ftde  of 
^feffachufctti  Bay,  and  Cane  God  on  the  fouthv  .  Cape 
^^MalabaT)  on^andy  Point,  extends  id  iniles  from  Chat- 
bam  towards  Nantucket ;  Cape  Pogt,  the  N.  }i.  pomt: 
of  C^baqUiddi<^  KOayhead,  the  weft  point  of  Mar- 
tiwi's  Vineyai^  i  / 

The  prin<c%p^ays  tsii  <he  c 0, \ft  of  |k^^cbu£^tt^,  are, 
Ipl^ich,  B<j^,(plymOuth|  q;|jj|<S3f3  or  JR»kiftable, 
and  Bazaar<f  s  b*ys.  Many  itUnli^iare  fcattered  along 
the  fioalVj  :^he;  xm^  looted  of  whi^  are  rltm  ffiaaly 
iRhith  is  about ^  frnlqs  in  lengidii^^ejteQ^i]^  ^«m*  ftl^r- 
'  ..ri^a^^'  riter  ^  tbt ;'i|c*|^' tQ il*r«flii^lMj#of  Igfivici; 
•mm  on  the  i«(uih,  ^d  k  fepgarktcd  fr^iiJvtH  mpia  hk^ 

'  1^ 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


«3J 


Tii  ftperil  placei  ttt  low  water.  It  confHlt  princip»iUf 
of  fiind  blown  into  ciiriom  heaps,  ^nd  e^wncd  with 
budic*  bcarinir  the  beach  plum. 

Nantucket  Jjiund-  liei  fbath  of  Cape  Cod.     It  containt t 
aecordingto  £MQglaiii»  a^boo  acre^,    bcliiJing  the 
beach.    This  ifland  wai  granted  to  Thoma#Ma}  hew« 
by  the  Karl  of  Sterling,  in  the  year  1^41,^  a(ld  the  fettle- 
nient  of  it,  by  the  Engnni,  commenced  in  the  year  165^ ' 
As  the,  ifland  it  low  and  fandy,it  is  calculated  only  for 
thofe  people  who  are  wilKng  to  ttepend  almoft  entirely- 
on  the  watery  elemeilt  for  fubfiftenee.    The  ifland  c^' 
itfelf  conflitutes  otie  eountv*  by  the  name  of  Nantucket.  ■* 
It  has  but  one  town  calkd  Sherburne,  containing,  in. ^* 
J790, 4,iao-inhaolfcintf^   /' 

The  inhabitants  formerly  carne^«n  the^mdftcohfi;)- 
enibU  whale  fiOiery  on  the  ooafl,i6at  the  war  ajn^od 
raided  this  buAnefs*    Ther^*^*  Once/  howe/ery  reviv* 
ed  (t  again,'  and  purfue  thlrwhailes  even  tnio  the  Gieat  ' 
Pacific  Ocean.    iWe*  U  nota  lingii  treton  the  iiUnd  -  * 
of  jnatural  aroirth«^        -  .  ,4  < 

The  inhabitami  of  thii^iland^iuw  princtptlly  Q2talieri.|:A 
there  fs  one  fbci^  df  Congregattonali1|j{.    Fony  yf«ft 
aso  there^  were  three  con|^attoAi  «f  Indlani,  etfch  of 
Which  had  a  hcmie  lor  wof(h^#^4iiM««tiiMshci.>Tl^tr^ 
lal^  Indian psiftor  diedi  aoyears^mee,  and  was  a Mrorch]^ 
refpcaafclc  trhaiadcr.    -  t  i 

Portia's  yineymrd^  vr)mh^^s^  Utrle.t*  the  wdHward^  ' 
of  Nantucket  is  19  miles  in  length,  and  fbur  in  breadlK^V'^' 
It  contains  3  focieties  of  C&ngregationaltils,  at  Ed^it*<^' 
tonjTi&un^  and  Chihnarkrt^  of  B^pttfts,  witliout  n^-  >  f 
i(ters,:and  three  congregations  of' <lTnliani^  one  of  whilih^4 
isfopp^ied  by'aia'orcUnned.Iadan  ii|intller,'<aiid  to  the 
othcFj  the  Rev.  Ikir.  Mayhew  jveaches  in  rotation,  ^nfit  v 
fuperiotends  ihfi  whole*   Tiiis  vand  the  neighbouring  id-  ,^ 
and  of  Chabaqu^ddick;  Noman's  land,  and  the  £li^w  ^^r 
both  'inm)dsH:p|iAlii^  Duke^V  county ,^jSontaintng,  ifi' 
^799^  5 265  ^^l^t^Ml  betweea40(>  and  500  of  whid»  ^ 
are^  Indians  and  muhttoes,  ^blimng  hy  agficaltttre*:>»' 
and  fiihing*    •'    ...  :■.- .  '     ,     ■     ';    ■%  .^.  -  .  .-    /t 

*£dgaTtod«  which  inc^udes^thcfer^etilandef  Cha^  -^ 
ba<|utddicl,  about  bhree  dr  four^mtles'loag,  £«id  df^  and  ' 
a  half  bt^idt  is  the  ihire  town.    The  princip^ipsodii^-  ■ 


t.N, 


«3^ 


MAMACHUSEtTS. 


tioni  of  the  iflasd  ire  com,  rje  aod  oatt*.  Th«7 
iheep  aod  cattle  in  confiUerable  numbers*: 

The  other  Ulands  of  confideration  arc  in  Maflachu-' 
fetti  ba/,' which  U  agreeablf  diveiffiicd  by  about  40  of 
▼arious  fixei .  Of  thcfc  about  15  only  are  of  much  im« 
portance..     % 

Caftle  iibnd  it  about  three  iniles«from  Bofton>  and* 
contains  fbout  1  ft  acres  of  land*  The  butldingt  are  the 
covemor^  houiCf  a  magazine^aolt  barracks,  and  work* 
Shops.  In  J^me,  1792*  there  were  confined  on  this  iiW> 
and  77  conviifts,  who  were  employed  in  the  mamifadure 
«f  nails  and  ihoet»  and  guarded  by  a  company  of  be* 
imeen  60  and  7Q  foldiers.  The  fort  pf  this  ifland  cpm- 
inands  the  entrance  of  the  harbour*  Here  are  mounted 
50  pieces  o(  carnioRiMiJid  44  other!  lie  difmounted* 

$dii  ami  PnikiSi(ms.%  In  MaiTachufetU  are  to  be  foundr 
all  the  varieties  of  ibil  from  very  good  to  very  bad,  capa* 
idt.  of  yielding  all  the  different  prodoAions  cdmmoa  to 
the  climat^»  fuch  as  Indian  com,  rye«  wiieat*  barley,  oats». 
hetnpt  Aat,  hops,  potatoes,  field  beans  tatd  peas— ^^apples^ 
fears^  peaches,  plums*  cherries*  $k» 

MamfaHmrti^^  Inhere  is  a  dock  manufador?  at  BoP 
ton,  ft<om  ^Rdiich  between  2,000  and  3,000  bttuts,  of  40 

Srds  e%ch,  /aid  no  be  the  beft  duck  evet  before  feen  in  A* 
»r ica»  hiive  been  fold  in  one  year,  Manufadores  of  thii> 
kind  have  been  begun  in  Salem,  Haverhill  and  Spring- 
field. MaoufaAones  of  cotton' goods  have  been  unfuo- 
cefirfilUy,  thoiigh  patriotically  attempted,  at  Beverly,, 
Wcil^er  aiid  Bofton,    A  woollen  manu&Aory,  on  an 

a  five  fcale«  has  been  eftablifhedat  ByefieMpanfliin' 
Ittry.    At  Taunton,  Bndgwater,  Middleborough,, 
ind  fome  otiKr  places,  sails  have  been  made  in  iuch 
^oaatitiet  as  to  prer^ent  in  a  ^teat  vi<afure  the  im- 
fiortatibtt  of  them  from  Qreat Britain.  -  In  this  State, 
Ikere  are  about  id  piper  mills,  which  produce  about 
70,000  reama  of  paper  annusdly.  .'The  principal  card^ 
maottbAorieft  are  in  Boilop,  in  whlibl  aie  made,  yearly, 
■boot  i2,poo  doiten  of  cotton  and  wool  cards*     Be- 
tween 2,000  And  5,000  dozen  cards  are  ttade  at  the- 
other  manuia^ries  in  different  parts  of  the  State. 
Shoes  io  large  numbers  are  manoiaSured  at  Lytin— . 
BfBc  and  thread  lace,  wo(^en  cloth,  &c.  at.  Ipfwich».. 
Whi^k  b^m  its  naturad  ^adtantages,  pron)ifes.  to  become 

*      a  aia&u{a^iirio|[ 


/ 


MASSACHU'SETTS. 


nr 


a  mtnufaAuring  town— Wire  for  cards  and  Hfh-hookn, 
at  DcJham— and  a  dfe^hottfe  has  lately  been  built  m 
CharleAown,  for  the  dying  of  Alks,  woollen  rbths,  ftc. 

There  were,  in  1702,  62  diflitlerics  in  fhit  State,  em*  ^ 
ployed  in  dif^ilting  hem  foreign  materials.  In  thefe 
Ui Cilleries  were  158- dills,  which»  cogetheft  contaTned 
1 02,1 7 3  gallons.  Be(idet  thefe  there  ware  twelve  coun- 
try  fttlls,  employed  in  diftilling  4(Mnel\ie  materials* 
One  million  nine  hundred  thoufand*  gallons  have  been 
didilled  in  one  year,  which,  at  a  duty  of  eleven  cents  a 
gallon,  yields  a  revenue  to  the  govertiment  of  209,000 
dollars.  A  elaft  bouie  hai  been  ereAed,  at  a  great  ez* 
ptnfe,  in  BoSon,  yrhich  promilb  'tm^tant  benefit  to 
the  country.         "^ 

BnJj^f.)   The  bridges  that  merifrndttce  in  this  State 
are  the  following,  viz. 

Charles  river  bridge,  builr  iii  i7S6^f^f,    tj^j  feet 
lon)(,'and  conned^  Bofton  and  Charleftown. 

^alden'  bridge;  aerofs  MyUic  river,  conne^hg. 
Charleftown  with  Nfidden,  buiiit  in  1797^  3,^!»o  feet. 
lon^,  and  32  feet  wide. 

i,kcx  bridge,  upwk^ds  «lf  r.joc  feet  in  length,  ere4icd 
in  178^,  andcotinelt^^le.m  with  Beverly.-' 

A  bridge  acrols  PSHfker's  river,  870  feet  long^  aftd  26 
feet  wide,  bdiltlhth*  year  1 75Jfc 

A  bridge  over  Merrimack  river  in  the.county  of  Ef«; 
fex,  kbout  t^JH*  inHW  ab<Mre  Newburyporti  built  in  1 792* 
x\t  tlie  place  wheit  the  bridge  i«  eretfted,  an  iflafid 
divkles  the  rivt*  into  two  br^iiches ;  aii  arch  ori6ov 
feet  diameter/  and  40  feet  above  the  level  of  high  water, 
conne^s  this  ilhnd  wi^  the  main  on^one  tide*  The 
chaimd,  on  the  o^ier  fide,  is  wider,  but^the  centre  arch 
is  bu&  I4(>  feet  diameter* 

Another  iBti[enioitflv  conilfufted  bridge  has  lately 
beeneomj^etcd  ov^  tl  as  ilver  at  Pentucket^fr,  between- ' 
ChSltmford  and^llrtici«e,  iti  the  county  5f  Middlc^fez. 

Hiiv^riiill  bit<%e,  cO{me<SHn^  Hiverhitl  with  Brad« 
ford^^lP  feet  in  length,  buUt  m  1794.  •      - 

Merritnaek  bridge,  between  Newbury  and  l^verhil1». 
fev^^  hundred  feet  longer  than  any  other  over  the 
M6rrimatl^b«itt  iy^5  S  un^^  "irhtcli,  another  has  been  i 
built '  at 'Andwer. 

Wea  Bofton  bridge,  coniieabg  th*  >eft  ^art  efi 
BoftoCwi^  CaDabridge,  orcr  Charles  mtr^  was  coni- 


«3l 


MASSACHUSETTI^. 


pleted  in  tbe  fall  of  1 793,  \>cm%  5*500  feet  in  lengdi^. 
befides  a  caufevay  of  3,640  feCt,  making  toeether  near- 
ly a  mile  and  a.  third.  Thtfe  brulges  are  m  fiipported: 
hy  a  toll. 

Literary t  Hmani^  md  other  Soeleiiet.J  Tbefe  kiftitttr 
ttOBS,  in  Maflathoretts,  exhibit  a  fair  trait  in  the  charac- 
ter oi:  the  inhabitants,  and  are  as  follows  : 

7i&#  jimeriean  Aeddpny  of  Af^s  end  Scietieet,  incorpo-. 
rated  May  4tli,  1780.    .The  JMnfadu/eUt  Charkable SocU* 
tyt  incorporated  December  16,  1779*     The  Bafion  Mptf" 
copal  Chiuritalle  Soci^y^%T?i  inftituted  in  I724»  and  incorw 
porated  Febrwar)t.i2,  1784* "  The  Maffachuf^ts  Medlcfd' 
Society  t  incorporated  Notrcmber  t,  1781,     The  Society  for 
Propagating  the  Gojpel  among  the  Indians,  and  others  in* 
NoKiih   America,  ,'in0rporated    Norcmber   19,    17870 
The   Majfachufetts  Society   for  Promoting   /l^ricuUure,  in- 
corporated in  17 93.     Xiie  Hijlwical  Society,  eftabliihed. 
in  1^91,  incorporate  in  1794.    I^h6  Marine  S^jcidies  of 
Bofton,  Salem,  .and  Newburyport^    The  Majuchuftttt 
CongregatiMotr  Society.     The  '  Scotch  tihd    Iri/h    Charitahie 
Societies.  ,  it9  Soei^  fir  the  Aid  of  Em'^emtSy  inllituted  in . 
1793,  ii^cprpcn'/tted  in  17915*    "^he  M(^cchufstts  Chofitabk.^ 
Fire  Society  inUjitpited  and  incorporated  m  I794>.   Ihfton 


fim,p  eftabliflied  in.  i795'-^iid  the  Bojlon^- 


Mecham^t 


Difpenfa^  for  the  Medical  Rdief  of  the  Pm»^,  infUtuted. 
in  I796k%:':;:l,..  .     ':^- 

!   Literature/ Qlffle^et,  Academies ^  i^c.l^ .  AccordHlg  to.  the,,- 
laws  of  this  Commonwealth,  every  town  ihaving  fifty 
hoi:Ueholders  or  upwards,  i^  to  be  provided  with  one  or 
more  fchool-maftei^s,.to  teach  children  and  youth  to  read  . 
and  it^ite,  and  inftiuft  them: in  theEngltih  language, 
arithmetic^'  orthography,  and  decent  behaviour  ;    and ; 
Vrhere  any  town  h^s  200  families,,  therc^  is  alfo  to  be  a. 
grammar  fchool  fet  up  therein,  and  fome  di^reet  p«r% 
top,  well  iniliru^ed  in  the  La^n,  Greek,  and  Eaglifh. 
languages^  procured  to  keep  die  fame,  and  be  fui^bly  • 
paid  by  the  inhabitants.    The  penalty  fw  negleA  of 
fchoois,  iti  towns  of  50  fahiiUes,  is  iol — thofe  of  lOP 
iiunilieS)  ap/i— of  150^30/.  >• 

Ifi  JBofton  there  ^re  i^ven  public  Schools  fuppoited 
^(Oly  tvthe  expenfe  of  the  town,  and  in  which  j(h^  chil- 
dren of  ever^  clafs  of  citizens  freely  a^ociate.  lit  the 
&«tio  gsmasm.  UiMkibfi  rudimcats  of  the  Latin  an^ 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


13^ 


^tpik  langtug«s  are  uttpht,  and  boys  are  qtudified  for 
the  iwivcrluies  i  into  Uas  iibool  none  are  admtned  (illv 
ten  year^Aof  a^e,  having  been  pi  evioufly  weU^Hnilru^ed 
in  Engliib  gtammar.     In  the  three  Englilb  grammar 
fc)iooU»  the  children  of  htb  feies,  from  7  to  14  years  of' 
age  are  inftru^ed  iii  fpeUiogt  accenting  and  reading  the 
Engliih  language,  both  proie  and  verfe,  with  propriety  | 
alfb  in  Engnfli  grammar  and  compofitiony  together  with 
the  mdimenu  of  geography  ^  m  the  other  ttuwe  the 
fame  children  are  taught  writing  and  af4^metic*    Th6 
fchooh  are  attended  alternately,  aod  each  of.  them  it* 
fumiiked  with  an  Ufher  or  AflHUnu.  The  mailers  ^^ 
thefe  (chools  hstvc  each  a  falary  of  666}  dollarapei  an-^ 
nam,  payable  quarterly* 

They  are  all  ttnderihe.imR:.''jdiate;fare  of 'a  ipommittee 
cf  twenty  one  gentlemen^  for  tlie  time  beings  chofen 
anauallyi  whoie^duty  it  is  ^^  to  Vidt  the  Schools  at  lesdl: 
on^e  ill  ti»ee  mofithfi  ;  to  examinie  th^  fcholars  in  the 
vvirioas  brancherin  which  they  are  Uilght;  todevife  the>- 
be{i  metliods  for  the  inRra^on  and  government  of4he 
fchools';/to;  .give  fuch  advice  to  tlie  ma(ler&  as  they  (hall - 
think  expedient^  and  by  all  proptr  methods  to  excite  i|» 
children  a  laudable,  ambition  to  excel  in  a  virtuous,  ami*' 
able  deportment,;*  and  in  every  brani))  of  ufeftd  knowl- 
edge."   At  lihe  annual  vitits^ion  in  July,  I795,vih)erc. 
were  prefent  4^0/miires  and  850. boys..   Befides^ibefe 
tliexe  are  feVe#^  private  fchools,  for  int^nidlion  in.the>^: 
Englifli,   Latins; and   French  languages — <in  writings 
ariihmetiq,  and  the  higher  branches  of  maiiheniatics~<^^ 
and  alio  in  loudc  and  dancing.     ]Rerhaps^there.is  not  a 
town  in  tne  world,  the  youth  oi'  which  more  fully  €t^ff 
the  benefits «of  fch«ol  education,,  than  Bofton. .    And' 
when  we  coi^der  bow  infeparably  the  happinefs  ifhd^ 
profperiiy  a£.  out;  country,  and  the  extlience  of  >  pur^ 
prefeiH  hapfiry  gpjreinment,  are  coanei^ed  with  the  edtt^ 
cation  of-  children,^^to6  rnncb»eredit  cannot  be  given  to 
the  enlightened  citi^inAS  of  this  town,  for  the  attention 
they  have  prnd  to  this  important  burtnefs,  .and  the  ^r- 
thy  txample  fhey^hiave  eahibited  for  the  iniHatioa  of 

OthftfSa;  -  ,i''-'     '■      ■■      -'■      ■'■''''   ■* 

Nektin  in^;26riance  to  the  grammar  Arhooli  are  tht 
academies,  in  wbichi  as  well  a^  in  the  grammar  ichooU^. 
young  geotkiikft  Jlise  fittei  Ibti^^to^n  to  the  UHjU 


%: 


»crfi#^ 


\ 


DUMMSA 


t4<y 


MA  SS%QHV  SETTS. 


PuMMSR:  AcADiMT,  at  Nciwbur/f  was  ibttaded  ii»* 
early  as  1756,  by  raeanstof  a  liberal  d<|DatiMi  from.the  ! 
Honorable.  William  ])ttiDiiier»fonn^lyiieateiiaBt  ^^v* 
emor,  and  a  wortby  man,  whole  name  it  has  ever  hnce 
retained.  It  w;*r opened  in  17659  and  iticorpos^aied  by- 
ana^  of  the  General  Comt,  in  ^782.  Tius  academy 
^is  at  prefent  in  a  flourilhing  ftate, 

Phillips^  AcApfiMr,  in  Anddver,  was '  founded 
and  handfomely  endowed}  April  211  r778»  l>y  the  Hon* 
orable  Samuel  Phillips^  £^,.  of  Andoirer,  in  the  county^. 
of  .£iret»  and  GommoQWealthsof  MafiachuiettSt  lately 
detieafed,  and  hiiibrothov  th^  Komorable  John Phiillipst 
LL.  D.  of  £xeter»Jii  thetStikte^e^NewHampiliire. 
It  was  incorporated.  Odober  4r  i7do*  '  llrta  u^der  the 
dirc^ibn  of  thirteen  l!fuA<ses^  of TeQiMtdable  eharaftetSs 
and  fheiirimediatefiafeiof  B^jhrincipal,  whpisonc  of  the 
trviftees  ex  officiof  m  JiS^uiti  st»d  :^  Writing  Mafter. 
Tliey  ars.accommodated  with  a  Ittge  and  elegant  build* 
ing»  ere^ed  at  t^  expenfe  of  the  foundets,  ^d '>  '. 
brother^  the  HonorabkWillUim;Phillif»f£f(|^  of  r  * 
ton*  It  is  ruuated  on  a  delightful  eminftnce»  near  the 
mapfion  houle  of  the  Hcmor^le  ^unuel  PhHlips,  £f«|9 
its  difttt)$uil)ied  patron,  and  fon  of  the  dec^|^4fftunder 
«*-is  encompft^ed  withii  £ili:ibriou9  airi  .aod  eommands 
an  ^xtenfive  profpcdL  The  lowej:j.ftbry  contains  a  large 
fcUoolrodRi,  wim  ample -accommodalkml  fot^an  hun- 
dred^ ft  udenis,  and  tvro'  other  apastniienls  for al&rary, 
and  other  purpofes  I  th^\  upper  fiory  conEils.c:^  a  fpa^ 
clous  hailf  rxstyfour  feet  in"iength,a^thiirty'tfai«e  feet > 
in  breadthyc.  deAgned-  for  exh^ion»<^and'other  |yubUc 
'  oecaltbnSi^..       '■/■■  ■■  '^  ■  ^ .-      ^■--         -   . 

.  The  defign  of  thti^^Undation,  acconUng'lalts  eon*, 
ftltution  j  i6».  **  The  promoiidn  of  true  piety  and  Tirtue,:. 
the  ifldrtk&ion  of  youth,  in  the  EngliQi)  ^tin^  and.. 
Qreelj^  languages'^  together  with  wi  tting,  \aritbitietic,\ 
pra^icid  geometry!  mufic^ii^  c»ra^^»(  logic  4ind  ge- 
«gvii|>h^4  and  fuch  other  of  the  Ubecai  arts  and  i<^i« 
et^eesi ;  IQV  lan^uageti  as  opportunity  ^d  ibility  may^ 
hereafter  admit,  atid  the  ^ju(liees  fhall  4tred."         ^ 

I.£2CE$t£R  AcADAMY,  in  the  towniKip  of  l^eLe^r, 
and  yjeomAj  of  Wotceft^r,  was-  iJieVrporatedin  ^7^. 
R>r  the  eniowngemeht  of  the  inlHtUtion,  Ebeneaer 
Crafts  and  Jmo^  O^i0».£^r't.  g«aaoti%  gate  a  la^te 


'4u 


M  A'SSA  C  It  tJ  S  B  TT  » 


t4ir 


aof'conaio^oaf  mtAfion  houftt  liddi  tiul  ^parte- 
luuictty  ifl  L«icefter« 

BttfTQi/  AcA»mT}  «t  Tatfmton,  was  tacorpontcd  itt* 
1793* 

At  Htngbam  if  »vwe!l  etdowed  fcHool,  which,,  lit 
hofMfr  of  Its  principal  donor  and'  foundet^  it  cwed^ 
DtrBy-School,  -     ,  ,       - 

lliere  aciidemiss  ate  defigned  to  dii&miDate  virtue 
and  true  piety^  tor  promote  Uie  edaealion  of  yoath  tn^ 
the  EngUihc  Latins  Grecfcr  and  French  bnguages,  ia* 
vrriting,  ari^fnetic^oratory^gecgmphy^pra^kicfil  geom- 
etry, logic,  philofopby,  andfucii  other  of  the  libtral  art^ 
and  fcteltccs*  orlanguages,  a»iBay  be  thought  expedieiiU  • 

Harvard  Vmvetfiyt  in  Cam(>ridge,  talcct  its  date  from' 
the  year  1 658.  lliis  year  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  a ' 
worthy  mintll(er«  refiding  i^  Charleffowti»  died,  atidhleA* 
a  donation  crf?jf*779»  for^the  ufeof  the  f^rementiotted' 
public  ichool.  Iti  h(mu:!r  to  die  memory  of  fo  hberal  ^-^ 
behefa^hn',^^e  General  Court,  the  f:fme  year,  ordereJ" 
that  tlieif^hool  fhoukljcaiee  the  name  W  ^SirMr/  (7f%r*  • 
It  received  its  6rft  charter  in  1650* 

The  su&ivesfity  ooinilfts/ofJtNir  elegant  briek'«difi6eS^' 
liandTomely  emc^ed^  They^^Qd  on  a  beautiful  greeitt ' 
which  fpreads  ti^the  noixhweft,  auid^cxiubits  a  pleafing-1 
view.  '    ••■     ;.- 

The  nanet  of  the  icveratbuUdingS|  aref  Harvard  Hal^r^ 
Mafiachiifetts  HaU,  Hollis  Hall,  and  Holden  Chapel. 
Harvard  Hall  is  divided  into  (ix  apartments ;  ^ one  o^> 
which  is  appropriated  for' the  library,  one  for  the  mu- 
feom,  two  for  the^philofaphical  app^ratos-;  one  is  ufed 
for  a  chapel  and  the  other  for  a  dining  JiaU^    The  libra* 
ry,  in  1791^  conuined.  1  a^cco  voUinncf ;   and  wiU  be 
continually  increafing  from  the  inter#il  of  permanent. 
funds,   as-  Weil  as  from   ca£iiai  bencfaftions.  •    The 
philofophical  apparatus,  belonging  tbthis  univerfity/- 
cod  between  t4.aQd/'.'l5CQ lawful  moneys  and  is  (he^ 
moft  elegant  and  complete  of  any  in  America* 

This  utriverAgr,  as  to  its  .library,  philofophical  Appa- . 
Htus  .and  profelTorfliips,  is  at  prefcnt  the  hrft  literarp 
inftitmion  on  this  Continent. 

In  Williamftown,  in  Berk(htre  county,  is  muother  lite- 
tary  inflitotion.  Col.  £phraim  Williams  laid  the  foun< 
dftiiba  o£it  by  a  handibme^donaiiiDti  in  Iftads.    l|i  1 79fi/v 


14*  r       MAS^A'^ntfSZTTSi 

|Mi^y  hf  lotteff;  aQBl:pardy  bf  the4ib«ral  domtion  fM-' 
gtntlemen  in  tht  town^  a  briok  edifice  wiif  «re^d>  8f 
ntt  by  42y  tnd  four  ftorierbigh»  eoftttiniiie  14  reoMl 
for  ttodeiiu,  a  Itrge  fefaool  room,  A  dintiig  nall^  ^nd  a- 
rddm  for  iHiMic  f|p«lkhig.'  It  bad  a'VfteeeA^fy  an  Ufher* 
and  a  mafler  of  the  Englifli  f^faooU    Tb<  number  of 
fludeiits,  in  i*j^$t  was  fMtween  50  and  60t  beftdei  the 
ftholars  of  the  freefchool.   ^lits  academy,  tn  i795;wai 
ereOed  into  t  collegebf  the  le^^iUture  of  the  Common* 
v^alth,by  th^  name  of  WiCMAWrt'CoLueciyinbOnmsr 
of  its  liberal' founder.    Tbe  urfl;  puUic  commencement' 
Wis  held  a^this  Cc^kge^  in  September,  t7c  ;. '  The  lan- 
guages and  fciei$oeiltiAtaUy  ta^ht  in  tlie  Air^^ca»i  Col- 
Ie^«s  are  taughkshcie.   B<iatd/CnktOn  and  other  expenfes- 
oi  education  arv  yery^low  f  and  ic'om^ts  fidiation  and ' 
other  drcntxtftanaesi  it  is  likely,  in.a  ihort  time,  to  be^^ 
tfoikie  an  inftitution  of  coniidcrablt  otiliry^and  impor^^ 
'  tjince.  ■■...■■■ 

€khfTowiu,^\  Bofton  it  the  eapUali'  not  onlf  of 
Mai%chuiettsr  but  of  Neir*  England,  iuid  list  in  lar.  42^ 
35'  N/  It  is  built  on  a^eiiimiila  dr  an  irrc|;ttlar  fonn> 
at  th0  bottom  of  Ma^ickufettr  Bay.  The  n«ek  or  ifth« 
muf  which  joint  the  peninfalarto  ^c  eontincnt  it  at  th« 
fouth  end  !oC'the  town,.  and:'«lia<k'tQ  Rosbttty.  Tbe^ 
length  of  the  town  itfelf  i«  uftt  c^uitertwoj  miles,  Its 
breiidtb  iff  V(i|!«ous.(  It  contained^  1790,^^137^  dwel« 
Jing  houfes^  and  1 9%o$t  inhabitacnts.  ^  Since  whioh^  the 
number  of  «both  has  greatly  increafed. 

lO  Bofton»  are  ii0  hon^s  for  public  wpiHiip  ;  of  which 
nine  are  for  Congregatienalifts,  thiree  for  Jgpifcopaltans, 
two,£or^BaptiIls,  one  for  the  Friends,  one  for  Univcr- 
^Itfts,  one  for  Roman  Cathtdies,  one  for  Sandimanians, 
and  one  for  Methodifts.  .. 

The  other  public  buildings  are,  the  l«ate  hsmCc,  court 
hfiuk,  gaoli  Faneuil  hall,  two  theatres,  an  alms^houle, 
a  work  houfcj  a  bridewell,  and  pojAuder  magazine* 
On  the  wed  Od^|if  the  town  is  the  mall,  a  very  beautiful 
public  uralki.  ad^ned  with  row«  of  trees,  and  in  view  of 
tho^  common,  which  is  always  o^en  to  reir^^iog  breezes^ 
Beacon  hill^  on  which  a  handfome  monument,  commem- 
orative of  fome  of  the  moll  important  events  of  the  late 
'U'ar,  has  lately  been  ere<£tBd^  overlooks  the  town  from 
the  wiQ^  aad  afibrds  a  fine,  variegated  proijped*  :  Oft  ~ 
'  ."•'••  n*^-  ■     :  ■        "    .     die 


MASS  A  CH  USITISS. 


mv, 


M3 


Ifce  fettih  ftite  of  tkk  hilly  a  nagoifictnt  ftnte  hoiiite  Ifis 
bi^lT  been ereded.  ^      ';--^r  *  r*        ,.  *v  x 

3n«  bariKNtr  of  Bofton  is  fftfcf  and  large  otoc^  to 
contain  500  ibips  at  anchcr,  i a  a"  good  dejj^th  of  winter ; 
while  :the  entranct*is  fo  narrow,  as  fcareyfy  to  adflHit 
two  ib'i^s  abreaft.  Ir  is  direzfified  wttb  mui7  i^diy 
fome  of whifh  afford  ri^  pa^ringY^haj  and  gntin. 

The  principal  manufaAores  here,^are  rmn^  beer>  pa^r 
hangings^  of  which  24,000  pieeer  are  aaiuM^y  ms^e, 
loaf  fugar,  cordage,  cards,  fail  cloth, fpefmaleci^ndtal-' 
low  candles,  and  glafs.     There  are'  thirty  diftifleries, 

X  2^breweriev  8  fugar  houies,  and  1 1  ro^  walks. 

4^ '  Sakm^rhe  fecond  town  for  fi^,  and^the  oldeft,  except 
PJymomhjin  the  Commonwealth,  containmg,  in  i;79o, 
92Shoufes,and  7921  inhabitants, was  fettledln  1628,  by 

fovernor  £ndtcot,  and  was  called  by  the  Indians  JNfautn- 
eag.  Here  are  a  meeting  of  Quakers,  an  Epifci^al 
(^;uch,  and  five  Congregational  ipcieties.  The  town  is 
fituated  on  a  peninfula,  formed  by  two  fmaU  inlats  of 
thefea,  called  North  and  South  riVei'&.i  A  general  plain- 
^nefs  and  neatnefs  in  dr efs,  huildings  and  equipage,  and  & 
certain  ftillnefs  and  gravity  of  manncrs/perhaps  in  Ibme 
degree. peculiar  to  commercial  peo^le^  dfftinguilh  them 
^  from  the  citizens  of  the  metropolis*  It  is  indeed  to  lie 
■unfiled,  that  the  fober  induftry,  here  fo  univcriaily  prvic* 
tifed,  may  become  more- extenfive  through  the  union, 
and  form  the  national  cha^after  of  Federal  Americans. 
Southeafi  from  Salem,  ah<|  at  fonr  miles  diftanCe|5rom 
it»  lies  Marhlehead,  contaihing  dne  Epi&opal  and  two 
Congregationrxl  churches,  bcfides  a  fmall  fociety  of  Sep. 
aratifts.^  The  chief -attentic«i  of  this  town  is  devoted  to 
the  bank  fiftery,  and  more  is  done.  iathatK  line  thaivnn 
any  p(;>rt  ia  the  ftatc.  ?^         * 

Newbufyport,  originally  pare  of  Hewbury,  from 
which  its  incorporation  detached  it  in  1764,  ani  by 
which,  and  Merrimack  riircr  it  is  wholly  enriched, 
is  perhaps  the  moft  limited  in  its  exteatiOf  land,  ef  any 
towaihip  in  die  CommonweaUb>  containing  but  about 
640I  axrer.  Jfere  ar^  five  Uoufes  for  pfthlic  worfhip,  viz* 
one  Epifcopaliari,  two  Prelbyterian  sind  two  CongregS" 


'•ife-yi 


KT  Ipfwicb,  by  theln^ans  called  Agawam,  in  the  cotfh. 
ty  of  Wk%p  i«  3«  iDiHi  N.  H  £.  ft«iQ  $oaoD,  isdivided 


•■N- 


m.' 


-/■*■ 


UltO 


i'M^f^ 


MAS^'ACHUSISTTS. 


:1L 


r-f 


<.liita,  five  partihef »  ^d  tmtaint.  4«56i  inhabitaiiCf.    fbe 

foprtme  judicial  court*  thciconrcs  pf  common  pkacand 
M,7|eifiuQs,  are  held  here  once  inAyeat)  and*  from  its  cen- 
,  Iral  fitualion,  appcsfft  to  be  the  moft  convenient  fiUce 
.Jon  9II  th#3ibilrts  and  public  offices,  in  the  county. 
,i,ii.jCharleftowD»  caUed  bf  the  aboriginal  inbabiunts, 
'Mifliawtimy  Keinorth  of  9ofton»  with  ^htch  k  is  con. 
^:nededbv). Charles  river  bridfj[e,  and  is  the  principal 
•  town  sn|Mid^ieiex  cocinty.  ^It^ir'verx  advantageoiiOy 

•fituatfecnbi^  health,  navigatton»  trade.end  manuU^rts 
<^of  almoii  all  the -various  kinds.    Bunker^  Breed's  and 

Cobble  (now  Barrell's)  hills»  are  cdebrated  in  the  hiftorjr 

-oCthe  Amerkaiir'ReviHurioii;  and  no^lefs  fo  f^  r  the 
,  elesp^t  and ,  deHgbtful ,  profpeAs  which  th^y  afford  of 

Bbfton»  and  its  -chanmngly  yariegaced  harbour-i^-^of' 
rCamibridge  and-its  colleges,  and  of  an  eJLtenlive  tra£l  c£ 
«^highiy  Cultivated  couatry. 

Cambridge^ahd  Concord  «re  the  moft  confiderable 
,  ^inland  towns  itv  the' county  of  Middleiex,  the  former  is 
>  5I  miles  fr<mi;  Bofton*  and  is  a  plea&nt  town,  and  the  feat 
,  of  the  uniyerAty*  The  latter  is  i  &  miles  H.  W^  of  Bof. 
jtotif  and- -is  a  4»learant,'he<{ithy»  thriving- town.  The 
vl^rovtncial  .^di^vfs  rat>in  Concord  in  1 774.  This  tdwn 
» is  rend  ?d,  faniou5«  in  hi(l'>ryy  by  its  being  the  pkce 
;  where  the -firll  r>ppofition  was  n^ade,  to  the  BritiiH 
.^trpopsy  on  the  memorable:-^ 9th  o&April,  47>75. 

Hy  mottth>  the  principal  ^  cown  in  the  coiinty  of  the 

..  iatnename,  and  the  capital  of  the  OUColrn^  fo  csdied,  is 

,4a  miles  Sn£<  Q^B(>ftonj  and  contains  about  aoohoufes. 

This  town  is  ikipou^for  being  the  firft  place  fettled  by 
.the  pious^ancel|oi!(i.pfihe.Ke^£ngiandh;rs,  in  t6ao. 
,,   .  Worce(^^  tie  (hke  (own^of  l^e  ponnty  o»  ^e  fame 

name,  is  the  largell  inland  town.  inrNew^fengland,  and 
.p^/iti|a(f4  ali^t  47  stales  wi^ward  of Bbfton.  f  rti^ng, 
tsiiMl^  ij^^ous^^bf jm^icfcjfifc  catfied '  on  very  e»tcnfiVcly 
^iAjJiis  to||n,:Vf  Isaiah  l^mas*^  whofe  printing  appara* 
,,tus,i8  th4largi^.i9.Aimfriie«*.::..  •,  '  >'  ■.^>-  f  \ 
.,,.yfi%lCQ^^  of  Hiunp^rey 

^^^there^aip  a  PAemNr.  c^very  pleafant  tewns,  among  which 
,  .^ai^e  3|>rmgno5^^nd  Hadky*  on  «he  eaft<  fide  o^  the riv. 
.eri  N^(thi«^i(o%:llitJi^d 


MASSA0HU8STT& 


i4t 


letts  is  coropofed  ^  all  a|»lf>  bf>4ied^  wliite  male  dtiz«iM 
from  1 8  to  45  rears  of  age,  excepting  officers  of  govcro- 
menty  and  thdie  who  k3re  held  comiuiffiottis^  ftc.  Mid 
fuch  as  did  atCaiQ  ihti  age  of.  40  years  bdbfis^ie  8U1  of  t 
May;  1793.    The  tirh6^  U  |foniplete)y,  iifwc^'atid  ox^ 
ganizhd,  and  is  fo^dd  *i^^,ip^mCioo§,  it  brigadefl,  ' 
confift'ni:  of  9t2  re^mditi|  oTin^intr^  ;4p  t»oops  eom^ 
p^Tmg  12  batta1ion$'of  cavalry,  and  3V  ^n«|/^i>iee  of;u^ 
tiJiery  ;  toppether  forn^bg  a' well  n;^gi^W<l  Wd^'pf). 
5o»oco  ir/fantry,  3;boo  cicVaity,  ahd  1,50^  actal^ 
incn,  V  itb  Oo  pieces  .of  field  ^rril^er j.  '^Z' '" 

ReRghm,  ]    The  religion  of  tJiit  ComiDonwe^lfh  is  ef- 
tablifbed,  by  tljeir  excellent leonftiiiitton,  <jin  a  m^Shm 
eral  and  tolerant,  plan.     All  jyerTons  of  ^atevef  teKg. 
ious  profefiioB.prrenttmeiit%«  may.wiqjr&ip  Godagrae*  . 
r.h^y  to  the  diAates  of  their  own. confci^n^i^  tihsnok^ 
edy  prorider^'  tlivey  4^  n<^  dlflurbi  t|iiie  peace. ' 
,  The  fello.    K  tf^SH  feterai  |^£gtous  deaoiimf 
tioits  i^rihis^llale :  C^ngr^gs^iidi)^ 
pad^lis^  Friends  or  Qua(iierf  A^rejfbytenaiift,  Msthodi^ 
yniyert^lifti;»^and  ^m^n  ^fsi^hmc^^j  ^      1    ^ 

P^afiorul    The  popuktlon  of  th^  ftate  ts  accnratc* 
ly  ;ftated  in  t^e  table  of  4i«>ifion8.  Thisetaintiet  of  £fl*ei» 
SuflTolk,  a|iii?llanipCbiref are  i3ie  mp^  jf>0^das  divifions 
of  the  ftate.    Slfle$  has  «i»  many^  |^  4  ^5  inhib^ts^ 
t^'saty  {quart^'n^Ie^ .  ,  ;■,  >  '  '■  ,    ,• ,  ^  ■-£•'  ''\  ':"';'•* 

ConfiUiOm^'^  .  See  Am^ic^n  Uniterfa^  t  <jreograpli}r« 
.  hyhrySl   See  Hatcbiafoii's  Hffto^  df  MUfTachulmi 
— Minot's  Hiftpryiof  thi  infurreaicH^  in  M^achufetU 
—Micot's  cpntini^i^n  of  th«  Mibry  of  ifae  Ih^^ 
of  Ma|adiufett#/a  J»|v*.  aftd^iraj^aiile^^^^^^  l>ab- 

lications  of  ^e  Hiftosical  $bciety^llaei|r4's  Hiftortcal 
Colleaions^Chalmijr*»  B<5j^bu  Annali^,*od  Oough'i 
Hiftory  bf  the  Pfeopic  cdHed  vi^alei^  V  . 


r.vy. 


K 


iIIhodb 


..* 


lEHODE    16L ANB  ami^  PROVIDENCE 
PLANTATIONS- 


MUM. 


rm& 


.■■I 


4)>raf  %  4k  AwDic.4  wtitij  ConiKB^cQt-  TEfJe 
Kp^  cioa||t|^<»id  what  fi  csm^^cI  JIUuMie  JUland  and 

;  :c;«r;r;^l^^.JP^^^  nil  SiaCaJi  4i<ided 
into  fiitei.<iqim(iMf  -^bigA  i9?f  mdividcd  into  30  towi^ 
Aipt»a^|bUQ«r9  I 


JMP«r/ 


V  N 


#?«^*^ 


H  SCitvatc. 


CranibQ        \ 

JohnftOB    , 

Hifeilkitiiii 
Wkrreo 

W.QneQwicli 


'^ 


lip 

,  /  ■ 

'  1^  <  ■  ** 
■■■■ii->i»"  I. ■ 

C  t»  «  ^  »o 


.s 


vivi»fe»«»V 


•■■■»\A 


% 


J  iW^    i  &    I 


Itrtf 


ti»otit '  i&LAnn:^ 


««f 


KX 


■,  f 


tl»e 


^i 


'Mg^tmJ^lmdt.y  Namganfn  Say  makct  «^  from 
Ibtfth  to  norths  <teuvc9n  ,thc  ivurifi  l^nd  on  the  aiil  aiul 
i#eftl  It  embofomf  tfMiny  i'liitile  iflandSy  the  prifcipil 
<iif*«rhioh  axeRhoilt  Klan<i,«OlKioriiiicuiy  iPiudcntf^ 
tiencei  Hofief  Dyer'f  and  Hotf  ifisinds.' 

Rhode  iflandj  ft^m  whith  die  $UU4a]rs  its  0MBe,.is 
I*;. miles  in  lengths  its  average  l^r^dtk  i«  a|>oQt  $i 
iliilei;  It  is  dieted  into  iti^ee  tnwAQlip^  lllcwport, 
PoTtfimmtht  %n&  M^letoMns.  this  liUpit  in  point  of 
Ibfl/dtmite  and  Htuationj  may  b^ratike^mmimg^'tht 
UndkMd  moft diaraiitig  in  the  #brld«*  Ia'  its  maft^ 
IkMiriOiing  ftatc»  it Jir'^t  tailed  bf  trarelkft  ]^  ifiiibiW 
AmeHca.  fiut  the  chaifge^ which  the  hiyi|^e<  of^^afV* 
9fnd  a  decteafe  of  hii(toe%  ha^  cffe£ked»  it  ^rcat  ^^ 
melaaeholy.'  flk>irw  of  the  itieft  oraaiQeAiai  eowrttf 
Aatt  i«tre  4efl^yfdtaiid  their  ifisgmt«t,'Orfi)iat!^ 
ikfi  Irait  4ftei^^waiito^f  em.  down  i  and  t^  altdm  af 
iti  piereat deeity^fiate iiKe^llMteQad  liy iti^ian^ 

2.    tib  iMittiilfLiii^eft  #iff^Ju^|iftlajtiff  m^^ 

«it^^on2$liit  IflaH^  befidfel  neat  eatite^iiAil  hoi^; '  ^ 

u'CSiiiMiai^iii'lfllftd^ 

tlioat^llfiii  mileir  kiliimW^t4^^^^i^ 

afftt-'iifcof povfted  %  ^  of  afleAi%  1^  Hit  naitt«io|NDfc 

jMociclihind,  <alMlb^>^r^Jte<yane  Matdfles.is  n 
fQtles  S.  ^  W.  llM'Nkl#pott^  and  h  the  fimchernnioft 
Iandb«lea§ifigt0^thellt9^  10fae  inhabit^lfill  ol  4|tii 
iQAnd  Wevf ^merly noted' ibli|ial:lAg^od ehte^y 

Mtdeni)aJ38aiid4s  n^ly  as  itfgt  as^^k*^^ 
Kes  fftntftof  it,  andl&afart  of  fchetownilipof  £%Rl^i]^ 

iitfMr/.}  ^Fnn^enoe  And  Tiam^if  rivets  hcch  fall 
tiiito  Narvaganfei  lay ;  fiiMif<iniier^h  the  weA,  the  Utr 
t«f  off^die  ealt  rtde.of  Rh«4e  IOand»  B^videnee  H^r 
lifts  partly  in  Mtflaeki^tMi  and  i«  <^a«fgi|bk*  a&  faraa 
Providence^ fdr.fliipt of  900 tonsk i&irtyxmlef  ffoni^ the 
(1%   r!|^antd»  ttv<T^'^i|||P^ ^i^^^ 

X  ^ataeketrftTeri  cidled;'inorr  flMicriii,#B>a^l^^ 


.»•'- 


^v^ 


f. 


'r^'* 


limm^im^iMikAm  j^. 


U^-i 


«  feu  or  tlif  Gi«uBfi4«<W  «  r  J 

%|p^P»  &|M|  lUNvly  wi>cs«  t)jMr;«iti«iBi  j2>e«Mr  ^«iiM. 

i^llp  ii»[^N#v  ^41^  ait|pu»^^«ie^Y»  wkh  thc^ 


t^ia 


tROOB'  ItLAMB. 


•V 


Liifo 


^<i0l 


tltauMMoah"  Hi  ^7^  Tht  wmikm  ^  Tvttk9m  It 
tUrty-fiSf  Muhooi  tUNmj^tmo  ate  of  thtdnoaiiiMkii 
otlkd  BaptiAi,  fi?t  of  the  dcntMniMtieii  of  FilHiAl, 
fitt  E^copiUtfiit  and  four  QongregatiaQiUii.  iTlit 
6am  proportion  «of  tht  diffennr  &MMniBariow«Moiii» 

lUMM  M  fifptitHHIh      aVM. Vliflllltllt' 8MM  M  A'  MNpttlKl 

giroMbrit  aiido*fc»yO<Bw<l  ^iafeqfliwHlft<PMbi» 
iioil  10  tof  terfknlai^  dtaommttiMi.  .     • 

.  TliU  Iniitntiogi  urts  AftfoniMledal  WWvittyl*llilb 
cdimtT  of  Briftdt,  apd '  ilw  'ikft  comMiMMl^  ^  "  "* 
there mitd9i    l|$ die ycariTTO,  tin  C^M 
moved  to  ProTideaet,  what,  m  litfgc  *4i^pmi 
was  erilko^  for  iti  MtonimodatioB»  ^f  tlit 
doiiatiobfiEf  kKKfidiMlf»«ioft&y  Iromthetawi 
4eiice.    Itii1ltiKMEed««i  a  WU  to  ttie  «all nf  oit'l 
#Qd  f4dte  Hi'deftatediMnidDTindcfftitdilgb 
conumindnu  as  euMiiiftvt^  watfa^i^  "piolikeft^: 
aiftet  k  iiriatii  forMIMtiiiiii  #v^  'ijbe  odiT 
brlel^for  flaliMMglri  t5#  $seti^^i^ 

a^profe^^^  dnr|Ait^l  t  piiolti&t^of  i^taiM 
%iental  pliilii^bp&rj  4  f«0^l^y  #^^i^ 
4fti^oabi8if i  a  ai^edor  wl^m^arsd  ti^^         iiid^  ikmm^ 
tort.    1^#  n^v^toli  hsMra,  libfarj^  of  »ietiireci^  elj 
thie^^-thotiikad  ▼dlttnwt^  anisa^iiifl^e^^^f^^ 
ftpimntits.    Heatl)r  id^  the  fuo^  dif  liti.4ifllj^v.„  ^. 
iai«iHift  ifHliri^jie«^  e#|K»  (lacc^  ao^  iMnoilbe  p^^^i^ 

Ar^liiiv|iort  ^m  1^  »  floarfflyiy  ^imtNUyj  ^iiW 

'^e  dsredioB:ofxi  f«dbr«a)d^4^^  Ici^id^'leilih 
ed  JjiMMwpw,  Rn|^^  ^ 

SbrlSrl^}  Jlitaj^Moe^^el^  w^^ 
JKfft  ki  ^7^^»  fgif ji^f<lQ>o^  of^4^^ 

We'^ind:>o||^iant^:'AHURf^m'->hi^^     .tuld 

,  «tfti(i«ryri»i'^f^i#ofH^^ 
VMldifefiu^  iorMrrftthi^dM^efn^^ 

«gi-f«li^' «0ittiieiii6l'ia  'kt8||#i!Ni%tpfi^  -liE0i^|idiii^* 

wwmwShat tf^TO^•flHm^tlf:liii'Miill^^<l  ' 


'-1'  S(^,fX 


I     \ 


<l^ 


RHOa>EllJLAN0. 


MmmkAt.'i  lo  tht  towa  of  MM  it  Mooht  ffofll^ 
or  tu^ihtuM  cail  it  Mont  Htup,  whieh  it  moarkablt  on* 
If  (oir>  Hm  liaTin^  booa  the  ieot  ofKing  Fhilipt  and  tbo 
.p(m#  where  he  wa&  killed. 

JSri4^0  The  frcat  bridge,  in  the  town  ol  Prori* 
depcei  ii  i6o  feet  loni^i  and  ji  feet  wide,  anduaitcp 
the  faAan«iid  iadlem4)attt  ol^the  cowr,  Thie  it  not 
nmUbridgev  The'hridleo^PatiicketlalUiflawork 
of  cMftderahU  iMInitiMei  nod  nitich  higennitj.  Cen- 
tMdjaad  "Indi^  ^hndcet  over  .  Seekhooh  riftr;  near^  ite 
jBfp^iht  etfl  of  Prai?ideiiee,  hmlt  1^  Mr.  John  Brownr<»f 
■Frovtdence»  are  worktof  «ieat  expeiiie  and  utiUty.  A 
M|%^'^V^  Howland^t  ftrrjr*  uniting  Rhode  liland 
w|til.^evioa4»n  the  inain»  wat  eompleteinn  Q^ber,^ 
It^^'i  hot  was  vn^oit^nately  carried  away  by  a  ftom^ 
^Ihort.tilne  after.  r 

StUitindJ^'r^d^m.^    Tbis  State  piodcicee  etmhryt^ 

bark]r>.oa^  atMlLiMbnie  (larts  wheac»  fuficient  for  hoint 

j^oniiifiDptipn  n  and, the  vartous  idnda  of  gra&s^'  fruttCA 

and^e«^lQaf  7  i4ots  and  plants  in  great  yabnndaifce,  and 

Ml  good  petfeAioa  t  cider  is  made  ^  ^expof^doa^*^ 

The/nordk5|fe0|ni  parts  of  the  State  ii;te  bot  i&nly  iA> 

liahit^  aJKli  ^9ir6>  mfire  foeky  and  baittn  thai, die  other 

'    tli^,  t»a^  <sf  tonntry  iyin|^  between  Somhi 

>WQ,  -aiad  ^^  CDnntiftic  ut  line^  called  the  Narnu 

.ff^^  jBOUjBtry^  «i«yoidlefit  gFa^king  land^  suld  is  ishabx 

t^^Uyja  noiiib^lr  0f  •odilftriotts,  ivealtby  farmers*  Vho, 

j^Jb^  o€  the  ^tf eft  neat  cattle  in  HeiwJS^Iand,, 

yfi^mg  itomXt&oQ/^  t»Be^  weights    '(hey  keep. 

jIMf  djbMi»fWlpke  biil^  ^thfe  beilt 

i|0i3Hy«^«i^:in  la^^ge  <taa 

trid^;  /i*h« ;  cftpptti  irbm  tht  i5tatiB»  ale  jaaftc4, 

limiAmtfkafm  fi^^'p^tukry^  ^onions,. 

|Ni|ter,el|iiij(biibf^^'  grain,  fpintl^  cotton  and  linen 
mfi^^\,^  apd  WeftJhw 

dia  goods^  ,af>d:  U$di^i^^0m  tk^h^MMokdxtti%. 
Up^aitda  of^pp  v^dls  entds  sind  i3lea#'ai\p)^ 
diflfB«en|portari|i  tma vfital^   The  abinint  of  <  ejilmti; 

^^l||iy  J0gh  0f  Septeinbisiv  iT^ii*  im*  41^  X;f J^  ic48kr^ 


■-^m 


%fioift  MShAvm 


^i» 


on* 


}|ttd|Mtenirr|  r  Tift  IfihaVitanct  of  ckit  toit  att 
ftogtwnf^  ffMAf  in  thU  branch  of  baAMfi.  A  cee* 
ton  maiitifaiftorf  liAt  bten  eredcd  at  ProYtdence.  Jeaif  * 
futtiaftf,  denimtt  diickfetv  veWvit,  ke.  ftc  art  b^ 
maniifi^burtd  wad  fenl  lo  th«  ibothctii  Sutef.  Imrgi 
qaantiti^ftC  lioeo  and  tow  doth  arc  made  in  differaoC 
partr  of  thk  8tau  lor  csportation^  But  the  moft  con^ 
nderable  mafiUfaacutt  in  thi«  Staf»  krt  dioft  oCitot^  i 
fuchi^i  bar  and  fli^et  iroiit  fteel,  nail  rodf  ami  nails,  iili. 
ptcmenis  of  hnfbandrf,  ftdvei,  pots  and  other  houi^old 
VLiedfiUi  the  tro*  worleof  ihippinf^vftndiort»  belk>  *c. 

(^i^  feiikts.'}  Newport  and  Pioviiience  are  the  two 
principaltowns in  the S^  tte^  Newport  lies  in  Ut.  41^ 
<^'l(tti.  71^  tj'i  itsharboim  wh^ohisoneofthefined 
in  the  wotldyfprends  weft  ward  before  the  town.  The 
enlrance  ^  ealV  *nd  fafe,  nd  a  ^^irfl^  fleet  wmf  apchbr 
in^t»  ^lii  ride  Ml  pcrfea  i^curity.  The  vown  jiierliorth 
and  fouth  upon  a  gradual  afceut  as  y  ra  proceed  eaft* 
ward  from  the  watcTi  And'eihi^*ts  a  b«AiHifiiI  t^w  Ironiv 
the  l|arbnar,  and  from  ^e  nei^hi>otttif^g  hilli  ^hich  lie 
Wedward  npon  the  main. ' 

'  NewpoK  contains  iibout  t  QOO  honres,  bniTt  ehiei^  oif 
li^ood.  Icfhas  10  houfes-  ibr  public  wnrfhb  i  4  fpt 
Baptiih,  a  fpj'i'  C^^rbgationaHlls,  1  for  Epticcfpalians^ 
.  f  forQupl^rr,  r^lor  Moraviam,  and  a  fynagogne  for 
^e  Jews.  The  "Othet  public  buildings  are  a  ftate  hottley 
and  an  'ediBee  for  the  puMrc  library. 

Pm^idence«  (ituated  in  latitude  41'^  51^  on^thfi|iei» 
of  ProVidi^rtet  river}  IS  55  miles  from  the  feA,  and  30  N»* 
by  W^ ipotm  New i    r*.    It^^  is  the> cldeft  town  'in  the 
ftatci'   H»fl|iBt^:WiU;^s,iand  his'compan]^^ 
fettl«fi^li'»ij6i. 

The^iiNiki  dlvtded hi^  twft( p»rts^  h^^^ 
conme^edhy  the  biidge  ^re*dy  defcr^ied.    Ships  ffi 
^mbl^any'.iiie^l^  an^'ifown^^t^^  Afiiip^ 

of  95Q  tosns,  for  tiieTEaft  In^l^tradev  was^lately  built  in 
(histdwm  And  fitted  ft^  lea.  ^  In  if^t^  they  ha4  tf^ 
fiiil  of  Vei^ls,  containing  f  1,^42  tpnsiK 
-  !11nr  p<Mie^bt^ii^sare  an  ^l^t^^B^ 
for  Htflmf^  Solect  %tf kre^  nHUi  SI  h>^  and  beantifiat 
fUcjit#^ftiMi  ftla^b^  r  ^  meetly  hdfifirJbc  iiri^ds 
or;|^ie^r^^^  for  Congregation^ifti,  tw^#^i|i^l|l^- 
^>^B^e^.90«^^  tmn  very  :^ant}  wa^^^ac^. 

cbttrch,^  J 


nn^^vkMShMMik 


^wMtkt  ahtiuUbait  eemn  litfaftv  7ofctrbT  40>  in  y/kiok 
if  dqioHted  a  likrf|rf  ibr  the  oft.  of  the  townasd  cdttp* 
Ity — a  work  bodt^  a  aiarletluJiife  60  feet  long,  and  40 
Ibet  wide,  and  a  brick  (chool  iKnifeKin  wliifth  4  ftbooli- 
aie  ktpu  The  cottcge  edi0c^  we  baT«  already  niefi. 
Honed.  The  houfea  >n  thb  town  are  geaefaU^luiiltof 
wood^  .thooffb  ^icte  art  fome  bricE  buiUingf  whtoh  art 
large  and  ekgakiu  Ulnt^wfthai  an  cstenTtiw  tnda 
wim  MaflTaBbttfttti,  ConneAbnt  ah^  pait  of  Vennoot  |. 
jmd  from  itt  advantagcoor  ^toiittionr  proi^iiet  to  be 
among  the  lasgaft  towns  in  New  J^ngbnd. 

BriKoUs  a  pkafiwit  thriyii^  town,  id^ut  t6  miles 
Berth  of  Mew^iertfttn  the  maiiv       '  ^ 

Im&(mt.]  A  few  years  finee  there  were  about  500 
Indians  ia  this  3tate^  Thei  greater  part  of  them  refide 
at  Ch|Krle(lown.  They  ace  peaceable  and  well  ^pofed' 
tHowtf^s  govemineiit,  and  ^>™  (hf  EnelUk  Umgtuwe. 

CuMtiit^J  Aboitt  4  alUes  Wtheaw  of  Kwvidencei 
Kesa  fmaU  Vittage^  called  fktnche^  »phMaoffome 
trade,  alad  famous  ht  lamprey  eels^  Tte«iigh  \iik  til^ 
lage  runs  Pktocftet  fiver)  which  empties  iiito  Se^hoak 
mef  at  this  plac^i  ^  thir.lweir  ia  a  beaviiliiK  iidl  of 
water,  dtred^ovet  which  »i>rldge  hat  bfea  baik^ 
which  diTixles  die  €!<ommenw6al|h  o#l|siffiiieha(etti^om 
the  State  of  Rhode  Ifland.  The  iall^  it*  whi^ekngthk 
iffopwardaofjpafeatt  Thcwater,  paUb  tfe^ugib  feYeiir*' 
al  ehaflas  in  a  rock  which  nin»  diaaR(etri«aHy  atrofs  the 
b^dof  the  ftream,  and  ftnttiasa-dum  to  tae  wMeiK^---' 
^  Sifireral  mills  haire  baen  ereded  Upon  -tMi  Mkt  «ad 
the  fyoijju  and  chami^  %hieh  bat a^ieeii  enftlNiAcdio^ 
ciaadoA'thc  fK$»mfiim  their  rei)^aaiii^  wIMp,  and  tht 
bridge,  iaietalEeii  irery  mt^  kf^  th4  biiulf  :aod 
pandinirofttbereaie*  adildi  wMildotlierlbiabaieheeii' 
ladercribyHly  cbakntng  and  yoreaiitkf. 
r^^Ci^i^im^  ln»t  «ottW|^ii  «f il^  Blaia  is  foimd. 
«i  on  the  trhji^sr  grtatetiff  Cltastea  IL  m  i^  t  af4 
the  fraane  nf  soireniQMiitlias  not  e(&ntianf  aliikcdJby 
Qie  revdfbtiom  vf|i^  kgtiNitafe  of  tie  dtate  etti^t  of 
thrte  b>3iuic]ies«-4rf<Mpite  or  upper  bottfe,  eon^iBied  of 
tctt  m^flibets,  befidea4lif  gorem^c  and  deppiy  jfi^nw^ 
sMf •  ealla^  la  th»#if«Kr;^j|i^^ 
in4ativM»>coiopofid  ol.dcp^^it^liamtbtieveraliowoi*' 


Hlkli^QDE    IjSL'AJIlli"^ 


HI 


ttLd  there,  are  tirqt iefboi  of  this  hodj  4on»j»lly,  tiz.  on 
the  firft  WediicMiir  in^  Mij,  iuid  the  Ulft  Wednefday 
inOaobcr.  . 

Hjftory.']  'Hiis  ft«te  Wit  firft  fettkcl  frAin  Maflocbtt* 
fett$.  Mr.  Roger  ^Uliams,  a  ^ninifter  who  came^fcr 
to  New  Engkuui  in  ^51*  was  charged  with  holding  ii 
variety  of  enrort^  and  was  on  that  accmiot  fiMrced  tOFleay# 
his  hou^ylaii^  wife  i|iidrchiidreviV'«t  Sakai,  in  the  dead 
of  wblcr,  and  t^  feelc  a  tefidence  withio«t^e  Itmiti  of 
Ma0a(ih!:Uetts  i  Go>veiBor  Winthrop  adfifed  hiiii  to 
purfitf  his  coarfe  to'Nehiganfer,  ttr  Nanragan^tVayi 
which  be  ,did»  and  £xed  lumfelf  »t  Secunk  or  Seekhook, 
now  Rehobodi.  But  thiit  pkce  jbcing  vi; itliin'the  boondti 
of  Plymomh  eoloR|f>  Goycrnorrvi^inlipw,  in  jifriei^dly 
manner*  advifed  hifo  to  reaoi«e.jto,t|ie.othef  fi4e  of  the 
rif  er,  where  the  lahds  were  not  cciercd  hy  any  patent. 
AccordfngJ^J^i  in  1^5^  Mr.  WiUisifei  ai^  four  others* 
cFoCed  'Seekhonk  i^h^cf^  aiid  lan^e^  wncm^  the  Ind^tni^i, 
by ^hpm ^ey ;i^ei«'^4^m^y iee^lKed^  |n4.thtt%tadic| 
^  ^UJi^^ii  (if  a  t0«^ti^iybkl^^  »  4^  of  <^'l( 
mercif^  pirtM^dface  14  hnsi  he  eaUed  Providence*^  « 

Hei^^^lHii^  of»ptheli( 

andfho|ng^;^ie^  we|«)£ec«4re4fi^^ 
UTx<9is<^^Mi^^  a^<^ddefabk^i|a^ 

fttffei^|Ba&h^^^^£^  f ,  hot  thev  enj^y^ 

ed  libei%/of  %«iiM^i^  whkh  hii^  evqT  ttncci J^  l|i- 
vtdd|il^::iitanitiiMi^iii  tbiji;:Aste^     .  "t  -r;^-:--:::-'/  ^:\^- 

So  Httle/hasi^  th«>  jtvir^th^icjr  to  d^^inthrt  relisicm 
here,  thai  nc^  conm^  bi#eeh*  a  Mnifteir  and  a  (oeit tpl 

U'^m^tfitkil^^  that  ^jvanr '  difenil 

fe4N^;^i#^<^^j^^|(p(n4i«re  I  ai>4  |hat  the  Ssibbath 

in  thiir  ^ii^in«nyM^pt;i>f  the  New.£a^^^ 

p%tH^Ji^/^iril4  tr^ltjieir  ;tr^s  b^M'ed  gallantly^  ai)4 
they  are  hon<Hrf d  ij|lhtil?iiig  prodttced  th^  ''    "  ^'^  ^"    "' 


[d. 


.  '^^* 


'.t 


%pi 


€,&J$M:^(^TtC^U% 


■/ 


(Srcateft  lenfc^  »ooik*f«f*ii«  f4*'  and  4*n''N.-kt*?  -    ^  * 

^"^^''mfi^S^  caft,  by- Rficdt  Iffiina  ;  %Hi;  by 
tKeSdtni^'#hi^|i' divides  it  f^om  ll^hg-  Iflstnd  ;  weft, 
by  tbe  StuifelM"  fe^  ¥01*4-  ?^  '^  ^^*    " 

•miiitiesi  and  ab^lit  Tbd^oDtrnOitps*     ' 
The  imtttet  ttf  tlie  totintiei^  iSMt  chief  totmi,  asd 


Cnn/itu, 

■,;  'J ,    '-'..If  .       i 

lltvirord 
Kevj^areo 

S^LoAdofl 
.feirfield^! 

liitQMeld^ 
'^Qeiid     ' 


iitbMwtiuti' 


IJiT 


tit.MMtt.m^t 


^755  +  «***^ 


i     ...     •     ,    .  ., 

Il7a#ary 

(  iMiieM" 
4i$5WddkiM^ 
dam 


|Pf ;^':;S^^4|. :  ,^»  ^#C  l#^ 


'■>>:?•-.* 


% 


l!ie«t,rfa#:soTcr  Infiteldf^;  l)il^^dlbr,itte€efr€« 
Wiodfer  fei!ViF  rtver  .^ofii  tlie<^iPi^^iitii(Bb^l|  fovoMid  by 
Ae  jiinaioBoTIP^fimiogtdn'iiiidF^^  At 

Martferdst  ipecM  tite  tide,  aiid  dienee  iitt^  itt  a  croelied 
elmnneUtnta  Long  iftnidAb«i«d«  liitJnttli'ftMo  1^ 
f&ds  w^f  150  m\\H  Item  kt  iMutlivv  >rv 

IftiJ^ts beaitfiltU itTerriiiiore  baik»  art  fe^M >U 
|M>ft  to  its  r<Hiree,  are  ilianj  |leafaiit|  neat,  iwll  Inritt 
toiTAS.     It  ivii«»%«||^  to  HiliBciid,  Qpwarde'  of  M^ 
t  from  ittfnoum  r  j^nd  thct  pfodiice  of  the  coantrf 
MiQ^taiH  abort  io  ftroasbr .  tkicher  in  boats;. 


CdH  HKCTICUnK 


The  Houfatonkk  tiAsi  im  Wnkikkt  ttmmft  n  Maia. 
chnfettf.     It  jpa&r  tlw«^li  ti  wwkm  i»f  fMeafsMC  . 
towns*  and  enjpciet  into  the  Somui  bctiPMii  Sttyford 
and  Milford.    Itlt nairigaMe twcin  nUot,  toDimf.  ' 

Naugatttk  U  akimattrivc^  and  emptiii  iato  die  HiMi^ 
ikt»DicfcatI>ef^f»  <  ' 

The  Thaam  «aitM  b«»  Long  KImi^  8oi»tt  lil  Ned^ 
Loadon.  it  it  na?iniU«  foortefn  milcf  t^  Mteii^ 
landtag.  .Melt  it  lofefl  iti  iMmif»  at#  liM^iCti  latd 
Shetacket,  on  tbo  caft,  aad  llatwieb^-fipb  rifcr,  on 
the  weft.  Tlieliitf  of  Norwicb  ftandk  onitlie  tongoo  of 
land  between  thefir  rivers.  Liille  fiter,  ajbont  aWl^ 
from  its  mouth)  has  »  semarliable  and  ttrj  romiiitie 
eatarad.  A  ^ooic  tto  or  twelre  fbet  in  peipeadicttlar 
heights  extends  quite^adrofr  the-eh«iMiel.of  the  rifar» 
^6fer  this  th^  whole  nver  |$ttches,  in  one  entite  (^et 
vvpon  a  bed  of  fdcls^dow.  Here  the  f tver  is  conipre^ 
fed  into  a  ^ra^<  Harrow  y^iuam^  iMtwcen  two  craggy 
clifiiioneofwliidi  towels  ^o  a  <f  on6de|aMe  ]lelpt« 
'  Th^^^iinel  defeends  graAMdi|,  it  v«ry  mohci^  alid 
eovertdwitlii^^oted  fockst  lopon  theft  tb^  water 
iWiftly  iiimbles;,  fiaming  *wt^  tht  moft  Solent  agilaN 
$\oMt  4l^n  or  twenty  todty  imSo  a  kroad  bafim  ^iwieii^ 
^eadt  Mvttt^  Jki  the  bottMn  o$:  #e  perpendttfltdaf 
mUs^  thc^ioclct  4re  eufioiifl^  eacatated  bf  the  confta«t 
pkmring  of  wa|er<  Some  ^  tlM^«aviae^  whichr  ati^ 
all  of  a  circola^  lorm,  are  ire  or  Hk  feet  deep^  llii 
(mootknefs  of  the  wate^  above  ii^  defcentf^-^^  leguhw- 
4t7  and  beauty  of  the  perpendiettlar  fidl-— the  ttrett^ii- 
doiit  rottghnefs  of  the  qthart  90t  the  eraggy,  towering 
eliff  v^i&iflBpeiidt  over  di^  whi^e,  ^rM^t  to  die  vi«sr 
of  the  4*eftator»  a  fcene  iadefcrih^bly  deKghtfbl  and 
majeftie.  On  this  river  a:reibine  of  the  fineffi^illfeata 
in  New  Eligland,  and  thofe  tAmediat^y  below  die  ftlif, 
occupied  by  Lathrop's  mUl^:  are  >pefiKftjpl  not  exceeded 
by  any  in  the  World.  Acroft  the  moutik  of  this  river  ie ' 
a  broad^'commodious  Imdge,  in  the  form  Ha  whatfr 
baikatagrtat  expenfe; 

^tueket  rivier,  the  other  !>ranch  of  the  Thames* 
fbiiif miles  from  it»<moa^  receives  Qninnahangywhi^ 
hiu1t*^iibi»ce  WGftamd  In  Maf^^ 

Sketachd 


w'^ 


H^ 


e^Hit«5^T  I  ciuTv 


^^' 


M.    i 


«* 


lEAiuick  ami  tIImqI  Hopk,  Qfen,  wbkb  «f ice  bet«ttn 

Wiild|iam  aiifL  i^baiHMR. .  Xheff4iYM9«7efed4»y  nam* 

^  lierM>  ^ilooks  froqievttrf  ^rtdttlt*  C9tintr]r«    At  the 

'  mouth  oC  ti)ft-Sli4||oc)rcta»a  hndf^^etdmb^i^ii^,  feet 

,fn  lengthy,  fapporte^  at  each. end  by  pUbrt^tnd  held  up 

jb  thiit>iakUliei^  bt^M  OQ  thf,  tof»ri»»  the  oattirc  of  an 

PiiukatuiHiir^r  is  «n^  iaconficlelrajblc  Al^anif  wliich 
empties  i{aoiy^iiiiigtOiiJbaki>Qur«  It  f<tfrms  part  of  the 
4iykliog  line  b«twc«n;Co)QD!p^'(|t  and  Rhode  Ifland, 

Harmrs,  3    ^f)  two  principal  iiazbotii  f  arc  at  New 
Lpndoi^  and  .Newt  JEi^x^en. .     .>  > 
«,  The  whole  of  tb^  fea  e^ad  js^  iEi4cnted  with  harbours^ 
many  of  which  arefafe  and^commodipus.      v  .    ^ 

(^maui  SoU  tmd  Pt^ctdudonf^  i  Gonne^iottt,  though 

fal^eA  to^e-extr^nes  ofb^at.MidipQ|(jlf'in  thehr feafons, 

and  to  friei^uc^t  fudder^changesyift^very  hesUhfol.    It  is 

£<ner4Iy  brajsenlaud,made,up  i^moumitir^Sf  bH 

^aJUcty  jind  jii  exceednjiglirilMrfB  watered.    Stospi  imaU 

p^,ofii^;#trthin  s^  barr^^^Iti  picjIu^ipiiiprodudi^Qns 

afe  Indiaii  conir  rye » i»^e«t  in  tiiajayr  p^rts  of  the  State, 

(^fMiiHiliai4ey^  irH^  aini  ^od,  and  of  late,. 

ifiif^  pl^t^&m  i»  larg«(||«»pUti#»-«<onje  hemp,  po- 

jj<i<;pe»  of  i;^erai  kind$»spiMimp|insv;  t^i^^^ 

'cq,  ^p. :4Fri|iu  of  ||iJ^nd«  which  ail^pomhEiQR. to  the 

^ftiate^    Tii«  fci^i  is  ir;cry  Welivcalci^gd  for  piifliirage 

p^^^o^^glf,  lKl)ich .  enables v^e/^aiiiKf 8  to  feed  iaige 

fip^l^no^&tataitUeandho^*        *    r-  / :   . 

.  Mmi^i    T^e  tjiul^^Coiiitfaiciit  is  prtn{:tp^lT  iP^ldl 

4li  li^^ft  Indift  luandfiaad  is  carried  en  in  veiTeUfr^ni 

^xty  tO' an  hundred  mai  forty  tOfis«  .  The  >«^ipQfti^  eon- 

r^D:.  of  ho#»yi!aules»03;en^pi|1(  ftavei^  hoopsr<{>ine  boardSf 

q^ktpiiakt^  ht^mh  iriiii^n  xiornt  <i(h,  beef,;porJc»  Stc, 

liorfesy  live  c^ti  and  lumber)  are  permiited  iu  the 

putch*  DMuiilhi  ind,  FreaC^^ports.  :       / 

,  ponnv^^itu|.  has  k  l«rg?c  numbet  of  «oiAiag  Vefi^s^ 

employed  in  catr^tn^  ^e-pfodoee  <if  die  Spite  to  other 

States,,   Ta  ^^o^  Mand.   Mii^t)iiiretts,  md  Hew 

Humplhire,  tbcje»r|-y|K»rk»'Wh«#t,  corn^a      ry«;    1^ 

UoTtU  and  3oo2b'Q»l#ii3(s  4mi  0«<>Fgia«J>u^efr  "4^96^ 


;mr- 


C  O  M  N  fc  C  T  I  C  U  T. 


«57 


filted  bed,  Cfdtr,  ipplet*  potttoet,  lui7»  fte.  tn4  rtcciTC 
in  retarn*  ri66»  indigo  uid  money.  Bat  at  New  York 
it  nessd^  and  the  ftau  of  the  markets  alwayi  well 
known,  much  of  the  produce  of  ConneAientf  efpecially 
«f  the  weftem  partt,  -if  carried  there  i  particularly  pot 
and  pearl  aihes,  flax  feed,  hecf,  pork,  cheeftand  butter, 
in  large  quantidet.  Moft  of  the  produce  of  ConnottU 
out  river  from  the  parts  of  Maidchufetts,  New  Hamp- 
ihire  aad  Vet  moot,  as  weU  as  of  ConneAicut,  which 
are  ad)acen£,  goes  to  the  fame  market.  Gonfiderablc 
qv  entities  of  the  produce  of  the  eiiftern  parts  of  the 
Ai  jCt  are  marketed  at  BoftOnt  Norwich  and  Providence* 

This  ftate  owns  and  employs  in  the  foreign  and  coaft* 
ing  trade,  32,867  tons  of  (hipping. 

MaMufa^uret.2  The  farmers  in  Connedicut,  and 
t))eir  families,  are  mpftly  clothed  in  plains  decent,  home- 
ipun  doth.  Their  linens  and  woollens  are  manufac- 
tured in  the  family  way }  and  although  they  are  generally 
of  a  coarfer  Vmd^  they  are  of  a  ftronger  texture,  and 
much  mote'  durable  than  thofe  imported  from  Franee 
and  Great  Britain.  Many  of  their  cloths  are  fine  and 
handfome. 

?In  New  Haven  are  cotton  rnd  button  manufadories. 
In  Hartford  a  wooUenmanufaAory  has  been  eAabliflied  % 
iikewife  glals  works,  a  fni^if  and  powder  mill,  iron  works, 
and  a  ilitting  mttl.  I^on  works  are  eflabltflied  alfo  at 
Saltlbury,  Norwich,  and  other  parts  of  the  State.  At 
Stafford  is  a  furnace,  ait  which  are  made  laige  quanti- 
ties of  hq^ow  ware,  and  other  hronnjongery,  fnfficieat 
to  fupply  the;  whole  State.  Faper  is  m^nu^iAkired  at 
Norwich,  Hart^d,  New  Haven,  in  Litchfield  coan* 
ty»  and  m  many  ^ther  ]|>lacer.  Ironmongery,  hats,  can- 
dles, leather,  (hoes  and  boots,  are  manufa^ured  in  this 
State.  A  duck  manofadory  has  been  eftabli(hed  at 
Stratford. 

PopiMm  md  Charailer»2  The  Stale  of  Conne^Cut  is 
laid  ou|  in  fmall  farmi»  firom  fifty  to  three  or  four  hun* 
dred  acres  each,  which  are  held  by  the  farmers  in  fee 
fimpley  «nd  aie  ^naraUy  weU  cultivated*  The  State  is 
cbequered^ith  innt^merable  roads,  or  highways,  crofT* 
bg  each  other  in  every  JtredkiQiu  A  traveller  m  any  of 
wk  totds.  etCtt  tn  the  moft  unicttledpam  of  the  $ca(e» 

O  ^  wiU 


x^ 


e  0  irw  t  c  1 1  c  tr  f. 


j^tKfing  a  h<m(t<ft  c0tGiffe»  and  M^hrm  undet't^th  W 
]ir%e^ct|  M  to  aPFonfthe  iK^eiffiui^  ^th^  fa^di 
d^toally.  IV^lsolt  ^^im  fvi^mUcs  a  Well  cultr. 
^^ted  METdpo,  lRr|ii<fc>  >^^h  tiitrt'degni^sof  tndttftiy  that 
isnecMMY^to  liap|»fncf<;,  jopodocei  i*  <;  necdTsbicf  4n4 

Tlk^  vv)bi^lih^r.tiiai;«  ;^UiMift  entirely'  qfSi^iili  d^Tcent 
Therfc  are^^ui<r!i  or  Getttaxu/and  vcr/fewf  Fretidi, 
^cotcih  or  ;Mi(li'i^eo^,  in  anf  jisd't  of  the  State. 

The  people  <»*  C  nnefticoi  liv  «  hi^tofbfrc  beed  to* 
fond  bf  hai^og  all  tJb«iVVltff$ttte&  \k3cd  aacetdmg  to  law, 
"Hiefirevsd^i^ci^^^Df  ihie  jitigi ?>i;^'  fpint  afiSirded  employ- 
ment and  (upi>prt  for  ^  ntt^ero^«  body  «f  lanryer^ 
^at;  party  fplHt}  however,  iwhidh  b  the  bancfof  pdtttc- 
al  happui<^i*8,  has  never  ra^^ed  with  fuch  f  to|enee  in  this 
Btatey^sinrome  otheri/  |^blteproceeding«fia^el»eeii 
cbttdv<^d  .genen^ny  witik'  «iach  ipidtniiers  and  tandont. 
^Tfiepeopje^e  wett  fnfornifsd^  ^^t  rlgKttj 

mnd  jndfei^in  tl^elii^^iodllhey  adoptto  (eeilf|  thenL 
4lie  SlA^.^j^s  a  great  (hare  of  poIhM  M^itMUitri 
and  m  li^  3&te  do  the  |nlgd>|Mmtf  la  gen^  lire  m/n, 

l^oir^rfinie^b  .  '■j^)i^--i^'-msiti  oF  ^a^ct^!^  chiir^h 


.  |ht  not  tetfopcrly  be 

ji0#  3M&|:h\tt€hi& 
jorHBiiftiQn^.^nd  claiiOBi  ^ti0<p^  ^"^^hoo^  ithelrowii 
iHifiiaiie^i  Ijqf  ^l^^^^^ff^  ^^^ii^fX^l^gaX^  or- 

iidiiiM^Vt^mitfelfv  lE^  ar^nop; 

inliteipeimeni^  #^a<fh  d^^V  the|j^  hi  '^penerifl  cOnl^* 
^te4^or^Q|tt«3  ben(&$t  ittdilM^^  Tl^  aiTo- 

iftry/to  eon«it#:^  iheV^e^i^!  jrelfirei ^nd'^o  '^'tK^ 
jnend jaeaiU^^s |o,^  tested by^e $|i^he$^ Irat hayte 
«0  vm^  i^  totfkfee  ^i(^^  •  Wien  4flfe^«  atiJi?  \%^ 
^chnltipek  eo^i^  #e  ^ed|  by  ^  Vtxvm%  to  $^t^ 
;^m^$  tm  ^leiv  p^er  %  pj^Jt  :adri%y..  Tbeit  are 
<i^c^  ifflbci|£tiOttrfn'^^  itoieet  tiirtccf  iii 


AU  fftligtoiify  that  wc  confident  with  tho  p9«ce  oNb- 
€ict]r,ar«  tt»lertcc4  iiuCooneAicot  i  and  a  fpin;  of  llbcr* 
altty  and  calbplo^tlfli  !s  increarioff.  Thej^  are  v«rf 
few  rdigiottf  feds  in  fhis  State*  Ac  bulk  of  the  ()•(»• 
pie  are  CongrcgaCtonaliftf.  JScfi^es  tbefe,  there  ara 
^pifcopaKant  at>d  fiaptiits^ 

DamtiietMdmd  k  iht  lati  ^at^  After  the  eftabSr 
Kfliinont  Of  peace  in  ly^Jf  a  number  ofeencleinen.were 
apppinted  by  the  General  A^embly  to  eftjiniate  |he  dam* 
ages  done  by  the  Britini  troops^  in  the  ieversd  towns 
which  the^  ravaged^  The  foHowing  h  the  amoiifit  of 
the  loifes  in  the  vfht^le  Stater  kk  siOaey»  valued-  as  i^ 

The  foregoing,  efttmateinclade^  merehandtze'  ana 
public  bnildtngs.  Exclunve  of  thefc,  the  loifes  are  e(Vi« 
mated  at;^i6i7,ood-.  To  ^ompenface  the  fu^^fers,  the' 
lpei>vr^;Court,  in  May»»  1 792,  granted^th^m  500,00^ 
a£i;«s  of  the  vHiAcru  part  of  Umi  rGi^^t^lmis.oiCQii^ 
fieaiftst>  whi^b%veft  of  Bsanfylvania;  The  remata^- 
der  of  this  tra^li,  of  abbut  ihr^  inilUojbii  i»f  acr^Si^  hai" 
^(^  be^fold  by  theSutei  foff  ,2<>D«0(^  doUii'iV 

CkkfTofO^f-']  There  are  a-  gijeat  iii|i«i^i«,-oif  verj^ 
pljsaiant  towi|s,.hoth  mathftte  andinU^d^Ia  CbiQ|9e<^i« 
ci^t.  It  contai^ff  Eve  citic$i.in<;arpQFa|^:  wiUi  ^jfw»(lir^ 
ji^rirdiai«H^  tnrciv^;eai2^s.r  TWoof  the^^^r^;;4  aii4' 
|>Iew  Haten^  ar^e  capii^s  of  the*St^to:,  ^h^/G^rkV 
Afleipbiy  isf  hi^d^ft  ati  ^  fojPilMaf  itti^y»aftd;  atilM^ 
latter  in  O^obev^nmi^Jljk 

^artfof41city^^)  ii^jai^iui^!  at;  thie  J|ifi!4  of jaV^^o4^ 
^  t|^^«|c|ttideo|C^  abont  ^y  mi^ 

ftonittis  en|r^?ceJn^4fte  3|^iia4  Its  b$ildj»g|  arei^ 
ftattt  hoi|£3^  t.wof hUrches  1^]^€ot%i«gsition4i&«  imd  09^ 
fi^  £piii<^pa]|[||i8i*(^1](efi4i^  alibc^t  5^0  dwelting  houTcs,  a^ 
i^^iJbeP  Cf tt^iichar^  bfjdfo^^^ 

The  toi^n  is^  divided  by  a  {inali;  nver^:  withvbjlgiirtoi 
stianttc b^V  Ov^  torivcr  It ji^  )^ge jmnelsng/ 
Uw  twq  divifion*  of  tfe«to^xJ»  ^artfordi i^,v>Mf9iAU$ib>f 
oufly  fiii»aied  for  tradf ,  hat  a^f ijJT .  iGtftei  ba^  <»mntry^ 
enters  laitgely  intone  «»a^iifa4iiriflg  bi20tief4iM»#  iaa 
r^,  do^riikii^  commercial  town.  A  baid;^  li$^ 
ba^(dkt)|fli«2ria  (^  eity». 


S^."!!^ 


id6 


CON  KB  C  T  1  C  1/  T. 


New  HateB  (city)  lies  Mad  i!:^  hn&iafz  baf » whldb 
mftkct  up  about  four  mHfi  nor^'  ho»ci  the  Soond.  It 
€omf  pan  of  a  lara;e  plaiii»  whicb  li  pftomib'ibed  o» 
three  fiaei  bf  higb  mils  or  mowilaiot.  Two  fimU"  ri?* 
en  bottnd  the  tkj  eail  and^w^.  The  town  wae  origi* 
oally  laid  out  in  (quarts  of  fifty  one  rDds»  Many  of  thefii : 
fquares  have  been  diWdedby  croft  ftreets.  Fpw  ftrecta> 
run  northweft  and  foutlieaft,  tbefr  are  erofiM  by  four 
others  at  right^ngles.  Near  the  centre  ef  ilie  eity  is  the 
public  fquare  I  on  and  around  which  are  die.oublie 
outldiiiffSi  which  are/a  ftatc  houfe,  collides  and  enapeU 
tibree  chrirches  for 'OongregationaHAs/and  one  Ibr  Epi(^ 
90pftliaas.  Thefe  are  all  hand(biiie  and  comnodious> 
buildings.  The  colleges*  chapel»  (late  houfe,  and  one: 
of  the  cniirches  ^re  oflrick.  The  puUic  fi^uape  is^  ene 
circled  wi^'a  row  of  trees,  which  render  it  both  con* 
v^ntent  and  deUghtftid.  Its  beauty,  however,  ^  gftatlf 
dinntnifhed  by  tjie  burial  ground,  aad  fcretal^of  the  pulK 
Hc  buildings^  Which  occupy  a  canfiderablc  part  of  iu 
li  contaiios  $if$  dwelltiifl;  hoiitfeSc 

New  J^oHdon  (city)  Sands  on  the  wti  lUle  «f  the  rt«^ 
er  l^amiSi  near  its  cntrattee  into  the  SouneK  iw  l»tii!ttd» 
41^  tf^  It  )tas  two  plac^  for  pis^lie  wdifl^  one  for 
EpiiPcoi^iaBtiand  OMfcrC^|;rfgata«udifta»i^iit  500 
dwelling  lioafes,  and  4600  iBhabttantt.  Its  harbour  k, 
the  beft  m  Cojtor^ticnt^  A  coiiGaeralile  ^rt  o£  th* 
towiciwaf  burnt  by  t^<e  in^nii^us  Beniedid  Arnold  ut 
lySi.    It  has  fi^cft  beien  rebixilt. 

NQnd(^(city>l|andsat  thehea^^^Thaiiie^  riTer,. 
s^inileliiorthfrQmNew  1^  Ii  is  a  ciaaniiercial 

cit^t  has  m  rich  and  estenfiv|  Wck  countryi.and  avsfis 
kielfcff ksT  ituialadtantagfi atthehead ofnavlgation» 
Its^^^aHcm  upoi^  a  rii!er»  wlsii^  iJhi4s  ^  grcj^  number 
cifconvenieiift  j^ts  ^r  mill!  and  wateir  naishiiies  .of  aill 
hindSy  renders  >t  firy  eligible  for  maimfa^hires.        ^ 

TheidhabittQtsait  i»ot  negl^ul  t^  t)^  a^vantageai 
Whicli  namrehaaib  libeiiallygWen  theift.  They  m$a-^ 
ufa^iirf  l^psr  ^t*aU  hlndsrftockingf,  docio,  aiia  watch* 
es»j^ife4i  bntioiis^  ft^  $XKd  eartheili  wiuc,  mm$o^p 
<^9^ale»  t^tls,  ani^ieffSftand  aU  fcMs  ^  fy^^^im 
T^kithf  co<:ttaiiiaiiW>nt ^« dw^lng  hMb^  »  caurc 
Mttfey  two  cburclU^  §k  C<iWcgition>liflBi»  aadone 


C<XKKJ&iCTrC0l^ 


i6i 


oni 


ht  Eptfoopiliani^  nd  glxmt  3000  ifiluibitaiiu.  Tht 
oty  itialiu^detickedyccinpa!ft  divifisntt  vit.  CfacW 
fea,  at  tfee  landing,  th«towm  and  Bean  hill  1  in  tht  bet- 
ter, divvlion  iutti:  academy  ;  and  in  the  wwn  it  »lclioc»l 
i^piMliited  by^a  dpoation  fvoin  Dr.  I^uucl  Lathro|i|^  dfe* 
Qetf«d».  The  courts  of  law  are  held  alternately  at  Mtw 
London  ar  .  Norwidi. 

Midd}eton.{ait^).it  pleaiantif  fituatfd  on  the  weftem 
bank  of  Connedicut  river,  fifteen  milei  footh  of  Haru 
ford..  Itifil|n;i»iinoipaVto^'^  'n  Middlmer  connty— 
hai about jQp fiioufes— a ctiuit  houfb-^-anavtl' office*-^ 
one  churcli  fbn  Coogregatioiialtftc,  and  one^  for  £piicd» 
pa}iaos.  /  X 

.  Four  milerfoiith  of  Hartford  is  Weatliertfield,aMi9^ 
pleafiine  town  of  between'  two  and  three  hundted  hoa«k 
fes,  luoatediona  fine  foil^  with  an  elegant  brick  chnrciii 
^r  Con ji^egatibnaiitis^    iThis  town  is  noted  for  raifing* 

.Windf9r»1^i;n^toni  XiEcHfierdt  M^ord,  Stratford, 
Fairfield,  6mfford,StamfbrdiWul4|llUl^  81^^  and 
Snfieldi  are  a|il.coiifi.derable  and  plcii^aiir  tawnsi 

world  IS  tl^:;edac2itj0n  of  aU  ranks  of  ^ieppk%ore  i«t» 

tbodcato jibuiAo C^omi^  Alino^  ei^erf  td^  iii\ 

^«  (late  |s.dtvi3ed  it^t0  difiH^siand^egcK^^^  ^ 

P«ib%  fc|Kipl  k^iii'^^^^  a' s^eir  ofv  lefs  fttrt  of.eyit^ 

Xear^    9oine«^h«Mf  wore  tfiin  oni  thiid^  6f,ihe«i6nicJ 

ati^ftl^froni  a  las  on  the  polb^^4  tmmi^t^/btJ^Xtke 

kibabil»|^«,  is  a^ipfi^taU^ieo  t^Jf^^ 

Ibc  fe«)ppjd  tQi*rnfc  i^  the  ird^€«ti0if  ^^i^^  iihikBta  fiid 

70|Ul»..   l1ie^w|d^e;^;iba^a:gra|Qma^i£^ 

Kcpjt  in  every  county  town  throu|iooit  il%^  Sl^ft  ^^ 

i!tjPadcm|erh^e,b!fcefreftaU^^ 
|€l4».^^a^«^:1fi^dHam,a^ 

ji-i-^o^uia^^  .•:.  'V,     /■  ■  /■  •■■v,^-'- '•■-;■  .1/.  ■ 

**::  1^  cpi^f  .was^  1^  in  i^ooi  an«l  i«niaSn^lit: 
Ipporth^ntil:!  707^1^^  Sa^liro^ktz|ital^ir«7l^f 
ttj«a«  veili^ed^iMif^at^^  4l^o9^ 

i^  pir|acip4I]be|idpj^c^»K|-g^  in  bo^  ot 


4l' 


■■* 


C^KNBCT  I  cut: 

40—  nt  of  yiAikh  wai  hwk  in  1750— the  otlier  im 
i79g-^«  colkgt  thtatftl,  50  feet  by  40»  with  a  ileeplti^ 
and  a  (liBi»|;  haU»  all  of  hriek. 

Th«  Dubhc  lihrary  coaGfts  of  aboat  1500  Tolomes  t. 
dit  phuorephic«lappar4tas,  by  a  late  haacUbnc  addi* 
tion»  is  now  at  complete  ai  moA  others  ia  the  Uniud 
Sattt,  and  contains  the  machinee  oeceiSiij  for  c&hibiu 
iag  eiperiments,  in  the  whole  coorfe  m  experimental 
philofbphy  and  aftronomy. 

The  firft  charter  of  iacorpoxsction  in»  gfanted^  b^ 
the  general  aJTembly  of  ConofAicpt,  to  eleven  minifters^ 
under  the  denomination  of  ticttfleef,  I'joi,  ^  an  aAc 
of  the  genertl  alAinibly  *'  for  enlarging  the  powers  and 
kiereanng  the.  fonds  of  Yale  college^  paued  in  May«, 
17929  and  accepted  by  the  <orporation»  the  governor^ 
lieutenant  gt#etnor».  and  the  fix  fenior  aiSiftants  in  the^ 
councilof  uie  ftkte  for  the  time  being*  are,  eaer  hereafter,: 
by  virtue  of  their  offices,  to  be  trnftees  and  fellows  of 
the  college,  in  addition  to  Ihe  foniier  corporation..  The- 
immediate  executive  governanent  is  in  the  hands  of  the- 
prefident  and  tutors.  The  preieat  (^ers  and  inftra^U 
oraolth^  college  are,  a  prefident,  who  is  alfo  profelTcr 
ofecciefiafUcal  hiftory,  a  profeflbr  ofdivinityt  aprofefb 
ibr  of  aataral  philoibphy  and  aftronomyt,and  thnee  tu»^ 
tors..  Thenambccof  (Indents  on  an  average  is  about 
i$%  divided  into  fonr  chi&s.  It  has  iiaw  j^iftoo)*  tip-^ 
wards  of  abO|  tndlis  iecrealing.' 

The  funds  bfHiis  co|kge  received  a  ^cxf  libc]^]  adk 
dition  bj  i  gt^MRtof  |htf  general  ai&inbly  in  the  aft  be*^ 
fott  nentioncdf  which  will  ensible  die  corporation  t«» 
ioppc^  ievcralnew  prole9^^%ii»  aa^  ta^  mahc  a  haudk 

liWBkf  addition  to  tljiilibra^y^. 
iTillfe)^  and  SepteimbeW:  annnaUf>  ^e  feveral  daflee: 

are  ^ripniPy  examhifl^jii  all  llieir  clafiic^  |^ vi*«s..  A 
public  ^^mbenceiti^t  is,  heU  annually  an  the  fecond' 
Wednci»^  Itk  Septtc^r^  which  ctfMs  tog^tj^t  a^,  more: 
numerous  a£^^T|lf|»it  a|^mbly  ^n  i^  c«nacac4  W 
any  other  anniWmTy  iiilfie  &W,  theCSi^lbAeauilMs 
OnfitM^  andCem^  tf^jHef^Ji  Ae  cftoftitittton  of 
Coaneaicut  is  ibvtnd^  tk  iStitir  cliirleiiy  n&ich.  waa 
|ra«|ted  bfv  Chaises  it.  lii  iQ6t|  >k»4  >Mi  a  jaw  'if  l^a 
mMt    CwailBd  fi'nk  tiwi  Ibtm.  <#  |09ernirient» iImi 


# 

COKKBCTICVT.     -     ifc 

|Mopl«  have  not  becA  dUpoM  to  roo  the  batttrd  of  frtm. 
mg  a  Mw  cenftttatioA  (incc  tht  dcf  larui»»  of  iodo- 
pmcncc. 

Agrfcable  to  tbif  charter,  thefkpreme  hpQfoirwn^ 
Ihontj  of  this  ftace  U  vefted  in  a  governor,  deputy 
gorernory  twelve  afliftanu  or  couafeHorfty  and  the  ref» 
refentalive*  of  the  people,  ftyfe^  the  General  jffinMj* 
The  governor,  deputy  governor  and  aififtants  are  an* 
au^r  cbcifcn  by  the  freemen  in  the  month  of  May.  The 
rcprcfentativrt  (their  number  not  to  exceed  two  Ironii 
each  town)  are  choien  by  the  freemen  twice  a  year,  ta 
attend  the  two  annual  feilions,  on  the  fecond  Tuefdayv 
oi  May  and  Oftober. ,  By  thefe  kws  the  general  aficm- 
My  is  divided  into  two  bra(idiei,  called  the  i^/yirr  andf 
Uwr  hovkt^  The  upper  hoofe  is  compofed  of  the 
governor,  deputy  governor  and  afliftants.  The  Jower 
nonfe  of  die  reprefentatives^  of  the  people.  No  law  can* 
pafs  without  the  concurrence  of  botl^  honfes*. 

Conne^cut  hae  ever  made  rapid  advances  in  popu» 
ktinn*.  There  have  been  more  ^migrations  from  this,. 
than  from  wnj  of  the  other  dates  ;  and  yet  it  is  at  preibnt 
full  o£inhabttonts»  This  ibcreafe  may  be  afc^bed  to 
fe  veral  caufes.  The  bulk  of  the  inhabitants  are  induftri^ 
ens  ikgacloi:^  bnibandmen..  Their ^rjns  fumiih  theni' 
with  an  t^ie^nece^aries,.  moft  of  the  oonveniencesVaml 
but  few  of  <he  luxuries  oiP  life^  *^tf  ^'  courlb^  mufti 
b^  seneralfy  tempecaoe,  and  if  th^y  chooiei.  can  fubfi^ 
wiw  as  much,  independence  as  is  confiilept  vrith  hajjipi^ 
nefs^  The  ^fi^^ehcc  <vf  the  farmer  is  (bbftan^  ami^ 
does  not  depend  on  ineidenta!  cfrcuffliftances»  !9lte  thae 
of  moft  other  profeflion^.  There  is  no  necedky  oi 
ftrving  an  apprentieeihip  tc  the  builncfi^  nor  of  » lltfge 
kock  «t n^ey  io>comm^  rar.  c  It  to  advantage.;  Twrnerjn 
whO'disat  ittuch- ia  barter,  have  Ms  noed^  of  moiie^> 
than  iay  odMr  clafii  of  pe#plt..'  Theeaft  #hi  mhkk  b 
conifiNstiikilibftfteace  is  obtained,  wdiliReis  the  huiband* 
man  to  iDifry  voiinfl;.  The  culiivataml^of  hit  faMi  and^t 
kirn  ^iion^atna  heaTthlul.  i^  toiU  cfatci^^  <!i"^li^ 
the  daf-H»t>  the  fruit  of  liis  oum  labour  ivitti  r  Iku^ 
fome  heairt-4it  i^hi  devoiitfy  dtnnka  kit  koi;iiteQ«i» 
Oodi^rhitdiulf  lMiogli--ittii«f  to  reft*  (||4  hii  (Mt 


ifiricTicorT. 


8mh  ciNWBitaeet  a«  ihdk  Intie  gnttlf  cnimibwiil 
lilhf  Moasuig  incf— fa  of  inbtfeiimiiin  imi.  Siatfc  ^ 

Befidet,  the  people  life  ander  afrte  gOTcramtfift  aadf 
hfif eno fear ola tyrant.^  Thcream noovet grown cftUM» 
with  rkb  and  amliiUous  Luidlordi*  tO;  haT«  an  tmdtin 
and  pcmteioui  influence  in  the  elodton  of  oiyil»aflw>m.> 
l>rop(Brt]r  iseqaallx  enough -dtvidedt  and funftoontlnne 
to  be  To,  as  long  as  eftatei  dt £cend  at  thej  now  d6.  No 
qualified  perion  is  prohibiud  froaa  voting*  He  whobai 
the  mod  merit*  not  he  whaha»  the  nioft  iQoney»is  gen* 
•rally  choien  into  pui^lic  office;'  Am  inftances  of  thiii  ic 
is  to  be  obfervedt  that  many  of  the  citizens  of  GonneAi* 
€ut,irpm  the  humUe  walks  of  Hfei  hav«i»  aiiiiin  to  the 
firft  oflkes  in  the  ftate,  an^Ued  them  with  dignity  and 
lepunnion*  That  bafe  bui)id*s^  of  eledidneering»  .which- 
if  ib  ditediy  calculated  toincrodocewioJcedana  deiign^ 
ang  men  into  office,  is  yet  but  little  known  in  Conrit^fti-- 
one*  A  man  who  wimes  to  be  diofen.  into..  oficef^aA^ 
wifely)  for  that  end*  when  he  keeps  his.defires  to  himfelf. 

A  thirft  for  learning  prevaili  amongwalfranksof  peo<r 
]^e  in  the  ftate.,   Moreoi the  young-  men  in  Conned* 
e^Vin  proportion  to  their  numbers^  receive  a  public  ed*- 
^iicaiionr  than  in  any  of' the*  States; 

3ome  have  believed,. and  with  reafon*.||iat  the/bndvr 
leff  fbr  aendemie  and  c^Uegiate  edQcation'iii|Ut>great*^ 
t|kat  it  induces  ^oo  many  ta  leave  the.  plou^  If  men 
^f  libciM  education  woiild  retorn  to  the  farm,  and  ufa 
their  knowledge  in  «nproving  MiricuUnre^  andencoar*- 
u[ing  inanufa^resi  tliere  could  not  be  too^^  many  imu 
^  leai^g^^  itt'  ,the^  ^late ;.  but  this  ia.  tooicldom|hl^: 

Conne^^ipvr  Had  but  a>finf  n^  jtmportioii  ol  citiiB|p9' 
v4i»^' notipin  4n  oppKjiingtlie^^op^ 
^reat'BqitauHBnd  was>a^ivei  and  inBucntial,  botb'  in< 
^  field  »4  i^  Uie  cabinet,  in  bringing,  alboui  the  tt%o» 
hition-    'fter  foidiieM  y»<?8«ppUM>4Slhy^ 

%r  iaClM^foritheirbKnvcif ^ui4fi<l^ir«<  .   ^i 

.,  ip>atM«i!bM9«^in fiii^i^r  <^ISginiiedicat|,  liiov^h 

npiii^^khm^9^9^^  apf4i94  necd*^^q»  be  qpalified^^th 
1^  eacet>t»fi#ik.    Dk*  J^km^kiy  Sfolm  ^  truth-  whaft 
}^^mi^  filitiM^  umgmJm^  ««  villams**^ 


«M 


eo-tcwBeTieur. 


r6f 


Too  numif  art  Idli  Md  <liil|MiCe4,  and  mach  tine  it  im* 
pToBukHf  ftAd  wickadlf  fpmt  in  tt«r  fuiu  andpetu  a«^ 
bitratioiii.  The  pabBc  fchooli  in  fome  paitA  or  thr 
dauehave  Inma  too  mach  otgtedcd,  and  io  procurinc 
toRruAortt  too  litde  attentioa  if  paid  to  tiicif  morar 
and  litflcanr  ^oaUfications. 

The  revokj^oM)  whicli.  lb  eieatiaUf  a&Acd  the  gof^ 
eroment  of  noft  of  the  oolonk*.  produced  no  rerj  pei^ 
eeptihie  aleeratioii  in  the  go^Fcnifflcat  of  ConncdicuL 
While  under  iha  Jjarifdiaion  of  Great  BHtain,  the^ 
cMed  tlieif  own  gpfecnore,  and  all  (isbordinate  ci?il» 
officerct  and  made  their  own.  lawi,  to  the  fame  manner 
and  with,  aa  little  conir<>l  *i  they^now  do.  ConneAicut 
haf  ever  Veen  a.  republic  (.  and  perbape  as  perCeft  and' 
as  happy  a.  republic  as  has  ever  eiifted.  While  other 
States,  more  monarchicaltin  their  government  and  man*- 
nen,  have  been  under  a  neceflitjr  of  underuktng  the 
difiicttllc  tajQt  of  aUcria|^  tfaair  oldt,  or  funning  new  con* 
ftiiuttonsy  and- of  changmg  their  roonarchiealibr  reptfb^ 
licaa  aunneri>  ConadSHent  has  uninterrujpted^  pro* 
eeeded  ia  her  old  track*  both  as  to  government  aadi 
manneet  I-  and,,  bf.  diefemeana^  has  avoided* thofecon*- 
▼aUiona  which'  have  rent  other  States  intO' violent  pav>* 
ties. 

At  the  aaniv>er(kf^  election  oB  govemor«v  and  other 
pnbUc  officers,  which  i^held^Fe^rijc  at  Hartford,  on  the;: 
iecond  Thnrfday  ia  Kaf ,  a^  fermon  is  pie^ched^  which* 
is  pubKihed  at  tha  pnbuo  expenie,.  On  thefe  oceafion» 
a  Vaft  ^oaconrie  orrefpe6hu.U  citiaensHMvtieiillirly  tha? 
9^^g7t^  *i«  coUeAed  from,  everj^fpstf  t  of  the  State ;  an<U 
while  they  add  dignity-  and  iblemnity  to  the  important^ 
aad  jojAtt  tcaa^kdions  of  the  day,  ferve  to  exterminate^ 
party  Ipiritt^aikd  t*  l^armoaiae  the  eifiVandrclig^ettS  ii^ 
terefts  of  the  ihtttb 

Cbnoeaticnt  ha»  been  hig&Iy  diftmgtiihed  in  Kaviiifr 
a  fiiccefittii  of  govemorty  eminent  both  fbr  their  relig- 
ious and  politimacr^mplitoents;^  J^ 
venerable  qameti  iee  American  ^latsfid  Oeosraphy.*' 

The  HiAory  o^this  State  has  lately  beear^obmbed  im 
one  aolttiwyby  the  B«P.|)tv1!)NuBbalL. 

;    » 


i^       SB  C  O  H  X>   B  IT  I B  to  K. 


...  I  -s  • 

States  eemfrehendi 


Nnr  Toix, 
New  JensiYr 

PlNNSYLINiNlA;, 


»>,«->-^«T  TIOITWDED  north,  fcy  Upper  fea*. 
'  -P<"«»*>^-J  J3  a»,  from  which  it  h  fepamted  by 
fbe  Lnkes-;  eaft,  bf  th^  New  England  States  $  fouth,  by 
she  Atlantit  ocean*  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  ^e  Ohio 
river,  whicH  fepatates  it  from  Kentucky  i  weft^  by  the 
Miflinppi  river.  '    >  -7 

Riv&tand  Bayt,'\  The  principal  rt'^fi-l^  t^it  diftrift 
are  the  Hudfon,  the  Delaware^  the  Sofc^uehannahf  the 
Ohio,  the  Miifirippr,  and  their  branches.  York,  £>Cila- 
ware,  and  part  ol  d^ihefiipeafe  Baytare  in-  this^diftridi 

^i'maie,']  The  cUmate  of  thb  Grand  Divifion^  V^^Z- 
atmoft  in  the  fame  latitudes^  ▼aries  but  little  from  that 
of  New  England^  There  are  no  nro  fuceeffire  year* 
alilce.  Even  the  fame  racceffivoieafont  attd  months  dif- 
fer from  eacb  other  every  year^  fiaade  there  is  perhaps 
but  oiie  (leady  trttit  itithe  ohars^ifter  of  this  climate,  imfi 
Ihat  is,  it  is  uniformly  variable*-  The*  chaiigee^  of -K^a- 
tiber  arc  great,  and  frequently  fiidden.-  ^ 
>  There  are  frldpm  more  than  four  months  in  the  yeai^ 
fe  which  t^e  weather  i^^reeable  wti^out  ^  fire.  In 
winter,  the  winds  generally  come  from  the  K.  W.  in  fair 
and  from  the  N.  E.  inipirct  weather.  The  N*  W.  wind* 
are  uncoihmonly  dry  as  well-  as  cold.- 

The  elimaHon  the  we(i  fide  of  thi^  iyiegaiiy^oiin- 
tiios  diffiers  materially  from  ^at  oihdie  eaft  fide^  in  the 
temperature  of  the  ak,  and  the  tS^%  of  the  wind  upon 
tmt  weather^  and  in  tlie  quantity  of  rain  uid  mow 
iffihich  &U  every  year.  The  £r»  W.  wmdr,  btt  the  wefb 
flde  of  the  mountaiDj  are  accompafiied  by  cold  ai^d 
rain^  The  temperature  of  the  air  is  feklcm  fo  cold^ 
•fibthpf,  by  federal  ^egfiees^  9»  on  ^  caft  fide  of  the 


vt¥'*TW^t. 


'  1^  b)^  «fMe^lt  appein  that  the  dtimtte  </  tliis  cKH. 
l(<m  of  die  Uxuted  States  i|  a  eonpooad  of  mod  of  tile 
idinates  in  the  woiM  i  h  has  the  moiftare  of  Ireland  iq 
ipring  I  die  heat  of  Africa  in  IbmnMr  $  the  tempetattane 
.«Cita!y  in  Jane;  ^  iity  of  Eeypt  in  aatnmn;  riie 
fnowr  and  cM  of  Normy,  and  thie  ice  of  Holland  iu 
winter  I  the  teiapeils  {tn  a  ceruin  degree)  of  the  Weft 
indiet»  in  evt^y  fd^on  i  and  the  variable  ^Mrinds  and 
vread^er  of  Oreat  Britain  in  ererf  month  in  the  rear. 

From  thit  account  of  the  climate  of  tnis  dturidt,  it 
^  eaiTy  to  afcerum  what  degrees  of  health,  and  what 
^ifeafes  prevail.  As  the  inhabitaiiu  have  the  climate^ 
£6  they  hate  the  acute  difeafes  of  afl  die  countries  that 
have  been  mention^ed.  Aithou^  it  mig;ht  beAippofed, 
that  with  fuch  changes  and  varieties  in  the  weather, 
there  would  be  connected  epidenucal  difeafes,  and  an 
unwhokfome  climate,  yet  on  the  whole,  it  is  found,  in 
this  diftria^  to  br  as  healthy  »s  uny  part  qf  t|^  Uaited 
jgtates.     "  ■: 


'i'..' 


I '  I  w 


K  iE  vir    r  o  R  Jt 


■MSes. 


^ITVltioU    AND  EjTSNT* 


Sq.Nm«k 

coo 


»  M--:  1  1DOUNDED  foutheaftwardly  bt 
£om^n^,^  IS  the  AUantic  Ocean;  caft,  Ixy 
€onne^ttt,  iMaHachufetts  and  'Vermont;  northi  h| 
the  4^th  degree  of  latitude,  which  divides  it  from  Cana^ 
da ;  nordKl^efiwardly,  by  the  river  Iroquois^  or  St  Law- 
rence,  ana  the  lakel  Ontario  and  £rie  ;  fouthweft  Ind 
fouth,  by  iWnfylviBiia  and  New- Jetfcy.  ^ 

CivH  B^o^omJ^}  Thi^  ftate  is  divided  into  10  comi- 
ties, which  hy  an  a£t  of  the  leg^lature,  paiTed  in  March# 
1788, 5Vere  Xnhdmdci  mto  townfhijpi. 


^  If  fN  laokide  JLbftg  Ulaiid. 


C«MtflRt* 


^i: 


1^: 


OmiHti. 
Ifftvr  York 

iSudblk 

•Quecni 

Kings 

Richmond 
WeilCiiefter 

Orange 

Ulftcr       ^ 

Dutcheit 

ColnmbM 

HaniTejilaer 

Waihington 

Clinton 

Montgomciy 

<)ntano 


UStr    TO  RX. 


jir.  rmw.  -m.  ihM». 


.a- 

^3.1  St 
75JS«  ; 

« 

1^440  ; 

6 

«6,Q'i4 

6 

#.49f 

< 
4 

3.835 

21; 

a4»oo3 

6 

45»^»^ 

8 

«7.732 

fomw 

nI  fince  ccnfuv 

^9 

4 

II 

14*042 

I,6J4 

25,846 

i,07£_ 

Albany 

{Eafiifampton 
Hantingtoa 
Jamaica 

I  Flat  Bnlh 
Brooklyn 

Bedford 

{doftien     ^     , 
Orange 
King  (ton 
faaghteepfie 
FifhkHl      , 
Hudibn 
Kinderhoolc 
Lanfinbnrg 
Sal^n 
Plattiburg  ^ 

divided  fincc  theceii- 
f\i8  into  3  couirtin. 

Canadaque 


349« 

1.497 

941 
i;6o3 

1.15" 

a,47o 
2,448 
1,175 

5.9«9 

2,529 

5»94» 
a.584 

4^66f 

t 

z,i8tS 
4S« 


I 


I 


'Herlceroer 

Otfego 

Saratoga 

Tyoga 

'V 

Onondago 


,«  30  340^X^0      ^cco^ing  to  the  cenfu»  of  1 790. 


'S 

9 
8J 


II 


German  Hats 
Coopcrftown 
Saratoga 
j  **  r  Chenango 
7*000  J      I  Union  f  own 


i4/ooo*J 
1 2,000  i  ^ 


1400 


comprehendiqg  the  military  townihipi. 

'The  nBiiiber  of  eledors,  taken  by  order  of  the  legif- 
lature,  in  the  begmning  of  the  year  1796,  were  64,01 7. 
'  iUuert  and  Canals.']  Httdfon^s  ri^er  is  one  of  die  largeft 
rivers  in  the  United  States.  It  rifes  in  the  mountatnoui 
CMintry  between  the  lakes  Ontario  and  Champlain*  Its 
v^Me  length  is  about  250  miles.  From  Albany  to  Lake 
C^rgeif  is  65  miles.  This  diftance,  the  river^s  naviga* 
Ilk  only  for  batteaux,  and  has  two  portages,  occafioaed 
hf  falls,  of  half  a  mile  each.  The  tide  flows  a  few  miles 
above  Albany,  which  is  1 60  miles  from  New  Yor  k.  It  ii 
f]iinr|ft|able  foi^i)oo(»s  of  86  tons  to  Albany*  and  for  (hipi 
t^  Hudfon.  About  60  miles  above  New  Vork,  the  water 
b»coiaes  frefli.  The  river  is  (loredwidia  variety  of  fifli, 
which  renders  a  fnmmer^s  pafi*age  to  Albany  delightAil 
mivmUng  to  thofe  whove  fond  of  angling. 


NEW      r  0  R  K. 


««# 


1f497 

i;6oj 

11,15' 
a,47o 
a.448 
1,175 

1,529 

'    5»94» 

2,584 

J4^66f 

1  2,i8tS 
45« 


itiin  the  State, 
luof  1790. 

Its  1  1400 
n 


towniHlpi. 

F  the  legit 
re  64,0 1 7« 
dieiargeft 
ountamous 
nplatn*  Its 
,ny  to  Lake 
^is  iiaviga. 
occafiotjed 
ii  few  milei 
ITotk.  Itii 
id  for  (hips 
the  water 

iety  of  fift, 
delighOW 

Tlic  • 


"^Tfhe  incteafiljg  population  cf'thc  fertUe  lands  upoo 
ihfe  northtrra  branches  of  the  HudTon,  mull  annually 
indttafe  the  amazing  wealth  that  is  conveyed  by  its  wa- 
ters to  New-York.  Added  to  this,  the  groand^hu 
been  marked  out,  the  level  afccrtaihed,  and  a  company' 
incorporated,  by  the  name  cf  "  The  Prcfident,  Direc- 
tors and  Company  of  the  Northern  Inland  Lock  Navi- 
eatibn,  in  the  Ibfe  of  New  York,'*  and  funds  fubfcribcd* 
for  the  piirpofe  of  cntttng  a  canal  from  the  neareft  ap- 
prnxl  mating  point  of  tt.udfon*s  rrve?  to  South  Bay, 
which  empties  into  the  fouth  eiid  of  Lake  Champlain. 
The  dilUnce  is  18  miles.  Thefe  works  are  begun  un- 
der a  favourable  profpefl  of  being  foon  completed. 

SiranaC river  p4^es.tkrough  Flattiburgh  into  Lake 
Champlain, 

Sable  rivet  not  far  frqm  the  Saranac,  is  fctrcely  60 
yards  wide.     On  tl;is  ftream  are  remarkably  falls. 

l~he  river  Boquetpafles  through  the  town  of  WiUf» 
borough.  At  this  plate  j^re  the  remains  of  an  intrench- 
ment  thrown  up  by  General  Burgoyne%  H;re  he  gave 
his  famous  war  feaft  to  his  •*  uumerons  hoft  of  favagcs," 
and  here,  probably,  he  firft  concfhcd  di^t  ctlebrated  proc« 
lamation  which  he  afterwards  brot^ftrth. 

Black  river  riifes  in  the  high  ccntry,  neaf  theibtireet 
of  Canada  Creek,  which  falls   into  Mohawk  rif  er,  and ' 
takes  i^s  cmirfe  N.  W.  and  then  N  E.  till  it  difchargef 
itfelf  into  Cataraqua  or  Iroquoii  river. 

Onondago  river  rifes  in  the  Oneida  Lake,  and  maS 
weft  wardly  into  Lake  Ontario  ^it  Ofwego. 

Mohawt  rivu'  pafles  to  the  noitb*  'ard  of  Fort  ^tsifi^, 
wix,  and  runs  fouth  ward  ly  so  nrant,  to  the  fort ;  them 
tartwardly  1 10  miles,  into  the  Hadfom  The  produce 
that  is  conveyed  down  this  river  is  landed  tn.  Skene^bi- 
dy,  and  i^  thence  carried  by  land  fifteen  miles,  overt 
barren  (hru^by  plain  to  Albany,  throiiigh  whicfc  a  ton^ 
pike  is  contemplated.  Since  the  completion  •  of  the 
locks  and  canals  at  die  Little  Falls,  56  miles  above 
Skene^ady,  the  river  is  paffable  for  boats  fron  Skenec* 
tady  nearly  or  quite  to  its  fource.  The  pcrpendicniar 
(lefcent  of  thefe  fall^  is  42  feet,  in  the  courfe  of  one  ndlew 
A  canal  and  Idcks  round  thefe  falls  was  completed  tft 
the  autumn  of  x  795.  The  Cohoes,  tn  diit  river,  are  » 
^€St  coriofity.    They  are  lliree  mSiti  ^to  tU  entrance 


m 


V  ZW     y  O  R  K. 


.-  i' 


r* 


into  the  H'jdfon.  The  rlycr  is  about  loc  yaf  ds  wide;  tl^ 
rSciiOver  which  It  pouts  «i  oytT^^,mU\_^w,  extendt 
alinofl  in  a  line  from  oi)e  &de  of  ch^  river  to  the  oiKf r^ 
Ri^  is  about  30  feet  perpendicuUf  height.  Jiicludihg 
(he  defcent  above,  the  fall  is  as  much^  as  .60  or  70  Tj^et 
A  company,  by  the  name,  of  >*  The  iPrefident,  Diredor^ 
and  Conpaoy  of  tlie  Weflern  Inland  Loc)c  Navigatton, 
in  the  State  w  New  York,"  were  ii>corporated  by  th^ 
Li^ijilamre  of  Kew  York,  in  March,  .1794,  for  the  pur- 
po£  of  opening  a  lock  naVintion  from  the  now  navi. 
gabk  part  of  Hudf&n^  river,  to  be  extended  to  Lak^ 
Ontario,  and  \o  ij^e  ^eo^ca  ^ake,    ^hefe  works  ai:e 

nearly  complete4* 

Delaware  river  rifM  in  LTtke.lIftftayantho, latitude 41^ 
a/>  and  tskes'its  coiirfe  fouthweit,  until  it  crofTes  inta 
Pennfylvania»  in  latitude  42^  }  thence  fouthwardly,  *\' 
viding  New  York  from  fennfylvania^  until  it  ftrlkes  the 
.Tiorthwed  corner  of  'New  J^rfcy,  in  latitude  41"  24'.; 
and  then  paiTes  off  to  the  fea,  through  DclawaVe  Bay, 
having  New  j€|rfey  on  the  faft  fide,  and  Pennfylvania 
and  pdaware  on  tiic  weft.  ,  .^ 

iSiirquehannah  B.  Branch  river  has  its  fource  in  j^te 
sOtfego,  latitude  42*  55'.  Batteaui  pafs  to  its  fource : 
thence  toMphawkxiver  is  but  20  njiles,  capable  of  good 
roads. 

Tyoga  river  rifes  in  the  Allegany  mountains,  in  about 
l^tude  4X^,  runs  e^iflwardly,  and  empties  into  the  ,$uf- 
quehannah  at  Tyoga  point,  i a  latitude  41°  57'.  It  is 
,1>Qatable  about  50  miles. 

52;c^(^ca  river  rifes  i^  the  Sencca  coqntry,  and  run« 
,eaflPlb?^diy,  and  ini^si|ijra|^e  receives  the  waters  of  the 
Seneca  and  Cayuga  Ijikes,  and  empties  into  the  Onon- 
dago  river,  I4mijes  al>iove  the  falls,  at  a  place  called 
Three  Rivers.  Within  ha^f  a  roil«  of  Onondago  lake, 
ai^iltfpring  iifues  from  the  ground,  the  water  of  which 
i«  falter  th^n  that  of  the  ocean.  It  conftantly  emits  wa- 
ter ic  fuCEcient  «^uaritity  for  works  of  any  extent.  It 
is  prohable  the  whole  country  ^U  be  fup|4ied  frpto 
this  fpr^ng,  and  at  a^vcry    leap  rate.  ^ 

Oendlce  river  rifes  near  the  ioufte  of  the  TfOga, 
and  empties  into  Jjake  QfitartOi  So  milei  eaft  of  Niaga- 


ra Fort 


(taga* 
The 


fe 


Kr  E  W     t  D  R  K. 


'M 


f  « 

T*hft^le1fnents  maJc  in  tlb  ftate,  till  within^  't^ 
fezTi,  werie  chiefly  u^O!)  two  narrow  ob]on^<i,  ;;xtenJin|; 
from  the  cfiC/  of  Ne«^  York;  ciiH  an  J  narth.  The  xinc 
ca(l,  is.J^<^ng  I  dandy  which  is  146  miles  long,  anJ  QSif- 
^w,  a6<;I  rurroundcd  Iby  the  fe*.  The  one  exten^iiig 
xlort6  fs  about  forty 'TTiiilts  in  breadiht  ahd  btilr^xi  hy 
the  Hudfbii:'  'The  new  fcttlcmcnt*  ti'afv^i  hccn  nwie  up- 
6ti  another  oblong  extending  weft  hfiil  Iniithwctt  Crott^ 
Albany.  Such  is  the  intcrfcdion  (rf"  the  whole  ft^te  by 
•  tjie  brarches  ofthe^Hudlbn,  ihe'D'tslaware,  the  Sufquc- 
^.miuiH,  and  Olhcr^  riVers  vi^U^vIf**'*  ^^^  mentioned, 
that  there  are"  few  places  throu'^hout  its  whole  ettentt 
that  ate  ftiore  than  ij  or"  id  ^iljfe^fiptti  ibnic4ioa^ablc 
or  nivigable  dripiffh.'    '  .  "    ;       '  .  .  ,    ,  4 

,  Bays  and  I^he}.'\  'fiit^  Are  YorV.'Bdy;. vJti^h  i^  Bl6e 
ihiles  long  uiid  fodt  brcAj',  fprcajli'to  tlie  fo^thwald 
lKef«.r«lht  city  ofNcw  York'.'.^^6uih  &j^,  ^tth %« 
ht  ot .l'5  miks  north' ot  the  r.oi thertfi  bend  ih  Hudfon^^s 
liven  Oheidii  take,  which  lies  aboui  ti^eiUy  Unites  #«Il 
>f  Fort  S^ianwix ;  Salt  Ilalce  ;  Lake  Otfegrt,  at tbe|iea4 
"oi  Siirquehannkh  u^tt  y  Ganiaddrago  Lak^r  fii  inile*- 
^tft  of  it }  and  Cfiatotjue  Late,  tfje  /ource.  of  Cona- 
'^ongo  xlnft  whieH'tinpties  into  thj*  Ai^cgart/:-  \'   "  ^- 

FcUeoftheCountry'i  momUwiSyY  Tlie  ftale»  to'.fpeai? 
Sod  and  Prdilumoni:  ^  J*;geW*Uf,  .«  -intep- 
jffeftsd  by  ritlges  of  moiit)t&ttis  i^ijinniug'  in  a;'tiorthea'(l 
and  foa Wweft  ditet^ipn.  Beyond  the  Alleginy  moujf- 
tains,  how<;vei-,  the  couyitry  is  a  deatf  I'cveF;  of  aiSne^ 
#ich  foiijCbmed  in  its  nuLural  ftatc,  v>i(h  maple*  bfcach, 
birch,  cherry^  "blacVAwUlnur» J^cuftj  bi».fct)r|r,-  aiidTomc 
xftulb' rry  tfecs."' 

The  lands  bet wetft  ilic  Senfila'  aftd'C3y%i  take^. 
a'f&'re^i'cfentt'd"  asruncouimonly  excellent,  b^ing  tAtivi 
■^xte^^}{  diverfified  with'  ge^tte  |-ffing«,  and  d^et<ia 
ivith  lo'ny  trees,  with  little  underwoo'i. 

£aft  cf  die  AUegirty  moumaihs,  the  ccuntry  is  hto- 
ken  into  hii's,  with  rich  inter vinfeg'  yaliie*;-  Tli^'. 
hUls  are  clothed  thick  with  'timber,  aad,  'when  cleared^ 
a^ord  fine  pafture,  .The  vallies,  when  ci^ftiVated,  pro- 
duce  wheat,  hemp,  fia»,  peas^  grafs,  oat*,  aud  Indicia 
corn.  / 

Of  the  commcdities  produced  from  culture,  wheat  is 
tSfciiiaple,     or  this  aiticle,  in  wheat  arid  fi^tir,  equiva« 

knt 


tp^ 


HEW.  Y  Q  R  k. 


i 


J<li4n  corn  and  pch  afc  \\kc^^^Ct  td^d  f^r^t^ff^t^pt^A 
■pnd  rye,  oats,  barley,  Ike,  i^x  Hpnjc  eofrTuiiy^Bt^..  t 
^^  In  l^me  parts  of  i&cjit^  (itrg^  i^aifw  i^«j|^ 
mrnifh  for  the.  mjirfcet,  fcuiticr  iri^  4|ie<Sr.T^  beft 
^sif^iirf  tVii  ftate,>bi^h|ie  a|o|iig  ^he  Moha^^^iver, 
i(na  ziorihdf  it,  an^  we^'of  djc  AllVganjr  nipuntainf, 
<tc  yet  rpoftly  in  a  ftatc  oif  Aat^ne,>uU^ ipft^vTiipMly 

f«;tClirg.  ^  :^ '>."■■  '  '  '  -v''... 

in  Sie  northern  /aSM.aQ(ettled'  part*  of  the  ftatei  arf , 
plenty  of  moofci^deeis  .bear$,  fomo  beavers,  martins,  and 
flftoil   other  inh^bitfisU  of  the  foreft* .  ^xffept  "vplref. 
i)uck«,,growie^  pige|?nii/  alfo  fiQi  of  naap^  J(inds,  ani 
particularly  fatmoh^  are  takeii  in  gres^t  abundimce  In  dif* 
%ent  parts,  and  ejllieci^Uy  *^  ^^  county  of-  Clinton. . 
^^'tbe  fnoutli  of  Suranac  river,  ^btch,  falls  into  Cha^- 
ipll|(oiV,tW  fal^lton  are  found  in  fach  plenty,  fhs^  tt,j^ 
yfmL.ib  t^hk  wnr^r  fytc  hundrc:d~in  a  d^y^^with  fpear| 
Kid  fmall  fcoop  jietF . .  They^  are  caught  fr qni'  May  tiU- 
No^K^pirib^^,  aod  liiake  excellent  ial^ed  provirtonsivaQf.; 
e^4;^|^i^e^.by  ipdK^ing  za  ho^t  ia  the  eve^g». , 
iliiy.  pl|aiii  a  fuMcient  ^p^Ty  for  his  lainily. ,      '.      . 
ro^dciim  and  ChofolBer.'}    For  the  population  of  tl^^^ 
%\t^  i|^or^ipg  to  tibe  cenAii  of  i  yoo,  the  reader  is  re- 
*^r<sd  to.&  tibl^  of  divlfiQus.    The  aonudl  inoreafe^ 
i^  tiSe  tptir  ytzxi  f«icceeding   t^^5J  was  upvwards  o^ 
t^tOOQ,    A  great  proportion  of  this  increafe  cpnfids  p| , 
^IjMgrant^  froni  the J^ew  England  States.  , 

'   Tnt  revolution  ilt^  its  confe4^ences  have  had  a  verf . 
Iperceptible  influeiice  in  diffu^ng  a  fpirit  of  liberalit|;;. 
iJunoBg  the  putch,.at>d  in  d^fpelling  the  clouds  of  igno- 
fipc  V  and  national  prejudice.     Schools,  academieji  and  ' 
iKillcgel  are  eftablimcd,  and  cAabliitiing,  for  the  educa^,. 
^onof^  their  children  in  the  Engliih  and  learned  )an- 
auagies  aiid  in  Uie  atts  and  fciences  i  i^nd  a  hienry  an4i 
wiefitific  fpirtt  is  evidtiuly  sQcrea^ng.     If  fqch  are  the 
httddings  of  ti^aprpyenient  in  the  daWn  of  oai^  empuct^^ 
tn^at  a  rich  harveft^  may  we  ekpeft  in  its  meridian  ?         •: 
The  city,  of  New  York  is  inhabited  principally  bf 
9ierchanti»  phy^ciihs,  l^wyer.s,  mechanics,  (Kopkeepit 
^s  aioHii  tradefmen,  compoi^d  of  almofl  all  nations^  an4^ 
|n1^oqb»    They  nre  geoerally  refpedable  in  ihe>  f(HM. 


NEW    Y'dk'k.  ^3 

Yral^profcflions,  and  fudain  the  repatatloa  of  conefl» 
pundlual,  .air  dealers. 

The  manners  aiid  chara^r  of  the  inhabitants  of  every 
eolony  or  ftate  will  take  their  colooring,  in  a  greater  ov 
led  degree,  from  the  peculiar  manners  of  the  iirft  fet* 
tiers.  It  is  much  mort  natural  for  emigrants  to  adopt 
die  cuiVom  of  the  original  inhahitants,  than  the  .con* 
trarf }  even  though  the  emigrants  fliouId»  in  length 
of  lime,  become  the  raoft  numerou::.  Hencfc  it  is  that 
Ac  neatncfs,  p^mony  and  induftry  of  the  Dutch- 
were  early  imitated  by  die  firft  Engliih  fettkrs  in  the 


province^^and-  amU  the  revolution,  formed  a  dtliingrtifli^ 
ing  iraitin  their  provincial  chara^cr..  it  is  ftiU  diicern-i^ 
ibJe,,  though  in  a  much  lefs  degiee,.  and  \Kill  probably . 


continue  vifible  for  many  years  to  ccmf, 

Ghi^  Towns.2  Thtre  are  three  ii j cor po rated  cities  li^- 
tftis  itate  ;  New  York,  Albany  and  Hud^n.  N«>^f 
York  is  the  capital  cf.ihe  (late,  and  0ands  on  the  routh"- 
wen  point  of  Manhattan,  commonly  called  York  tfland». 
It  the  confluence  of  tlie  Hudfon  and  Eaft  Rivci|*.  Tht 
principal  part  of  the  city  ues  on  the  end  tide  of  the  iiland, 
akhougn  the  buildings  ex,i:ci)d  from  one  river  to  the 
•ther^  The  length  of  the  city  on  Eall  River  ts  about 
two  miles  j.  but  faJk  much  fhort  of  that  di&:^nce  dn  the 
iianks  of  the  Hudfon.  Its  breadth,  on  an  average,  is 
ncar'iy  thret-fouitha  of  asmile  jr^  a&d  ii  circumference 
may  be  four  ruilQa^ 

Th*  houfes  arc  generally  built  of  bri'k,  arid  the  roofs 
tiled,  fchcfe  ariR.  remainiag  ifew  houfes  built  after  dhc 
•Id  Dutch  manner.     ' 

rhe  mod  magniikent  edifice  rn  this  city  is  Fedfrai 
Mail,  fituated  at  the  head  of  Broad  Hreet,  where. its  front 
appears  to  great  advanta^. 

'ri*«  otlier  pablic  IniiTdmjfs  m  the  city,  are  three 
houfes  for  puMicworfbip  for  ti.c  Dutch  reforn-.ed  cyircli;^ 
— fovw  Prcftiy  man  charches-- three  Kri.'cop^i  chur^he"*"^ 
— two  fcMP  German  Lutherans  ami  Cilviniils — two 
Frieudi*  mect^n^  houfes — two  fbr  Baptiils — two  i0t 
MethodiUs— one  for  Moravians— <3T»e  Roman  CatlicliC 
tiiurch — one  French  proteftant  church  m|t  of  r'i^% 
aad  a  Jew*'  fynagoguc.     Bcfidss  ticfe,  there  is  dia 


m 


NBV    T  O  R  lb 


■>0' 


iog-^the  college,  gaol,  a  new  and  fpacious  {>rKbn»  ao^ 
feveral  other  buildings  of  leTt  note.    The  city  is  accom- 
jnod  \ted  with  f<»or  roarlcets  in  di^cfent  parts,  whick" 
are  fu'f^tihed  with  a  great. plenty  and  variatyof-pfovi. 
£c;0ft,  in  neat  and  exceiknt  order., 

Thi»  city  is  efttemed.  the  mofl  eligible  Tituatien  for 
commerce  in  ihe  United  Stales,  .It  ;ftlmoft  ncceflarily 
<K>n)Dr)ands  tbe  trade  of  one  half  of  New  Jerfey,  moft  o£ 
thai  (i  Cpnne^icut,  part  oC- that  of  MaiVac7)ufett9y  and 
NewHampftirciand  almoft  the  whole  of  that  oi  Wnnont, , 
befidts  the  whole  fertile  interior  country,  which  h  pen> 
fttrated  hy  04)e  of  the  lacgeil  rivers  intiie^  United  States^ 

A  want  of  good  watej*  is  a  great  inconvenience  tn  the 
'cttizeQS?,.th^re  being  &w  welb  in  the  city^    Mod  of  " 
the  people  are  fufplied  eVery .  day  with  frefk  water  coo- 
veyecl  to  their  doers  ia.ca(ks»  froaa  a  pump.near  th« - 
head  of  Q^een-iEtreeti  which  receives  it  from  a  fprmg 
aljnoft  a  roile  from  the  centre  of  ttie  city.: .  .This  veil  u 
about  2p  feet  deep*  aind  foiu*  feet  diameter.  Th^  average 
quantity  drawiV  daily  from  this  remaiKablrS  well;  is  iid 
hogOieads,  of^^e  g^^^i^^  eai«h».  in  foine^hot«fuinmet^ 
days,  2i6h<^nieadshav«  been  drawn  from  iti^and  what . 
is  very  iingulari  thtie  is  nevet  more  or  .left  than  about  - 
three  feet i<f. water  in  t^te  well.     I^e  water-is  £i4d  coOf 
monly.  at  three  pence  a^hogOtead,  at  the  puaip.     The 
Manhattan  company  was  incorporated  in  ifpSs  for  the 
purpofe  pfr  cbnveying  goodt  water  into  the  citjr  l^nd 
Uieir  works  arenow  in  operation. . 

In  pgint  of i  fociabtlity .  ai^d  hofpitalti^,  Ni^w  Yoikl^  ^ 
hardly  exceeded  by  any  town  in  the  Uni^d  ;itates. 

On  a, general  view  of' this  Chy^  as  defcribed  thirty 
;years  ago,.ftnd  in  its  present  (late,  t^ecomp^iiibn(4s!6at^ 
l€Un|f  to  the  prefcnt  age ;.  particularly  the  improve- 
m<ii^  in  tafte,  elegance,  of  manners,  and  that  eaiy  un^- 
i4^fted  civility  and  politenefs  which,  form  t|ie  happine^-^ 
of  focial  iniercourfc.  ,  , 

.  .The  city  of  Ai^jA^iY.is  fuuated  u^pon  theiwft  fide  0/ 
Hu;^bii't  rty«r»,  i6q.  miles  north  of.  the.  city  oiTJ^ew 
"iii^jL  in  latitude  41*  56'.  It  contained,  .in  lyp^i  S63 
dv^lfmg  houfest  built  moftly  b]f  trading  pe^t*  -^n  the 
"  pn  of  the  rJver^  and  in  die  old  Dutch  Gothic  ftyle, 
^^#ble  end  to  th«  ftreet;  which  cuflom  the  &thi 


-^ 


HE  W    Y  Oft  It. 


tTf- 


{fttlen  ^fOiglit  with  th«m  from  HoUaod.  Mmnf  new 
Louf^i  tiowevtTr  havtj!  }u«ly  been  built  in* this,  city,  aH 
ii)  ^'iinodinAilljle.  la  I797»  the  xiumbcr  of  iahab»&* 
anu^  xhi«  ciiy'.^ast  6o2 1»  coUcdted  Ixum  vatious'  pa7t«« 
An  ^U  a  variety  of  i^x^uages  are  fpcken  in  Albany, 
as  io  any.  town  l^  the  UniuJ  St«t«»i  but  the  Englilti 
yrtdommhte&f  and  the  lU'c  of  every  tether  i»  coniUiuly 
l:fir&aiug.  Atiyentunrcs,  in  purToic  of  wealth,  are  led 
herd  by  the  aavanU|{e»  for  ir<Ade  yth'txh  tht»  place  af« 
fflir^s.-  . 

4  Albany  ;ii  uprivaHed  in  its  fiiuiUOA.  •  It  fiends  oti  ' 
the  bank  of  o;)e  of  the  fineii  rivers  in  the  world,  at  the 
hcai  (ofiloop  navigation.  •  lteiij^*ys»  afalubrtoui:  air.  • 
It  i&  the  natural  emporium  of  ih«  inereahng  trade  of  c 
Uige- extent  of  couair y.weii  and-  north  i  a  country  of 
an  cjicellent.lbil,  abounding  in  every  article  for  the  Well  v 
India  market  ^  •pieotii'uily  .watered  with  navigable  Uke% 
creeks  and- riyers,  as  yn  only  part^'aiiy  peopkd,  but  fet« 
tling.with  alnioft  unexampled  rapidity  ;  and  capable  <^ 
aiT  jrdin^  iubiinienceaud  aMuence  to  millions  of  inhabit^ 
ants.^.  N-opartof  America  ai'ords  a  more  eligible  open- 
ing for  emigrants  than  this.  •  An4  when  the  contem- 
plated Jock^and  canals- are  completed,  the  bridge  ovef  ' 
the  Mohawk  rivfr  ereified,  and  convenient  roads  open<^4  '> 
iiJto  every;  p»rt  of  th^  .cottntry,  all  which  wiil^  it  is  cx- 
pe^edy  be!>accomph£u^  >in  aJew  years,  Albany    wiU 
probably  Jncreaie  -and  ii^uriih  beyond  almoil  «very  otb»  - 
er  ciiy^prtQji^'n  in  th».United  States^  • 

The  puUic  Wiildiogs  are  a  Low  Dutch  churc'n,'  twd"' 
for 'PjrfelbyteriansvOBc  for  (Jermans  or  High  Dutch,  one 
fsr  Epiicopalians  ;  .one 4or  M^Mhodlftv;  a  hofpital,  the  • 
city  haiiiiaud  a  har,dfome- brick  giuil.!.  " 

^t^he  4:U>y>of  H^»*e» -has  had  the  mftft  r»pid  ^Tdti^tii  ' 
of  any  place  in  iVmericaf  if  we  except  Baltimore  m1Ms>' 
xyknd. .  It  is  fituated  on  the  ead  fide  of  Hudibn's  rlve  V- 
ia  latitude  44^  23'^  siind  i«  !  39  miles  norih  of  New-YoHti' . 
and  39  iniles  fouth -of^AIoany.  Itfis  Atr7<unded  b|t^ 
an  extenfivA  atid  fertile  back  country*  and,  in  pixiporti&jl'' 
taiU^^ff  <9?4^^F^iQ0|  carries  <m  a  huge  uadec 


Ml 


N«W    T  i^-k't. 


:^' 


Poiigkkeepfittt  the  (litre  town  ol  Dntchcft  eornit^^^ 
lar.iiiigbuffgh,  formerly  called  the  New  Cttf»  on  the 
%uXi  iide  of  the  Huu(:>rT^nifie  bm1«^  north  of  AlbanyMM 
KingtliMyth*  cokLaif  town  o&  Uliicr'^SkcnetfUdy,  fw^ 
teen  miict  corthwclt  ot  Albsuiy,  on  the  hu^*  ii  the 
Muhawk  livtr-"  Troy,  fcvin  nuUs  above  Albany,  ». 
fkii^riihing  lown  of  abouc  200  hou£eft-«-«nd  Platifburg, 
in  Clinton  cobnty,  fiiuatcd  on  the  weft  margin  of  Lake 
ChumpUin,  are  all  conliderable  towni.  • 

TratU.J    The  fituattoo  of  New  Yorkt  with  refpeA  to 
foreign  maikett,  ha*  deckUillx.the  preference  16  any  of 
the  Itates.    It  has,  at  aU  ieafoni  of  the  year»  a  fhjrt  and 
cafy  accefft  to  the  ocean.    Not  hiye  the  inhabitants  been 
UAAiindiul  of  their  fupeiior  k  .al  advantages,  but  hate 
availed  tliemislv^s  cil  them  to  their  faiii  extent. 
'    Xheir  exports  to  the  W^i\  Indies  are,  bifcott^  peas^ 
Indian  corn,  «f> plec,  oni«ns,  boards,  ftavesi  borfes,  iheep». 
butter,  cheele^  pickkd  oyitefSj  beef,  and  pork.     Bul^ 
wheat  is  the  Itapie  commodi  vf  of  the  8i2,te.     Weft  In- 
dia goods  are  received  inrettirn  for  theie.  articles.     Be- 
fii^Oi  the  above  meniipned  afti\:les»  ate  exported,  fhnc* 
feeii,i^ottoA  \k)ooV  fsriaf 'ariilajcoii'ee,  indigo,  rice,  pig 
ilpn,  baf  iron,  pot  a%  pearl  Alh^'fufs,  deer-fkinsj  log* 
ilpody'fuiiisf-mahogjuiy^'bees  Wa«',  oil^  Madeira' wine, 
rum,  tar,pitcb,tmpentin6i  Whalers,  &h,fiigai's,  mo^ 
U^s,ialt,  tobaec<>,  la«d»  fcc.^dtmaiiy  of  theie  article! 
aiieimpiorudfor-re-exporutior..'  The  trade  of  this  ftate 
has  gieatly  iiicreaf^  ijcice;the  rcfvt>lution,  and  the  bal- 
ifnceis  aloiolVcioni^antly.m  it&favbun    The  exerts  to 
foreign)>ans,for  th«^yea^endin^'September  20th,  179  ir 
ogafkUing-priticipally  cf  the  articles  above  enumerated, 
amoiiiited  to  2.5 16}  197. dollars.-   Tlie  year  ending  Sep* 
t<B«Bber304  1795;  they  amounted  to  10,504,580  dollari^ 
7$%&tijvand  l^ave  fiuce  ttmsh/icclreaied^-  . 

Mt(iidn4  Sftrings.']:    The  iRoft  noi*J  iprirrgS'  in  thii- 
i^te»  4rt>  th<^  uf'  Stti^^gaA    They  are  eight  or  nine  ill 
WtfmUr^  &i»if  ^  ia  the  margin  of^a^maribv  formed  hy 
S  hraitch  of  DLayodaroflbra  Creek,  about  twelve  n:ile*r 
wefi  iiROja  the  too^atnce  «f  Fifti  iSreeIc,.  isaii.  Pudfon% 


Cfeat'numliers  or'^peop]e,«ander  a  variety  of  makiiii^ 
HnSon  to  theie  ^lings,  aad'sany  fiad  relief;  anid  a  con* 

fidcrablft 


•■■'v 


IMi  W    Y  OH'Kr 


*77 


fuiemhle  ruinb«r  %  complete  eyre,  paTticaltrly  fr.  bil- 
ioai  diforJers,  ful  rhcu.-n,  «rU  r^hxitioiis.  !)«:  ar  thf 
wnters  «.re  urYfrietiJlj  and  even  fatal  in  fome  difordch, 
ihejr  aught  to  be  ufcd  ttrnler  the  dir«cl{on  of  a  phjdcuo, 
thoroogbljr  a:qaatntei  with  the  qoatitres  cxf  the  Waters, 
and  thedireafes  of  the  patients.  Ignorant  of  the  fUvtA- 
bienefiofthe  water»  to  their-  comphints,  many  havf 
imprudently  thrown  awiiy  their-  lives  iu^the  uic  4?,^ 
tliem.  -  * 

New  ly  '  rmgs  are  heft  in  c«!lebr!ty  to  th**  "•  ^^^ 

Saratoga.  uion  is'^a  plealknt  village,  fituated 

partly  in  a  a  partly  on  the  dicliyity  of  hills. 

Tlie  pool  is  i.iuatcu  ori  a  ccmxnanding  eminence  over* 
looking  the  galley*  acid  iatrotfndei  with,  a  few  luMifcs^ 
%vhich  afford  but  iuJiiFerent  accommodations  for  th^ 
valetudinarians  wl^^  rcfoit  here  in  (earck  oif  bd^th.  The 
w;m:cis  have  an  a.Qrecabk  tcmpftatiife,  tAid  a^e  not uy^ 
pleaiunt  to  the  tafte.  ,       :    •  1 

in  ihe  new.  town  of  E^dlTalaer,  nearly  Of  pi^fitc.  tibf 
city  of.  Albany^  a  medtcinal  fpring  hf t  hiteif  be^dir* 
coyj^redt  combining  mod  of  rhe  vakkablc /propqtic*  €f  " 
the  celebrated  \vaters  of  SiratrJga. 

Literary ' ami  Humane  $oc'uiiis, 3  Thtre  %r^  •  very  fe#  • 
focieties^  lor  improvement  in  koowlcd^e  or  btiBMmty%\ 
tbis^  iUtei  and  tbefe  are^^The  fociety  wt  promoting  til^ 
ful.  khftw»l«dge-i--Tbe  fociety^r'the  manumiflion  -tpf  f" 
davc^^^nd  piQteAing  fuch^f  them  as  have  beenot  maf'^ 
be  liberatedr— X  luannfaftaring  focwi)f— 'Aa  agriculcif*' 
T:il  {iKietyj  lately  eAablKbed,  of  which  the  membera  of. 
the  Icgifjaiure,  are,  ex  offidfu  xnfcmbeis^^A  medical  (bet  •- 
ety,  and  a  faciety  for  the  iDformatioQ  axid  ii&ftancc  o|< 
eiTiigrants.-.-.  ;  \      '•••''  '  ■ 

Literature,  Collide,  Jeaekffiei,  %ff.J    tJhxi}^  y^tl^ 
i754r  there  was.  no  coUes^  ia  tlMi  province; of  Kewv 

Yprty.  ■         ^ .  ■■;,,..;       "    ■'■^'■ 

,Kjng*i^  iCoUege^  now  called  Ohlitobisi  rtoltege^  vai'v 
foundiid  in  1754.  .  This  college^  by  aa  afk  of^^tfae  l^lf*  -" 
latjrc  paJETcd  in  the  fpring,  of  1787,  wa-  pbt^undtr  die  - 
caf^ipti24;,genileTnen,  wbo  ire  a  body  t^coiporaitr  by  - 
the  name  and  ftyle  of  *♦  I'Ke  ir^uftecs  ofCohimbisb  eo^; 
%t>  ift  the  dty  of  New  York/» ' 

It  is  now  in  a  thriving  i^ate,  and  baa  abojit-TOo  ft^v 
dtcuJa  the  jfour  claflesj.bjsfides  medical  ftudents.  The 


'     VI 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


"^ 


1.0 


1.1 


Ui  U2.6    12.5 

US  ^    ilM 

■tt  liii   12.2 

^  as,  120 


K 

nil 

IE 


1 

Lil  1  U.  11.6 

^ 

6"    

^ 

i 


<^ 


^> 


/ 


^^^^' 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


^^ 


^\ 


(^^^ 


•N5 


\\ 


,'*- 
'1*. 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIRSTIR,N.Y.  M5S0 

(716)173-4503 


0 

1^ 


y ^ 

^A^ 


•11 


officers , of  fndru^op  itilmmi^tt  ffPTcrhmeift;  ^e 
ai.pre0deut»  prpfeffor  pf  ^atheiiMjUes  Ma  futioral  p^iio^^ 
phf,a  proftflbr  pf  lo^ic  anJ'gto^fapbf,  ait^  a,j»rofcflbr 
tff  Utigu($igef.  A  C9ipplete  medicaV  tc^ool  1^  ^en 
latcly^tincxed:  tQ  ^^  coQege,  zt\i  ^hlt  .prtdtfFonyiipr 
putmed,^f  th'c  tttiAcesi  iQ'eyer|r  brihcE  of^au  impQi<- 
l^nt  ff ieft'ce,  who  rcgul^)  ly  teadi  ijbictt  fdpcftiye  bxvftach- 
IB  w4tk  rqjtftatapfi.      ^         ; 

0/(h.e  twclve'tocofporated  acadcoucs,  bne  U  s^t  flat* 
1ii^fh,  ill  ]Ci^^«  CQuntjr^biil^tfginaMii^nii^  railed  from 
Broo)^yn  fiti^%     Jfi  is  ^tUatcd  in  a  pldirafit,  jbeiltby 


yilbf^e, ,   '^Ite  bi|i)dinf?  is  Urge,  Hafidfo^  af\a  tonve^ 

,  Meiit»  and  b  called  Er^vs*  Haif.    *ftii  titi^tmf  \t 

ii»ip»i^Mg^  ttnd^'tlfe  xafe  c^  a  ^clp^^  otlTer  iiiiit 

'  Thcreli^^odieratEaft  Haxnploil,  ii>f^  Ui^jeaft  end 
0%SMg  |fl^<l,1»y*die  haifie'  dFCBnton  acadifffijr.  t%e 
«rther&  are  in  different  parK^  o£ibe  Iftate.    Befidet  tbefe^ 

ieb^re¥p]n^ 

^t^lci^tnbotiiVnl  of  the  parenu.    A  fptrit'lor  litc- 

*  nr^  fM|^dv(«ieiitriS  eridmljr  diffidnig  i|i  mitaence 

throushout  the  ftatf .  '  * 

^'^^.|   l!he  irarit}0$ '  ret%t«tti  denmniiMttOOS  ii^ 

Ml  a^i    arfe   tic  f6!lo*riogV  "Engiifli  mfl^ftcttei 

at%  Refor ii^iiiidi«  Bkppft^,  £plR:Qpalians,"^riend«  <^ 

uikl^s/  6en^n  Luweran^y  M^av^nly  M^UitdiftSy 

ofciniCirt1idlicsJc'i^,,SKate£;  iftc^  alew  bf  the  fbl- 

ri  0$  Tina«j*.  WftUrtfon.    Th^  Shalsieri  ai^  ;p^ftci. 

y/etiUd  aiil^w  lijibSinoni^^and  *^«  fbllowen  c/|e- 

mrWiteSifetf  afttJiicYki  about  ivekeixt^rQLm 

15^1^14;  1|4#eJ«rt^lt^^  ntiinbef,  in't7$9||wsu 

]^^S^^  p6!rbf  n: 

^ndt^ojlJi,jby  i^ich  wpr^lth«C4nid'*Ti«Vttndiirftamd 
:yii^  Tlie  workV  Vt  this  pl^e^  are  in  fn<^'^i  rbiocmi 
tee,  thit  a  ilrarig^r  can  ii^arcely  form'  an  idea  of  tbeit 

'  -veoftMiaioiw ' 


^•f^M    T  O  R  K^.  tr^p, 

j^O0i£tr^€iiotL    They  ai«  howevter  (itoited  on  fuch  Msi^^ 
ground  as  to  command  the  comroonication  between  &>. 
Ia1[ei  ptbm  and  .Cbapipliun.    Opp9fite,  on  |he  feutlv 
fide  df  the  water  that  empties  out  of  {^ake  Oeorg^,  is  9 
immntain^  to  appe^tice;hii?cedi^e,calle(l'Moniit  Pe»^ 
fiince,  ,9rhere  QeneT|^  ffurgof ne,  m  tbe  late  war,  with 
a  bolflner«j|  fecfiecy  ait^difpa^h  ^almpft  unparalkled,^ 
conveyed  a  ntqnber  ofiannbn,  ftoterind  troofif.    The 
cannon  ^rere  tsltied^  by  large  hraQ  tacV.hs  .frozn  tree  to 
tree,  and  from  rock  topck,  over  dens  of  rattlefnakes; 
to  the  fummit,^  wliich  entirelT'Commands  the  works  qf 
Ticonderpza.    This  circvmfllance  muft  ever  be  conftdi. 
ered  ds  a  ]&Hi«fti&:at|nn'of. General  St.  Clair's  fttddto 
retreat  With  the  Americah  army.f  ^nd  the  obferVatipn 
Which  he  m^de  on.l^ts  trial,  inihis  own  defence^  thii^ 

*^^oughhehadlpfta•ppftil^eila^  fareil.a  (^te,'"  wail 
afterwards  yerifi^d.  ' 

iproWn  Pmnt  iii-i  t^Ui  norft'  of  Titonderoga,  ^n 
Ukf  ChainiglxHu  lEiie  fort  at  this' place*  in^hich  a 
Mtf(h garrifon  wasaTivays JteptKimn  t^end^<^ion  of 
CsmadatQ. th<^  American  revqltitton,  was  the  nio(l  re^ 
lilar^ti  the'moft  expcnfive  of  atiy^ew  conftrndt^d 
and  iupp^ir^ed  by  the'  Biiii/h  goyerniiMQt  in  Korfh 
Americs|.  , 

'  .Ptti^M^/.l  In  the  chanty  of  Montgomery  is^i  ^^^g 
ra'jpid  i(rea>n»  emptying  into  Scroon  hike,  ,we(|  of  lake 
iCebr^ej;  it  nins  under  a  hill*  the  btdfe  of  Which  is  60 
or  70  yards  dbant^iter,  forming  a  moft  evrioas  ahd  bcaii- 
ttfuf^hiii  iihi  rock»  j^s  white  as  fnow^  ?1ie  fury  of 
the'Wter.aAd^e  i^ughnefs  of  the  bottom*  added  to  th<ft 
tertifi^'np^  witlun»  h^  hitherto  prtTientiBd  «i^  pe^ 
^om  patt%Hirbui^  thecfaa&i. 

In  itv^  townOiip'  of  Wi^>oroi|gh,1ft  ClkitMi  Cdjanif, 
is  ti(te t^rlpuv  S^tit  Roek;  A  w^t  cf a^ftninlMiala,  wknch 
prcj^^  aSliout  5d  yardi  kto  l^,CinnipMh9^  appf^ 
to  hs^ife  (^en  hr^oti  jby  ibm  Vi«1iht  Ihodt  cdf  sattprt. 
It  ^'removed  fro0'tli«  main  ,ro^<N'  iRoiipitaiiiahott 
70  Fei^tVyd  the  oj^pcyfite^Qdesfbenib'  a^  ead^  ntliiMP, 
that  cfniib^ceds^  other  p!t>^dftHetr  i|mi»' t^n  oDce 
uoltcii. '  The  ^t  %ql^  ^  cbnMit  aMttiW  a» 
tktri^si^i  is  cdvirWl 'wit&  W(||OMi  TOV]iei|lMf  4ij| 
rockoii^€a€hilde  tlte  fifiiireif  libovtiii^te^eet.  V^ni 


%■ 


M». 


'H'E  iw  t  o"k  X. 


■  thii  point  is  a  ijptciotis  t»7»  (htlttrei  ftcm'thi  ibisil^ 
^(land  fior^wtft  win({l1>f  the'  foncmndbe  hii^  ai^ 

<  weeds.    On  tne  wisft  (idem  f<yar  or  five  Speljr  cnltU 
.  Tftted  fonntrJFhich  A^o^bcTv  at  ctrutfnfeaibm,  and  in 
fertain  fuaationSf  fori^  one  of  tHemfoft  beautiful  land-'^ 

■  fcapes  imagmable.  "'  SatSng  under  Ibis  toad  for  fi;|reral 
miles  itefbre  you  coicc '^crSplit  JR.O€k»  di|p  TROuntaiinB, ' 
ra4c  and  barren,  feem'^  tp  l^a)|^'i>ter/the.jpjifrenger  and 

." threaten  deftroiflion.  .  Awaterl boUn<Sri;^  to  tnie  ii^ht, 
lies  before  Bim — ^Man:  fee)s  bit  o^  littjenefs^  and  infi- 
delity itfelf  pays  an  otiwilUog  KouMgl  to  the  Creator, 
lofttaiuly  and  untcpcdeiBy  the  iR;ene  cju^nges,  arid, 
peeping  with  greedy  >yc,  thtough  the  fifiur^, "nature 
prefeTlts  to  the  view  a  (ilv«r-bafon-tJ4  verdant  lawn^^^ 

>  hitimble  cottagd^->a  golden  ^i^tt^-^sk  in9}eAic  foreft-^ 
a  lofty  mountain,  and  an "  seivtrt  l{ty,  rifing  one  above 

*  another  in  juft  gradat^ii  to  the  sMiazing  whole. 

'Mfaiu.J  The  bpdy  o^^fce  Six  cofi£ederated  Nations^ 

viz.  ^rhe'M'nhawkSt'Oiteidas,  Tufcdrora?,  Senecas^^'d 

(  Onondagas,-  ^ibabit  in  the  wcfterii  parts  of  "Uiis  ftate. 

TL\:  principid  jpartof  the  Mohawk  trn>erefiUe  on' Gr^nd 

'  river,  in  Upp^^  Canada.  ^  ,         v 

The-  ibllowirtg  -Jijjrill  give  w  idea  of  the  chxrsi^'eri» 

which,  according  to  Indian  tradition,' are  exciaded  from 

.the  happy  country.    •*  Thie  region  of  pure  ^Irits  the 

'Five  Nattoia» call  ^^iwia^.    Tllieofrly^charaSers which, 

;  according  to  their  traditioiisi  cannot  be*adroitte<i  to  pair* 

ticipate  of  tbje  pleaiures  and-  drlightft  of  thi^  ^^ppy 

country,  are  tcduced  to  three,  vfz.  fuictjes,  ^e  dtfobedt- 

cntito  iht  donnfels  if  tlie  chiefs,  and  tnth  as  p«it  aws^ 

V  tk^r  j^eaoa.9t€6umQf  {i^Rnancy,  According  ;o  their 

tradition^  there  is  a  J^loon^f  IniiHonilefs  g^^^      near  the. 

borderi  of '^  delightfid  ma^kfionroTEiJeanane,  over 

whi^hall  good  and  b^ave  fpirlts  p^  with  iafety,  under 

the  coodura  of  a  f^ithfi^d.  and  iktliiU  guide,  appointed 

•  lor  d|ftt  purpofe  ;  but  ti^en  a  toidt^  cf.  any  of  the  . 
^abov^eiii(i<Hijed  ehiiraAers  approaches  this  gulf,  tl^e 
:condtt^or,^whopo£re#<»fnioftpettaetrating  eye,  mftanU 

ly  diiTcqvers  tbetr  fpiritufcl-'fesitures  iind  char^<ter,  ind 

.  denies  them  hij  tjkl,  aiBguJng  tiis-tesfons.     They 

wi^^bdwerer  att^i^  to  avis  upon  a  to^^iple,  wbicji; 

bCXOTC 


/ 


"Sf'  t4 


N'Etir    TO  |IK. 


x«f 


lelbnf  tihejr  reaich  die  Riidd)e«  breaib^s  and  (1i«ictsitin 
prefently  aoyhi  ihtj  fatt  with  horrid  fliricks.    In  tlkii 
dark  and  dfeatf  gulf,  ther  ftippoft,  refidet  *  fffat 
do^'foone  fa^  a  dn^(ofi,  tntcAea  with  the  itch»  iniich ; 
makes  him  perpetually  relllcfs  and  l^ttefttK     The  gttilty 
inhabi|ftnts,  of  this  miferable  region  all  catch  this  dtfeaTe 
cf  the  great  dog^jind  grope  and  roamfrpm  fide  ^o  Ads  . 
of  their,  glootny  manfion,  in   perpetual  torments.— 
S«>metlmestl^ey  approach  ^  near  the  lispPX  ^^Id^  of 
Elkanane,  thjit  thej  cah  htar  the  fonjgs  and  dances  of 
their  fornier  Companiogs. '  This  only  ferves  to  increafc  * 
their  tdrrrer>t«,'^s  they  can  difcem  rio  light,  nor  d^fcov* 
er  any  pa/T^ge  by  which  th^y  can  gain  accefs  *to  them. 
They  fuppole  idiots  artd  dog^g  go  Into  thd  fame  giilf, 
but  have  a  more  comfortable  apartftjAit,  whett  thcy^ 
enjoy  fome  little  light,  »       . 

IJands»\  There  are  three  iftandsftf  ^oie  belonging 
to  this  ftate,  viz.  York  Iflaud,  Long  Iflaiid^  atd  dtJtteU 
Illmd.-  ■  ^      !  .      -\.  " 

Lohsi;  tfland  tttends  140  mHes  £.  and  teyminateft 
with  Montauk  Point*     His  not  more  thatlten,milc«ir\ 
brea.lth,  on  a  medium,  and  is  feparated  from  Conne^i-^ 
tut  by  Long  Ifland  Souhd.     The  iilacd  is  disi'ded  into 
three  counties ;  King's,  C^.een*s,  and  Sufilk.  ,    , 

The  fouth  fide  of  the  ifland  is  Jutland,  of  a  liglit 
fandy  foil,  bordered  on  the  tea  coaft  >)Pith  Urg^  tra^t 
of  fait  meadcyi',  extending  from  the  ^'etl  point  Of  the 
ifiand  to  Scmthampton.  Thir  foil,  however,  is  weM 
c;4lculaled  for  rainng  gram,  cfpecialjy  I.pdi%n  corn. 
The  north  fitie  of  the  iifand  \i  hilly,  and  0^  A  (iron^ 
foil ;  'adapted  to  the  ciiltur^  qf  jgraip;  hay  and  fruit* 
A  lid^e  of  hiUs  extends  ixom  Jamaica,  to  Sot^ihhold*^ 
Large  herds  of  cattle  feed  upon  Hampftead  plain,  and 
on  the  fait  m;irfhes,npon  tlie  fouth  fide  of  the  ifiand* 

Tlic  prodilcc  of  the  mrddfe  and  Weftern  pzxi&  i^  ^jir4_ 
riod  to  New  York.  The  iiland  contains  36,049  iidiiS* 
ilantc.,     '         ' :"_  ^  ..■      ■    ,     .''  "  •■^'    '    ■■  ■  '' 

Staten  iflandlics  nine  mifes  foatliweft  of  tlfl  city  iol  ; 
New  York,  and  (#rm^  Richmond  couht/.     It  k  about 
cight?ch  Tailcs  in tei^gthjar^d  at  a  rr.ediu0,  fixcirfe,yc« 
ia  breadth,  and  conuins   3^835  iidwbltantsl  /'XJft  tfie  ■ 


m 


nzm  s^%s^% 


iMit  tlic  HUM  infdiiriinrrdiMjr^        llii4Qfeim7^ 


I  .   n  Ol        ■« 


»  E  W'  JJE  H  S  Eifi 

^HBO^TIQII   AMD  EiXTIMT. 


ffHtf. 


iw^  vf  }•  bWMieeii  <  the^tatcUes  bctw6c^  the  me- 
33rrt4th5»|  ^    lridianof.Phaad.Jci*'E;ic«g. 

»^^j  •   -n  T4  OUNDED.eaft,  by  Hudfon's  river  an4 
^«iWfarK/0  J^  ^^  f^^.  fo^^  ^y  ^g  fea  J  weft,  by 

Delaware  bay  andjiver,  whlcb  divide  jt  from  the  States 
of  J>elawai:e  4njd  Pcnnfylvania  j   an^  liorth^  bjr  Naw 
yorlc.    Containing  about  ^,$^/b  f^uare  xnileSj.e9|K||lo 
'■'i^t3*4f8do  itre^.     '         ..■.''■■■  ■    '■  ' 

^ly*/  i>fti^ow,  P(fithm,  "pfr^]    New  Jerfcy  is  divi^. 
f d  into  zj  QOttUtieji^  as  foilQWs.^  ' 


Ufi^fi      CumbcrljuMl 


l.Jrl'" 


^{^Itioirtt 


t'gtil      iWtcca 


Saieip    . 
'  .Wbodbnry  tad  ^ 
CUvuccftct  y 

B|irKpgton  and  I 
Bofdeatuw^       5 

Newtown 

Newark  and    '  ^ 

Am^yfttdpiut  > 

issr^  ^ 

SoitRdlitdiilisild  > 

MMKiOoira  .   ^ 

#. 


Total  Ifi.     iU. 


«,a40 
10.437 

49*500 

I*  II  Wli*    III/,-- 


141 

MO 
»J0» 

>f.Jf7* 
♦3i 


and  tht  ^fcoaa  f  fad  ooSeweftt^il^, 
TMt  voft  iftiikark^lftlyKi^if  Afthur  . 

fiikmert*.  .       • 

New  York' Co^PliHadiUpia^ero^  tfifct  imi^iwahig 
Bivers^tl^.  theHackinraliaiiflr^iarailu  Mtwctv  Bttgts 
tod  N«vark»4miAlh«  A^i^lM  bx  Btoiifvick. 

PaiTaik  is  » iMry  crookml  titer.  It  it  i^^Mok  aboot 
noil  mik<  amfit  »|o^taKif  widrae  tb<B  feitf.'  T|¥ 
aatafadt  j^  Great  Falls' ii  thii^n^pi^'h  o^^t]^ 
preatsft  natural  curioiUics  ^.che  ftater  ^Thriivci^ii 
about  forty  yavda  ^^id»t.  and  inpi;vei  u|^a:  ilow'*  gtnlile 
cirriintttmtiik  coming  if^tbin  a^Oiort  dmnci«  ol  S'dcep 
eVth  it  91  toefC wjlidi  cr^fles  the  dtatmclitt  deio^ndi  and- 
iOIf  absn^  f*  i«atd(i^dtculi^lXria  0Q»wtfU|rtib^ 
One  end  ol  tbl  ^rft,.  wHcfi  Tv;ai  efid^idl  fll«dt  br 
Ibnil  viokttt  tonjnil0on)ia,  nature^  itr  cMA  r  ft  tlli- 
«tber,  ib«  inter,  i^oi^ca  lm»  ^ritji  inciMllblil  i«dGiiift» 
fditttitng  aa<  aente  angle  W)th  its,fdn«Bi&dire^)i<^  attd 
la  TeQai«>(e4iat<>^l«rge  liafbit^  liiieiKv  ifi.  taliftm  ivM* 
feg  courlci  ^rou^  tb«.ra!0k^  aod-  Jpreadr  Into  i^ 
broads  anpQti^ftrealQ^  1?hi»?c|;9ft  t9aqli»lb«rto^t^ 
Iret  bi:ojfdv^  Tbe  fiUl%  of!(fi«ij^wat«i^  O0€9^lii^  i  cioftd 
of  vapour  t^  m£t^.ythi^.hy,  itoati^a^dt^^e  im 

ID  the^^  tiwpcndofis  J^enei  li^ha  n<^  liiliti^i^Mpg 
feown  o£  HaiUi^fo»  U  «^eaed%pm'di&  Gmi  Bs^^     ll|il> 

PV«K.   \         ,    :      {-     ■  ,•'  :  -.,-■■,  '      ■■■-'•*'.■:  :.::.'?». 

^^^IM  thf^wirtl^i^and  ibiia>  bfawcJi^j  one  ©I  ^IMli? 
'  ha»  its  foui'ce  in  Morris^  tKeothtcJii  ttam^riooii  f 
.^v   laiw^ilVfilinfif4Gkak^.A^ 

Pn^get-haA^^^  .^, 

Hacbijofab  a|ij^aritaii  mers»  on  tl^  poft^teKcii  betweeft 
KcNMliii^  fbiladeli^^  ' 


■  Jt^-r-, 


vii        NSW  jtTRiririr:. 

im^imi hdrnm^ik  y   tiiiw.llorn|,Mli 

tfie  northern  part  of  Bei«cn»  are  mountainous.  . 

Aa  oittcii  aa  fivie-cighmt  of  ttioft  ^tfaelbudierD  «l>ili^ 
tift»  er>0a^*lb.8rth  of  the  iirfaole  ftatci  is  alifioft  entii«lf 
S  ifaiM7  baiTtfn,  unfit  in  nan^  parts  fA«  tftHtttatidn.^ 

Thii  State  has  all  the  ▼arte ties  of  foil  fr^'lhc  worft 
to  the  belt  Ittncl.  The  good  kind  in  the  ibutiietn  couo- 
ties  lies  principany  on  wit  1>anks  of  livers  and  er^clts. 
The  bairnii  produce  little  eHe  but  (hrub  oaks  and  yt\* 
lowfkilies.  Thefe  ^ndy  lahBs  yield  an  ihiitidtire  4^»»^ 
titf  d^hog  iron  ore,  which  is  worked  up  to  fftix  ad»> 
iFantage  in  the  iron  works  in  thefe  cOutities. 

In  the  hSlyand  mountatnous  parts  pf  Uie  9tate>. 
which  are  not  too  foeky  for  cuUiratioir,  th^  foil  it  of  a^ 
ftronger  lindy  and-  covered  iii  its  aattihi^  ftate  with 
tUt^  oal^  |Mchori«ih,€hieram8>.lt€:  a#d^wbeii  cultiv^ 
«ed/  product  %rbeat,  rye»*  Indian  cdvh,  buck<r^iv|icat;. 
^tfvWl«yt|i«»andiMtsof  aUkindr  ^nmcm  to  die 
ifU^uite^  Tha  hii»i  in  this  hilly  oountty  is  good  fair 
gtstaint, and ^Mrmer»  f«edgi>rarti!ifnbe«s  oi& cattle foi^ 
$raw  m)randPbfliidel|pW  fiuurkctik. 

The  4ircha^d<,  in  lAa^.^irta  ofdie  Stale*  equal  aa|i 
In  the  VtSu^  States,  and  ffietr«i<ier  it'  laid  {and  nat 
trithoat  lwaiRlti)tt>  be  iiie  M  <i^ the  woiid^ 
'  The  marlets  of  New  Yorkrand  l^ladelphia- receive 
;  tait'^onfidtrable  pfopoiiion  of  their  fiippUes  fror^ 
ih*  eonciguousvpart^  of'l^w  Jerkf*  Thefe  fnpplial^ 
Imiitft  of  vegetables  of  fuat^y  kinds,  %ppXe$|  pears,  ^ael^ 
^  jj^^ti  fiSaiR^berrtes,  chernetiaA^  other  trttitf--^ider 
|i  ftrge  quatttitieS)  butter^,  i^eijet  hee&  ^oric*  ^ttc^ 
Mtheiefler^eatli. 

^  tM^l   The  trade  ^^iitate^carrie^^alioof 
|»ity  wit(^  i^^lTOib«^oi^  tM(0  fi^  citlle%. 

IflEW Xpt\i6Ti one Mtt aiijl Hil&l^i^iOn  ikn.  dtheri 
~^       'JfwaHBtt^aclgbod]p4ii^  .  '  . 


\mWlm- 

tm  coun^ 

i  and  yeK 
life  4^i«»> 
ffcta  ad^ 

he  Sut^r 

pil  rt  of  a. 

dftte  vriitl 
ill  caillivi- 

nott  to  die 

good  fo^ 

r»  eftttle  for 

I  (and  tt^ 

»pties  froIi^ 
efe  fopplN^ 
ears,  ^atljt 
rttitfr:*«>d^'^ 

d>Wa!»t^f 
er<:ial  ctti£l»^ 


it; 


wii.  2f W  S^i.ioaitoi  otj&^,mo.  a^^Jti^ 
«zelulWt  of  iKSttw-wjiAJtodysiBlMu!  0thef ,<p'*g»t « 

farmer..  *«^hiftt^  '^'^"f  tei5.'f? 
fafUncM  exeeSaiM.tWt  Regret  w^VIP*  "f^,*?- 

Witr  of  a*  fifli  Jnibwy  jila<ei,  fcettrfw  entMn^ .  ?iy 


1IUi4  V«ntof  adii^l^ion  to  til 
WiJldt/Uii^lSiAt  Aqr  oJd* « 

toon,  |iirMili,||Mj»iiiiiiiii  ikftdft  aia'i 


*>^  ~ij   _^  >j..ji^..f_j^  _  j'fej.jii]...*; 


m 


NXlr  ,:|£liSllT. 


t0  concur  cp  m4jb  tWft  ^Mteosiin^tfibreot  parti  of 

•  the  State.    The  IJBikitaLli  ar«  »  eoUa^oo  of  Low 

•  Dutofa|,G«kinaiis»  XBftlmf  Scoicbt  Irli^  a^  Nfvv  £». 
l^4cM»or  their  deictiidaittfl  (National  Jttachi|Mat» 
a«iil  mataaUonyenieucei  ha¥c  pif»r9iif*'mdaet4  th^ 
fcverallundfofpeoplo  to  fettle  together  ia  a  bod]r»  «mI 
iijithU  way  t^eir  pect^Blir  saCtonal  itoa^icicri*  ouftoms 

1^  'aftd  chara^er  are  ftill  p#efeiH(H  eijpoosalljr  imumg  tho 
pporerclaw  of  people*  who  have  littlt  intercouriia  with 
atiy  hut  thofis  of  thcii^  oifn  jiatiooi,  Th«  pcop^  ^ 
Neir  Jerfey  .ari^gfnf rally  ii^uihious,  i&iigal  and  hofpi^ 
tat>lt«  "^aere  are*  oomparatiy^ lyji  hut  (tw  mea  or 
Marqfttg  m-  the  State*  nor  can  it  be  iaid  that  the  people 
ill  ge|ie.nl  have* a  tafte  for.thofctencet.  The  pooret- 
clals  (in  whkh  niay  be^nchi^ed  a  cc^afidecabie  propor* 
tion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  whole  Sute)  art-  tnatten« 
tive  to  the  education  of  their  children*  who  are  but  too. 
gci»nr«lly  left  to  gro^up  in  ignorance.  There  are» 
SowcvcTi  a  niiniher  of  gentleiiien  oJF  the  firft  rank  in. 
abilities  and  learning  in  S|  civil  oficea  of  the  State*  andi 
in  the  fev(»al  learned  profeiOons.  ,  ^    . 

Jl^i^gitft'J    Thw^  are*  in  this^tatci  about  SP  Ptt(kf^ 

\\' ^naii  congre«^tiotiv fubjicA  to  tj^  care  oi  three  Prd^ 
iytenesi'mil'hat  of  Hew  Vbrk*  of  New  Brunfwick*. 
and  l^hiladelj^ia.  Apartof  the€H!u;g«  of  New  York 
and PhHadtlj^a  Fro^ytecies lies  (n  New. Jerfey*  and 
pan  in  their  own  refpe^ve  States*. 
:  jBtefides  thefe*  there  ar^  upwards,  of  4f  cpngregatioM 
■  ^ijien4B*-*-30^ofBap:ift8--*ieofEFJ^paUans^ 
|>titch  Jftsefocmedf  hefi^es  Methodilb^-and  a  fettloncnl 
jOiflioia^VianSc    All  theie  r^igioue  .deiionunatio|»  livft 

'    log^thcrffi  ipeacc  aAd  harmony;  and  axe  ajilbwed*  by^ 

^     the  conAitution  ofthe  Sute,  to  worihfp  Alnaighty  Oodi 

alM^ahly  to  thodi%tes  of  their  own  confciltn^esv    . . 

02^  There  aise  two  ccJe 

|M;ea  «i^  New  Jkrfey  f  fm$  at  Prmcetot^  eafied  Naflktk 
mlL  the  d^cr  at  Bninfwick*  called  C^e^i^  College^ 
/|1ifkttcr»himt^^ 


^'^:^,.' 


irirw  7  EH  «ET. 


fliy 


Thi  thJUtttfAt  Mkttoit^%  bMA  Mfkr  tht  *  tire  dT 
ft  liiictffim^ltt'f  ntHdeott,  fl»ineiit|ftK  l^tcf^rsiidtleavii. 
ing  t  and  bat  futniilied  a  number  oF^ivilianii  Diviaw- 
as4  fbyfietaHtrdf  ibeirftriaakai  A»»tri^a.  n       ' 

Tbete.aMva  ntrmber.of  good  acfuUnfiiPt  in  ihii  (i)ktie% 
vb«MJrmlio)iK  Trenton,  Hacbinfiilr,  Orpi^dsde,  Elii. 
aBelhui^f  Buiinigton»  and  at  Mevravk.  Btfidta  ihefo^ 
theteafe  gonxmur  fchoob  «t*  Sptiogfieltlit  Motrift6ws>. 
BordentoMfD,  aad  Acibofi. 

Ciitf  To9tmJ   There  ave  a  rtrm5er  of-  townr  in  tbii 
ilate,  nearly  bfcqual^  aadfi«portaaffe,.and  vieoe  Uiat^ 
Has  nicT9  thun  about  five  or  fix  bunda^d  boAiet  compaft- 
b  bttUt^    T«f<ncon  is  one  of  tbe:kn^ft  tcvwiia  in  New^ 
jerr^y,  atid  the  capsul  of  the  Rate..   It  is  i^nftted  ott 
Ibeea^  itde  oitbe  riner  Dtfhiivaro»  opp^J^Ute  the  falls,, 
nrirly  in ';|ie  ceutre  of  the  ftata^  fro^  n6rth  to  AMzthi^ 
tnlatiiudjff  ^^  *i  'diui  jfcotit  15'  esft  of  the  meridkn  of; 
jfhiladel]^^.  .  '    ■ '^'      ,' 

■'.■  Burliinton  (ciiy)'*tatendi  three  ii^efflloti^th^  D«|^- 
vare^ano;  one  inile't4c1c  at,  right  afiglet.  Into  the coti^' 
of,Burling«on«and  is  tarejncy  i^^bs-  above JSbiladeipAli^, 
by  watoTy  and  fcv^nteen  fey^and*-.  '  * 

Perth  Aoiboy  (cityj|-ftands.an«MtVK>f  land  iY»criJide4l 
bct«reen  Rarjun  river  and  JAtirtKur  KtkU  Sound,  '  I^^ 
Atiiacioft  is  high  iand  hteafUy.;  'It  tres\op>eti  to  Sun^f: 
Hook»^  and  hAi/  oife/o^  dMk  heft  haibouiis  on^the  coiki< 
tincnc'  .      .  ^\,^    ' 

Brar.iiwids  (:plt!jr)  b^tttatisd'  <?ii'  the  %th weft  fide  dft; 
Raritaii  river,  over  <tii^||  a  fiuefyrtdige  mts'latefy  betm 
biult,  ti  mda above  Ai^^lboy. ^  J(  contains  rever«l  hofk*- 
df cd  houf^s,  and  o^tiasda  of  z^oOQSnhabi^ts,  one^ 
half  offwhom  are  Ptxtch^.'fts  fSitiation  l«  k>w^d  un*< 
pleaihnt,  beiM-on  the  b^  of  Wtiver^  aadrBnd«;a  h!^ 
bill  which  riusbii^kiof  the  i^\x^w;  ,     ^  . 

Ftincelon  U  arpJealkn^  vilb«%!  (if  4boytJde  hoide«»', 

iu^olkgelb^a  lar^eediiltfa  of  Mm^^    "^^ '    *^  * 

>orou|fh)  1*  filteeii  miUs  fwottf  Keiiit 
il»fiH«^t^a^  itrs  foileqofld^ 

Ke«iifle; 


Elisabttiiltj 

Volt:  ik^fiti 


T^. 


0     f^4  Wit#*iv 


ifcwfwkA 


rlbfiJM^ 


town*      •      _.    _j 

Kl^eS?.-,.., 

SStafSSiS'  -Ac  TtoMio*  *PW<*»T  MffVA  * 


wrey  foldfcfSf  give  w  ^*«  ?^ir^ 


m  ^i 


fuCW 


^,  ^ 


f    « 


:^'a>Sl*  h:t: 


S .    *'  .^■?» 


=(»»     jw 


»KltK»itlrvjriiirA 


t»^ 


-n 


V"! 


MW 


MUik. 
Brea4idii55j 

ad.,,uU^A  T3fOtJNi)lSl>  f«ft|  bf  Delnware  rlrent 
'**'*'*^*  J  JO?  which  divide!  h'fmm  M.*w  Jf^fry  | 
noTtM,  bf  l£w  Vork ;  nonhnktit  Vy  i^  part  of  Im 
£m  I  weft;  by  the  Wiiibm  'firritory,  $itdnpm  of  Vi|<* 
gtnia ).  fouth,,  br  a  -part  of  Vtrgirtiat;  MarylM  imd  Dep 
ajirare.     t)ie  Skate  liea  in  the  foritrof  Ji^taDklognui^  - 
ti'wIlHijfitkf^   fki^nfyhrama  if  dl<^i4ed  into twene* 
tyvqine  eonntie^'  whtthrwtch  tbair  coaatjr  townt»  fiwi^' 
tloQ,  A'^,  lift-ttientioiied  iii/the  AxUawi&g/Tf^lei^ 


.     CmmtJtt.      ' 

Bodu      ' 

Sflont j^iilsi  f~' 
iMifitSiker  .      .  , 
Dauphiii 
Btrk» 

Lu««nM 
York 

Cttniberttii4 
NorthambcriiiKi. 

Bl;(ilt>rd^ 
Wafltiiut^ 


0.9*9 

^o.t79 

4.90»^ 

>37.r47' 


Weft  ^beiUf 
Chefter 

Uncjifty  ^ 


7^45. 


;t7,x^»'  sSilnliuif^ 


^iClMiiiih^ribh 
HbaetDfldM 


7,jd*''L#wi(B5ifJ^--   ,* 


<^<ei]|fl»«% 


10499  <{  FItSflitefg. 


QhDelMvaffc  Rivcf^i 

OaSufMchM* 

.aa^^Sdniyiklir  Minti 
pfirBM««4|e^.  Rivera 
€tai^ttfi|acbiu»;  RivKf. 
Oiil.  $toi<|t|e|M|i.  KiVciv 

On  W/Brla^-Siifi|if. 
OnrBttfiraeluMifAttcif/ 
Q«  ItfOMMi  Rivrr. 
Oil  loiitata  RSvcr.    . 

.0kf  MtUKMi^^lkRiver.  ^ 

s.  ir.  ciQviier  ;or  6ttt<< 


|Wt#*»»7% 


•  » 


y . 


4U 


(     ' 


>  m 


Riverj,J    There  ans  fix  conhdqsUe  nf^  wlic&^ 

YQuhlo^enjr,  Mohoogabelay  j»nci .  AlTttaii/.  Hi^  ba/ 
and  riv^r  Dektmurc  aire  navtga]^^poi^]^^a  up  to  the 
j^at  or  lower  falls  at  Trenton,  155  nitle£  The 'duT^ 
^ancc  o£Pl|tkde]|i!Ma  from.  tlM  (|a  U  a^oUl^  4^0  m'^ei 
ii<;rofs  tlie  land<in  a  S.  W^  oou|r%9  theTf^feir  JeijTeir  cb;)A^ 
^d  120  milti^bvthe  (l|ip  el^nnel  oTthe  DdaWave^  fia 
^u*  it  is  n^ivigabie  for  a  74  gun  ibtp. 

MounMimy^  face  cftht  Ctuntr^y  ami  Skitj  A  conCa- 
nuklo  proportion  of  thi«.(late  may  be  £aUw4  mountain- 
xtus  ;  particularly  the  counties  of  Bedford,  Huntingdon, 
Cnmberl^ndt  part  of  Franklin,  Dauphin,  «nd  part  of 
Bu^ks  and  Korthampton,  through  iHrhlcb  pa&,  under 
liarious  names,  tlie  nuinerous  judges,  and'  ^iurs,  which 
colibdively  form  what  we  choofe  to  call,  lor  the  fake  of 
deamefs,  *<  The  Gfe^  Range  of  AUegaay  Mountains*" 
The  Tales  between  t^efe,  jnountatps  are  generally  of  a 
ncli., black  ibil,  fuited  to  the  various  kinds  o^graiiiand 
gva&i  iSome  of  the  sioui&ains  wilt  admit  of  cultivation 
ahnbll  to  thcic  tof^  The  other  pacts  of  the  fta^e  art 
geneiraily  leTdf.bc  a|;reM>l^  Taneg«te<|  with  hiUsai^d 

,,  i^ glseat  pi^ppofi^n ^tbe  Hate  ||goq<I'land»  and  sd 
ticoamlamble  pactis  yeay  ^ood*  v  rahaps  thepropoiy 
)|on  of  firl^  r»tei  land  is  not  mater  in  any  of  the  United 
States.!  Hie  richeft  part  of  the  ftate  that  is  fettled,  13 
XancaA<ertQUiaty,  and  the  yaUer  tl^ngh  Cumberland, 
YoriE,  and  Franklin*.  T|le  lictiett  i^  is  ^nfettle^,  is 
be^eett;  Allegany  ^ftr  and  hiJfJt  "^ti  \n  the  no^thWeft 
corner'of  the ftat^and  k  the couitts^  Oit  the head#  jti 
the  eallej^f^  brandies  of  the  AHei»iiy^ 
:Pro^^^  JfattH0^ 
JMricuhurt^^xj^rhy  tifcy  Ibreta  ai^eft  t0jgei^6r> 


.  fe  it  is  diffici^  to  fe|>ara|e  the^    The  pro^ce^ 

in9^^d!li£ei  aftdVei|iiikts  df  lE^yiyil^uiift  am  ippf 

many  and  Various  f  vii.ivhcll»  r{|^|n^iaAcM;bti<;1c- 

Whtat,  irc>^,'  guniK)Wder,  taWn  baU»  i<^^ 

4u^s.  ^mbeT,lhIl>si  bricks^  &c.&c.iS.^^       '        '* 

ioiiie|ear'i  7d6i  theit-  exporci  of  fld^  imt.  i5^t>ba 

hlir4i:;;ift:l7S7they  wexi  abicAj^"^^ 

•    ■  ^  —  they 


'^M',  '^ 


If ' 


,'¥■: 


fnfef  men  «ab^eipd  liin«li.|  aa4  ia  ,1799  dit]r,>9m 
36g,6it  bMrdi.  . 

•f  t!!is  ftatt  it  meiltioQed'iti  the  uble.  it  itSmtikf  m 
ibr  ererj  (qitaie  mile^  The  iuub^  c^^miUtia  is  ttdr 
matcd'lt  fipFJttiii  of  90^900  between  ft  and  53  ]rea)i» 

llie.iib^tanct  .406  t^rincqi^any  the  defceadantt  of 

the  £n||^t  lTt6i»  and  GinrmafiSf  with  Tome  Scotch* 

Welfli,  Swedct,  aad  a  loi^  Duteb.    There  axl  aUh 

fmanjof  the  I<iib  and  vGenfnlns,  who  emignrted  when 

young  or  middle  aged.    The  Fdendt  ana  EpifcblmU- 

ans  are  chiefly  of  Engliih  extradion^and  compole  about 

. one^ird  oC  &e  ii^abitant^^    The/  liye  .priactpalljr  tO 

the  ctty^  of  PlMla4elphia»  and- in  'the  eounties  of  Cheftet» 

iphlladelphia.  Backs  and  Montgomeqr.    The  '^rifli  are 

raoftly  Fre{byte#ians»  but  fome  are  CattioHct.    Their 

ancefltors  came,  from  the  north  of  if  eland*  which  ihu 

originaUy  fettled  from  Scotland  ;    benc«  they  have 

fom^times  been  .^aUed  Scotch  Inih»  to  denote  their 

doable  defce!;Lt.    But  Chey  ^e  conunonly  and  more 

^properly  CaUe^  Irifh,  or  the  defcendants  of  peo|>le  from 

'the  north  of  Irelsind.    They  ii^bii  jhe  .svei&rn  and 

frontier  counties,jiad  are  numerous. 

The  Germans  compoie  about  one-qnarter  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Pennfylvania.  lliey  are  tnoft  nnmeirotts 
4n  the  north.parts  < of  the  city  of  Fhiladelphia,  and  tlie 
counties  of  Fhiladelphia>  Moiifigomery,.  Bucks,  Dau- 
>phin,  X^ancaAeTt  Y4irki  and  )9erthampton ;  nK>ftiy  in> 
the  four  li|{l,  and  9ft  fpreadin^  in  other  parts.  They 
confiit  of  Liithmns«n(who  ai:e  the^moft  nmni:rOu9'  le^) 
Calvinifts  or  Reformed  Chiir^,  Moratianii,  Catholics, 
Mennoniftsv  TimkeiSs  (oorrup^y  calted  Dunk^sVaiid 
Zwingfelters,  who*  are  a  *  fi>ecies  Jbf  Qnakeis..'  Thofe 
ar)e  ajil  dlAiingiuih^d  for  their  teffperaace,  kduftry  and 
^cconomyt^  v^      ;,   ,, 

The  Biplifts  (except  the  Meanonift  and  Junker  tap- 
t!fts»  who  are  German^)  are  chiedythe  dtieendants  of 
cmigra^  6oai  Wales,  and  ;u:e  net  numerous.  A  pro- 
fortionate  afftalpiblage  of  the  na^daal  prejadices,  the 
«uumers»  cttftoiM,  rel^^oes  aad  political  leiitiQients  of 
.all  Aifct  iipliiw  m^^jl^nmn,  ^maAa?. 


■»^ 


'More  numerpus  and  fburifhiiitt  in  J^cnnfymmii,  thai| 
ill  anydffSieillit^^aftftttSw  'W  ilsKm^  "i^  tiide  im. 
fttivinj^  itffHtttliont  are  as  ibllow :  Tht  Amencaii  l%t* 
bi^intal  Seeietf ,>.elcl  at  Philadelphia,  for  promoting 
1ir«^  knowledge,  Ibimed  Janoairj  tAfytfj€i^'tbit  So*.' 
•ciety  fiir  prcmoiing  Political  Inquiries,'  in{^tute4  in 
lebniary,  i787-'^Th«  Gc^ege  of  ii»yfidans,  iiiftituted 
in- 1787, -for  the  promotion  of  medic&l,  aaat<3^ical  and 
chemical  knowledge,  incorponltfd  I789r^The  Pcnnfy!- 
vania  Hofpital— The  Philadelphia  Difp«ifar>',  for  the 
nie<£cal  rAef  of  lihe  poor—i^'rtie  Peiinfylvania  Society 
for  promoting  tlic  abolition  of  Slavery,  ftnd  the  Tclief  of 
Frci^  Nfegro)$4  unlawfully  held  in  bondagei^-TThe  Society 
of  the  l^nticdBwthrenfcr  propagating  the  gofpel  amor.^ 
the  heatheiis,  inftkuted  in  1787,  to  be  held^  ftatedly  at 
B^hlehem— The  Pcnnfylvjinia  "Society* for  the  encour- 
agement of  n^jUtuiaduf  es  and  Hieftil  a^ts.  Befides  thefcf 
there  is  alfo  a  fociety  for  alieviating  the  iftileries  of 
prifons — and  alluftiane  Society  for  the  xecovering  and 
re^oring  to  life  the  bodies  of  drowned  pcrfons ;  infti* 
ttittd  i^  f  7 7a^A  Society  for  the  aid  and  prote<ftion  c^ 
Iritij  Emigrants'-^ An  Agricultural  Society*— A  Society 
for  Cerm'an  EmigrantW-A  Marine  Spciety-~A  Char^* 
table  Society  for ^^  IHpport  of »  widows,  and  families' 
^f  Prei%teiiaii^Clergymcn---A  Society  for  the  infoiina* 
tion  andaiSftanceof en)igraentsrrrSt»  Gcbrge^s,  St.  An* 
dr&w/$,  and  Ac  Hiberni*\n  Gharitablc  Societies*  ,^Io(i 
-of  thefi^  focieties  are  in  the  cky  of  flhiiadelphia. 

fyHegeTf  jf^adeifiiej  ftftd ^hpoif,^  J^ti  Phiiadelphia  is 
the  Ui^terfity  of  Penniyirania,  jand  the  College  and 
Acatdemy  of  Philadelphia.  Aix  aft  to  wftitc  thefe  twq 
inftituttpns  has  paired  t|»  legiHatnirc  t  by  their'  union 
th<?y,will  cpnlHr^te  «neof  thc^mpft  i^eiRjtble  ifemma«» 
rics  of  learning  in  the '^^rtited  States.     •  , 

Die kinfotf  College  at  Oarlifle,  i2ofWiles  wei]lwardb|. 
Philade^ia,  Was  founded  in  |.78;s.  |n  17^7,  th^re 
Were  SaftixdcntsM^mghig  to  thi?  college  ;  thjt  ntanv 
hcrjs  annual  ificrca0ng«  It  was  named  after  Hip 
Excellchcy  John  Btclcmfon. 

t   lii  f  7E7I  a  college  wis^tinded^at  Lancafter^  5^  mi}«| 
from  Phi)add|^a«,  aiid  Kemmred^  witl^l the«  n;^  "0^ 

PradkH« 


-I* 


JIENNS.YLVANIA. 


m 


Franklitt  Collm,  after  his  ezctUeiir^  Dr.  F\nlakUik 
Yhis  college  is  for  the  Germans. 

The  EpifcopalUnshavc  an  Acade^;;.!^  at  Yorkt^wni  in 
York'  county.  There  are  alfo  academies  at  Germaiv^ 
town,  at  Pitt(burg,  al  Wafhington,  at  Allen's  l'own» 
and  other  places^  endowed  by  donations  firpm  the  legifla- 
ture,  and  by  liberal  contributions  of  indiriduals. 

The  fchools  for  young  men  s.nd'  womeln  ip  Bethle- 
hem and  Nazareth,  under  the  dire^ion  of  the  people 
called  Moravians,  are  perhaps  upon  the  beft  eftablifli' 
ment  of  any  fchools  in  America. 

ChiifTowtts,']  The  city  of  Philadelphia,  capital  of 
tht  Stiite  of  Peniifyivania,  and  till  the  year  1801  feat  of 
government  of  the  United  States,  lie*  in  latitude  39* 
56'  north,  upon  the  weftcrn  bank  of  the  river  Delaware» 
which  is  here  but  a  mile  in  breadtl). 

It  was  laid  dut  by  AVilliaip  Penn,  the  firft  proprietarf 
and  fbuudet  of  the  provhice,  in  tl^e  year  i6t83«  and  fet- 
tled by  ;i  colony  fipm  Etigli^nd. 

The  groimd  plot  df  the  -city  is  an  oblong  fquarei^ 
about  oiie  mik  north  and  ibutb^  and  ti^o  miles  eafl^  and 
weft»  lying  in  the  narroweft  part  of  the  ifthhius  between 
the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  rivers,  about  five  miles  in 
aright  litt6  above  tieir  confluehcck  " 

The  city  "was,  firft  incorporated  by  chsirter  under  the 
great  feal  of  the  province,  in  the  ye^t  1701 :  Before 
thatjeriod  it  wasr  called  thftoVn  ofRiiladelphia. 

The  number  o^  Inhabitants  withm  the  city  and  iuli^ 
urbs,  (including  the  diftri^  of  SoUth'wark,  and  the  com- 
pa^ly  built  part  of  the  Korth^  Liberties,  which,. to  ev- 
ery purpofe  biit  as  tc^  their  govenunent,  are  c^tliidfre^ 
as  parts  cS  the  city )  was  found,  by  the  'cenfus  of  1.79Q,  t^ 
be  42,5  20^  and  the  number  of  hotifek  6j6|i,  amd  ftoretf 
and  work-ihops  415.*  The  number  of  inhabil^ts  kiii 
increafed,  it  is  fuppofed,  niore  than  '^Miithird^fince. '    \  ' 

Theboufesfbr  public  worlhip  areiftii^eroUs,  and  are 
as  foUotlv  : 


The  Friends  or  Quakers 
have  5 

The  Pre/byterians  and 

SecederSf  6 

ThcEpifcd^alians,         3 

-■••   •  R 


The  German  Lutherans^  t 
Th^  Germvi  Galvimftsy  t 
TheCitiioUcsi  4 

lilie  S^ediih  tutheiTaxu,  k 
I  The  Moraviansi   >  i 

.       The 


■•'^-m,':^^7 


*94 


^PENNSYLVANIA. 


tlie  Baptifts,  x  I  The  MethodiiU,  « 

-The  Uoiverfal  Bamlfts,  i  [  the  Jews,  i 

The*. other  public  ^ndihtfs  :m  the  city,  beiiJes  the 
ixniverficy  and  ^oUege  'alreaay  ^m<qn(ioAed,  are, the  fol- 
lowing,  viz.. 


A  ftate  houfe  sind  o^c^'s. 
Two  city  eoptt  houfes, 
A  comnty  cQurt  houfe, 
A  can>enter!s  hall, 
A  phiIoC9phical  fQciety'^, 

A  dilpcBfary, 
A^<npitA^^nd  office^ 
An  aim's  iho^fe. 


Twp  Micorporated  baoks^ 
Ajhoufe  of  corre^ion, 
A  dramatic  .theatre, 
A  public  obferyatory, 
A  medical  t|ieatre  and  ela. 

{^qratoryy 
'Three  brick  mgrket  houfes, 
A  fiOi  msu:kett 
A 'public  .|;aol. 


Whether  yrt  ^qnfider  the  ilocail  f^tuatipn,  the  iixe,  the 
beauty,  the  .variety  and  utility  of  the  imprOfvement$»  in 
mechanics  a^d  mai^|i((lfires,  or  the  induftry,  the  ^• 
'terprize,  the -humanity,  ftnd  the  abilijfies.of  the  Inhabit- 
ants of  tlie  city  ^C  Philadelphia,  it  ineiits  to^ie  ranked 
iimong  the  firli^^ties  in  the  United  States. 

Tti^borongoof  J^tt^after  isi^e  largeft  inland  town 
'in  die  Unite^  States,    ft  is  the  jfeat  .of '  jufti^e  in  L'an. 
reader  county,  and^ftands  on  Conoftoga  yree^,  58  miles 
^bjthe  new  turnpike  ro^,  a  little  to*  idie  north  of  the 
Weft  ^m  .Fhjlade^hia.    {t  about  700  01^  800 

jboufes,  btc^^s  a  m'o^  elegant  co^rt  hoaikj,  a  nmknber  tf 
Jumdfome  churche^  and  p^er  public  buildings,  and 
kbout  v^OQQ  iiDn^  i  great  iir«^ortiqn  of  whom  arc 
jinanufa^ittrirji.V' r .  • 

,  CplifleUt|efeatof  juftire  JaCnmWlsind  county, 
j^dls  13^  mu^  weftward  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains 
tipMrds  of  ik/f  o  Jnbaltttants,  iffiio  live  in  more  ttian 
^ooft(j)iAft1u^es»andw0r^  They 

haVe  ^Ib^^  a  dai^jioiifb  and^^ 

Pittfburg,'  oKl^  He  ^ei^ernilde.ofthe' AUegfny  moonr 
itdni,  jao  is&iles  liir^ftward  of  Biila^lphia,  ii  beautiful- 
ly  $tiiate4:ba  a  laJC|^e  plains  which  Is  the  pQint  ot  lan4 1 
tet:t(^ 'the  AUegiky  and  Monongahela  ,riv^s«  an^j 
ibdut  ^  4tiareer  Ofa  male  aboye.  fiieir  co|iflaence»  in  1;^^ 
iiade  4©**  ifi^  Wifth*     ^ 

.9et)l|clie^ 


*"£  N  N  S  t'L  \>^  A irf  A> 


i9i 


Bethlehem  is  iituated  on  the  river  Lehifl^»  a  wcftcm 
l>ranch  of  ikrDelaware,  55  miles  north  ofPbiUideliihiaf 
in  latitude  40*  3;V  The  town  being  built  parUy  ba 
high  riilng  ground^  and  partl>'  t)tt  tne- lower  bank^of 
the  Maiiakesy  (a  fine  ci^ek>  which  ^oi^Is  trout*  and  oth- 
er fifh)  has  a  very  pleafunt  and  healthy  fi^uatioii»-ahd  It^ 
frequently  vifited  in  tl^e  Aithiiier  feafi^n  by  |(entry  from 
diiFcrept'^aftsS:  The  profpc<a  i*  not  exteSfive,-  bein[f 
bounded  '^ctf  Hear  by  a  dlaln  of  the  Lehiffh  hill^. 

Befides  the  church  or  pubirc  rheeting  hall,  therie  ^re 
diree  large^-  fpacious  buildih|(s,,  -viz.  l%c  fir.gle  breth« 
i^n -s  or  y  dikiB  Jhen'fi  hc^ifcs;  'I'he  fmgle  fifters^  or  young 
%<^(imeh*y  ht)iuc,  "wh»re  tliey  live  under  the  cair  offe* 
ih.ile  inlptfd^ors^  The  houTefor  the  uidow  Wome^i 
\vhcrieluch  as haVe  not »  houfd  cf  their  own,  or  means 
to  have  thetrown  houfe  furnitlied>  Uifc  neariy  iii  the 
fame  way  as  d6  the  fingle  fiftctifv' 

la  the  houTe: ^adjoining  tbeclixtrcH,  is  the  fchpol  for 
girl^  jTandflnce  the  year  i^Byir  a^  fK)$rdiii|[  fchool  for 
yotttig  IflCdies  frtnn  different  psut«f  #119  are  mibiidtd  Hk 
reading  an4,wriiingr  (both  Eng^ini^'k^OeH^ah}  gram-- 

The mintftef  <^the place h# th1if%ctal  cat^atid^ in- 
fptdliorn  of  this  as  v«ren  as  of  the  boyi*  fchool,  which.  1^ 
kept  iii  a  feparate  hotife,  fitted  to  that  ptitp0lt)  and  are 
taught  reading. and  writing  in  both  laneiiages^  the  ru* 
diments  of  the  liatin  tdvt^i^arilkiXKtic,  £^.  Tli^e 
fchooh,  eff^cisilly  that  fct' tKe  yoSingl^i^^  ;ure  deferv- 
edly  in  very  h?gi  repute,  and  fchouirs,  more  than  ean^ 
be  aecottin^odated^  ^t  efi^red-  ftCiH  ^  fiitU  of  the' 
United  States^;  '  !  ,  :    '     /    ^ 

Nazaareth  is  i tftniles:  ttorth  ^oni  ^^etf^ehein^  and  6$ 
norrh'-fi^Wnitr Philadelphia.  It  is  a  tradof^ood  land^ 
containing  afbout  5,000  acres,  purchaled  originally  >y 
the  Rev4'M!*4  G«o^  Wbhefieldi  in  I740|,;i^  l(P^  pO^ 
years  after  to  the  bitethren.'  ^    *  5> 

Harriihurg  is  a  vei^  ^euHihiiiig.nla^fi  ahpnt  tod' 
mile^W.  by  N.  from  PhUadeiphja.  ^ 

ConJlitution»1    Ther  fupreme  executive  powtr  of  the 
commonwealth  is  vefted  in  a  governor  s  the  leglflativc 
in  a  gei^cal  ^flemblyi  confiding  of  a  fcnate  and  a  houfe 
*  of 


*- 


ip^ 


PENNSYLVA*NIA. 


of  reprtfentatiTes:  The  goyern^r  is  chofcn  for  three 
ye^irsy  but  cannot  hold  hb  office  more  than  nine  yeari 
in  twelve.  A  plurality  of  yotes  makes  a  dioice.  The 
repreientatives  are  eleAed  for  one  year  ;  the  fenators 
for  ibur.  The  latter  are  divided  into  fonr  clafTes.  The 
time  of  oiie  clafs  expires  each  year,  ivbofe  feats  are  then 
filled  vrith  new  ele^iohs.  Each  county  choofes  its 
itprefentatives  feparately.  l^e  fenators  are  chpien  in 
diftrjAs  formed  by  the  lepi(tature, 

Hiftory,']  Pennfylvauia  was  granted  by  king  Charles 
il.  to  Mr.  William.  Pcnn,  foh  of  the  famous  Admiral 
Penn,  in  confideratioh  of  his  father's  fef  vice;  to  ^e 
crpwn.  Mr.  Penn's  petition  for  the  grant  was  prefent- 
ed  to  the  king  in  i68o,  and  after  coiUiderable  delays» 
the  charter  of  rehhrylvanta  received  the  royal  iignature 
on  the  4th  of  March,  168  r. 

In  1690,  the  pn»tietary  arrived  from  England  and 
aflumed  th^  reins  ot  eovemment.  While  he  rcmuined 
in  Pei)nfylvani;l^  the  laft  charter  ofpriviiegtstor  fcame  of 
government,  ij^htch  continued  until  the  revolution,  i^ai 
9g^eed  upon  and  eflablillied.  This  was  completed  and 
delitered  to  the  people  by  the  piroprietary«  O^ober  28» 
1 701  >  juft  on  his  embarking  for '  England*  The  inhab- 
itants of  the  TerriicryrZ}  it  wa^  thencalled»  or  the  low- 
kr  counties,  refufed'  to  accept  this  charter,  and  thus  fe^ 
arated  thetafelves  from  the  province  Of  Pieniifylvania. 
They  afterwards  had  their  owt^  aflemblyt  in  which  the 
governor  6f  Peifinfylyaoia  ufed  to  prefide^ 

In  September,  i  7061  the  Siifquenannah  Indians  grant- 
ed^to  Mf.  Peiin  all  their  lan4*  on  bpth  fides  the  rivef. 
T^e  i$ufqitehannah,  S&aw^nefe  ati<^  FatomaV  Indians, 
however,  entered  intb  articles  of  agreement  with  Mr. 
^enn,  by  whichf  ,on  certain  conditions  c^  peaceable  and 
friendly  behavionr,  tl^ey  were  pernnitted  to  fettle  about 
tiie  head  of  Patpmak^  ijn  the  province  of  Pennfylvania. 
1f^  Conofioga  chiefs  alfo,  in  1 701,  ratified  the  grant 
of  the  fiufquehannah  Indians  made  the^jpreceding  yeiar. 

In  1 708,,  Mr.  P«nn  obtained  froni  thf;  Sachems  <^the 

country,  a,  coii^ripDation  of  the  grants  made  by  forn&er 

Indians,  of  all. the  lands  from  Puc)c  Creek  to  the  moi;in- 

Uifis,  and  liron^the  Delaware  to  th«:  $ufquchan|iah.    lH 

■-■'      :  •■  '.-'-...  ■    :  ■■'this 


DELAWARE.  1^7 

dus  deedf  the  Sachems  declared  that  **  they  had  fecn, 
and  heaid  read,  divert  prior  deeds  which  had  been  given 
to  Mr.  Penn  by  former  chiefs."  , 

While  Mr.  Penn  was  in  America,  he  eredlcd  Fl^dek 
phia  into  a  corpitration.  The  charter  was  dated  O^o^ 
ber25, 1701.- 

By  the.^vourahle  terms  which  Mn  Penn  offered  to 
fettlers,  and  an  unlimited  toleration  of  all  religious  de- 
nominations, the  population  of  the.  Pj«ivince  was  ex- 
tremely rapid. 

At  the  Revolution*  the  government  was^abolifbed.. 
The  proprietaries  were  abfent,  and  the  people,  by  their 
reprefentatives,  formed,  a  new  confUtuti^n  on  repuUi- 
can  principles..  The.|yroptietaries  were  excluded  ifrom, 
all  Aiare  in  the  government  };  and  the  legiflature  offered., 
them  one  hundred  and  thirty  thoiifand  pounds,  in  lieu< 
tifall  quit  rents,  .which  vras.  fiii4lly  accepted.  The  prp^ 
priietaries,  however,  ftill  poffefs  in  l^ennfylvfuiia  many 
Ivge  tm^of  ej^cellcnt  land. . 


i^  E   L   A  W   A    R    E. 


V 


SjtWAXION.  ANl>r£xT&HT> 


M«ts. 


Breadth  24  J  "^^"^  (Sferi.  of  Phtt.  *  o*  4^ A^.  io% 
Containing,  i^ooof^uare  miles,  Co;*  i,20C3,0QQ^aGr«s» , 

-"Xl  "«cr  and'Bart  and,  rJbie  Atlantic 
Ocean  ;  on  the  fouth  and  weft,  by  the  State  of  Mary- 
land  J  north,  by  Pennfylvania. 

Gwi/ Dhtjioni,']    This  &^te  is  divided  iotp.  three 
<;ovuities,wittchiMrefubdivKledi»tQ  hundreds*  > 


* 


198 


D  EL  A  WAR  E. 


Countirt. 

Wa.  Iitfub^ 

fiUret. 

Newcaftlc 

19,68^ 

a,562 

Kent 

18,920 

2,300 

Suflex 

20,488 

4,oa_5 

Chief  Towh*. 

HcwcaiUe. 

I>OVBR, 


59,094 


i|»8d7 


Before  the  Revolution,  this  dtHriSi  of  country  was  de- 
nominated **Tfif  three  /onuer  counties  J* 

Hivert  and  Creeks.']  The  caftem  fide  of  Jthc  ftate  is 
indented  with  a  large  number  of  creeks  or  fmall  rivcr$» 
which  generally  have  a  fhort  courfey  foft  banks,  numer- 
ous ihoaU,  and  are  fkirted  with  very  extenfive  marlhes^, 
and  empty  into  the  river  and  bay  of  Delaware.  In  the 
fputhem  and  weflcrn  parts  of  this  (late,  Aniag  tlie  head 
waters  of  Pocomoke,  Wicomico,  Nanticoke,  Choptank, 
.Cheiler,  SafTafras,  and  Jpohemia  river^s  all  falling  into 
Ciiefapeak  bay,  and  fot^e  of  theitt  are  navigable  20  or 
30  miles  into  the  country  for  yctfels  of  ^p  or  60  tons. 

Severgl  canals  in  4ifferent  parts  of  the  (late  are  con« 
templatedi  one  of  which  is  down  tUewiMcrs  of,  tht 
Brandywin6.  '  \    ""  ' 

Face  if  the  Country^  Gotland  ^roduilionsJ^  The  ftatc  of 
l>elaware>  the  upper  parts  of  the  county  df  Newcaflle 
excepted)  is,  to  f[)eak  generally,  extremely  lov^'and  lev- 
el. Laree  quantities  of  ftagnant  water,,  at  particular 
feafons  of  the  year,  pvcrfpreading  a  great  proportion  of 
the  land,  render  it  ec|uaUy  unfit  for  thfc  purpofcs  of 
agriculture,  and,  injurious  to  the  health  of  the  inlub- 
itants. ,.         •'    '  ^ly-  ' '.' 

f  Delaware  is^^hiefly  an  agricultural  (kite.  It  includes. 
a  vcryibtilc  ^ra^  of  country  }  and  fcarcely  any  part  of 
the  ,iinio^'caQhefele<£ied  better  adapted  tt)  the  different 
pUrpoieSj^f  ^r^cfilture,  or  in  v/hich  a  i^reater  variety,  of 
the  mbft  nfelu}  |»rt)dt|^1on$  cr.h  be  i(b  conveniently  and 
plentiluUy  r^ed^  The  foil  a^licitig  the  pelaware  river, 
and  fi-oih  flo  toln^^i  into  the  interior  conintry,,  is  gcn- 
erall7  a  rich  clay,  producing  llug^  timber,  ajiul  well 
ads^ed  to  the  v^ous  purpoies  of  agriculture;  From 
thence  to  tl^  interior  and  ^ramps^the  foil  iVlight,.faVi-' 
iji  aad  of.viioktiot  quality.  The  general  afped  of 
;  ,\^.  .  -  .-J  .  "■  .    L ..':.       *     the 


DVL  /   It  ARE. 


m 


the  cotintry  is  very  fkvourablc  for  eultivatTOn.  Except* 
ing  fomc  of  tUc  upper  parts  of  the  county  of  Ney'catUc» 
the  furface  of  the  ftatc  is  very  little  broken  or  irregular. 
Wliea -  L»  the  Ibiple  of  this  Rate.  It  grows  here  in  fuch 
peifeAion,  a»hot  only  to  be  particularly  fought  by  the 
manufaflurers  of  flour  throu^^hout  the  Union,  but  al^  ' 
to  be  diftinguiihed  atld  preferred,  for  its  ftijperior  c{^atl- 
ties  in  foreign  markets.  1*1113  wheat  poUeiTet  an  un- 
common foftnefs  aad  vrhitenefs,  very  favoiirable  to  the 
minufafture  of  fupcrfinc  flour,  and  in  other  rcfpefU  fer 
c^cceeds  the  hard  and  flinty  grains  Yaiied  in  general  on 
the  hi^^h  lands.  Befides  wh'dat,  this  (late  generally 
produces  plentiful  crc^s  of  Indian  corn,  barley,  rye,  oats> 
Hax>  buckwheat,  iifidi  potatoes.  It  abounds  in  natural 
and  arpficiisil' '  'meadows,  containing  a  large  variety  of 
gralTes.  Hemp;  cotton,  and  fdk,  if  properly  attended 
td,  w^uld  doubtlefs  flourifli  very  wtlj.    ' 

Chief  fovin. .  ]  ;  UoV  Ea,  in  the  county  of  Kent,  is  the 
feat  of  govcmmenl.  Itftand&on  Jones*  Greck^a  few 
miles  from  Delaware  river,  and  conftfts  of  about  ico 
hpqiufe^,  principally  of  bri(:k.  The  town  has  a  lively  ap- 
pearance, and  drives  on  a  confiderable  trade  with  Phil-' 
udclphia.  Wheat  is  the  principal  article  Of  exports 
The  landing  is  Ave  or  fix  miksfromtlw  town  of  Dover. 
"  Ndwcaftle  is  35  miles  below  Philadelphia,  oathe  weft 
bank  of  Delaware  river*  It  was  firft  fettled  by  the 
Swedes,  about  i 627,  and  C^led  ScocBiolm.  It  wai 
fffterwards  takqh  By  the  Dutch,  axld  called  }<^ew  Am- 
ttcrdam.  When  it  fell  into  the  hiinds  of  the  ErigHlh,  it ' 
was  calls*)  h;  its  pref«nt  natne*  I^t  was  fot'merlf  the 
feat  of  |coveramentv  lattd  contai^  about'  60  houfes; 
which  we\r  the  afpp^  of  decay*  This  is  the  firft  towti 
that  iliras  fettled  On  Delaware  rivet. 

Wilmington  is  fituated  s^  mile  and'a  half  Weill  of  DeW 
aware  ^  river,  en  Chrilliana  Crcek,^i8  miles  fouthwar<il 
from  I^hiladelphla.  It  is  much. the  farged  aiid  plea&ut- 
eft  town  in  the  flate,  containing  upwards  of  ^00  houfci 
which  s^-e  handfomely  biiiltt  upon  a  gentle  aicent  of  ail 
eminence,  and  (how  to  great  advantage  as  you  faibup  the 
Delaware^  It  contains  about  2400  inhaUtai^its.  There 
Was  alfo  an  academy  of  about  40  or  50  fcholac^ 

'"■■■•■'  ■     *  ■  >NthO'  - 


!fcOO 


DELAWARE. 


who  were  taught  tlietlftnguagefy  and  fome  of  the  feu 
tncet.  Thi'  icademy  waf  intended  to  be  eredcd  into- 
a  college,  t  .  i»  now  eziinftt  Theceis  another  .acade« 
my  at  Newark,  ia  thUxoanty*  which  was  incorforated 
in  1769.  Thefe  academiei  were  interrupted  during 
the  war,  and  their  fundi  ruined  i>7«  the  depreciation  of 
Continental  paper  irtonej.  The.  legi^ture  this  year 
(1796)  pafTed  an  ad  to  create  afund  for  the eftabliiki*. 
liient  oif  fchools  throughout  the  8uie.. 

Mttford  is.ntuated  at  th^fource  of  a  rmall'rijer,  t^ 
miles  from  Delaware  Bay,.aBd  i5ofouthwardot  Phila- 
dclphia«  This.  town»  which  contains  about  80  hoofes, 
has  been  built,  eicept  one  houie,  (ince-  the  revolution. 

Duck  Creek  Crais  Roads  is  i.mniles  northweft  from 
Dover,  and  has  8q  of.  y^Q  houfes,  which  Hand  on  one 
Areejt. .  It  carries  on  <  a  conTiderable  trade:  with  Phila- 
delphia, and  is  one  oft  the  largeft  wheat  .markets  in  .the 
Statc»  and  merits  aimore  dignified  name* 

I#ewes  is  fituated  a  few  milek  above  the  light-Jioufe^^ 
on  Cape  HenlopeBk    It  contains  abou^i5o  houfes. . 

Trade  and  MMufaBure$,'l    We  h^ve  already  mention^ 
ed  wheat  as  the  (kple  commodity  of  this  State**    ThU. 
is  maauiadtured  into  flouir,  aaiiexported  in  large  ^aaii<^ 
titles* .    ^Qat  exports  ff om  the  port  of.  Wilmington, . 
where*aiiuiknber  of  rquHze^rigKSd^eflels  are  owned,  for 
the  year  1 786,  in  thft  article  offtom',- was  20,783  .batrels- 
foperBae,  4.57  diitp  commoQr.25^6dkto  middlings,  and: 
5^6  ditto  in  (hipftulf/  The  nsaalbiraiSbke  of  ilbnp  is  car. 
riedtA^J^bei'degreetOCpeTfe^onin  this  (late. than  in< 
aay^  others  iiv  the-  Unioq* '  Befide^  the .  well  cdhilru^ed ; 
miUs.Qtt  Red 'day  aod  White  Clay  Creeks,  and  othcrr 
(^leams  ia  dt&reot  parts «f  ihe^Sitatc,.jthcreare  the  celc-»- 
brated  colledlien,  ofvijjiiUs  at;  ^rajtidy wine.*.   Here:  are  to . 
Ue,.feen,.ii£. one  view,  la  mcrchaot  milk  (befidesa^faw/ 
iiaill}:wbich  iiave^oublt  that  numb!p^of  pairs  bf:ftones,, 
aU'of.  fuperiprt  dimeniiqns  and  excellent  conftru^ion*. 
'Z^eTe  mitts  are  thiree  miles  iiromthe  mouths  the  jci^k 
tu>  which  .they  ftandY^alf  %  tBiWfr4()m  Wilmtng^iQA,  and. 
a7  from  FJiUadelphia^^on  \^  '^:m2^  irom  theeafterfi 
to  the/outherii  rSutes..  They  are  tailed  the:  Brandy* 
Vrine  mills,  irom:.the  ftream  on  which'  they  '9re  ereAed.: 
^he  ^(luauty  Qtwheat.maaufadiu-ed  in  thieTe  milU.  «<it 

'  '        ,         «iuaHjr> 


-•\A 


^M 


i)  li  L  A  W  A  R  E. 


l«l 


noallf  I  is  not  accuratcW  afcertained.  It  U  eflimatedii 
hnwtVer,  by  ihd  bed  inlormed  b  the  AibjeA,  th«l  thcfc 
mills  can  grind  400,006  bufliels  in  a  year.  But  there 
are  not  commonly  more  than  from  about  190  to  300,000 
bu(hels  of  wheat  and  corn  manofa^ured  here  annually, 
'fhcfe  mills  give  employment  to  about  200  perfons. 

The  nariga^ion  quite  to  thefe  mills  is  fuch,  that  ^  Vef- 
fel  cairying  i,coo  buOiels  of  wheat,  may  be  l^Ki  along 
fide  of  any  oi  thefe  mills.  The  veiTels  are  Unloaded 
with  ailonifhing  expedition.  Tliere  have  been  inftiiices 
o(  1,000  bufliiels  being  cairied  to  ;hejicight  of  four  fto«  . 
lies  in  fouv  hours. 

BefiCes  the  wheat  and  floor  trade,  this  Rate  exporti 
lumber  and  various  other  articles,    'fhe  amount  of  thft 
exports  for  the  year  ending  Sepumber  36th,  179(1  wai^ 
'99»840  dollar*.  .  .  / 

IJghtHoufe,1    The  ti^htrHoiife^  near  the  t6Wn  M 
Lewes,  was  burnt  in  t77f. .  Sbce.the  war,  it  has  bee^^ 
completed  and  hand(bmely  repiMiVti '  It  is- 1  fine  ftooe^* 
ftruAurci,  B  jilortes  High  }  the  annUalf^j^fofebf  iii^hicb^ 
is.  eftimatcd  at  about  6jo/.  currency^  .     ^  ■ 

keligicn,'\   In  this  State»  there  Is  a  varte|^  of  reBgiotti 
denominations.    Of  the  Prel^yterian  fe6^  there  are  14 
churches-r-of  the  Ejair^epafy  t^-^-of  thc.BaptiftS|  y- — oC.. 
the  Methodifts,  a  ponAderabli:  number,  efpeciaUy  m  the' 
two,  lower  counties  of  Kent  and  Ijui&x.     The  SwediOi.. 
ciiurch  in  Wilming^ton  is  one  of  ihe  oldeA  churches  to  ' 
the  United  ScHtes.  ,j 

Conflitutim.']    The  conf^itutlbn  of  thts  State  delegatel 
the  legiflative- power  to  a  General  A<l4fmbly,  coni%ii^^ 
of  a  (enate  and  ^  lldufe  of  i  epreientati  vts ;  and  the  ^t»^ 
fecutiVe,  to  a  goveinbr.     All  thefe  are  tIiofc*i>y  tht^'^ 
people  on  the  itH  Tuefday  of  (Mober-— .the  governed* 
for  three  years  j  but  he  is  not  eligible  for  the  ntfxt  thr^. 

The  codftitution  wa^  ratified-^  bx)  the^litli  of  June,^!^ 
iy92v  '  •'    ■         '         "    ■'     '    '     '  -f 

Ift/fory.2  The  reader  w0Jn4  a  wcjl  written  Iketch  of. 
the  hiftory  of  this  State  if nj^erAtnerican  tditjdn  cf  the 
Encyclopedia,  publiih^d  %  THdibas  t>obfoti|  lo^l*hila« 
delphia,  under  the  iford  IJELAWARE; 

TERRITOK^    " 


^' 


.■■,•?».' ^- 


aoi    TERRITDRY'N.  Wv  of  the  GttiOl 


TERRITORY  N.  W.  of  thb  OHIOS 


SnVAttGtir  An^  ExtiMT* 

j^^-.  ^  npfHiS  cxtenfiVe  trtA  of  coattt^  U 
''•*  X-  bounded  norths  by  part  of  iht 
northern  boandaryHne  of  the  United  States  i  ea(^i  b) 
the  lakes  and  P^nnfyltanJa  i^  fouih,  by  the  Ohio  riter ; 
#e(l  by  tTie  Mffllfippiv  Mr.  Hatchins,  the  late  geog- 
rapher of  the  United  States,-  e(liiU)ite<  that  thii  tra^ 
contains  a£5^4o;oi}0  acres,  of  whieh'  4^1040,000  are 
#ater ;  this  deda^ed,  tEere  wjtf  remattt  sa6|doO,Qoo^f 
aere»  beloniemff't^ thet federal'  govetnment^  to  bt  fold 
mi 


thie  difitharge  of ^enationafdcbc  1  ete^  a  narrow 
Arip  of'  bpd  bordtriilg  on  thlfci<MM!bof'lbaki  Erie,  and 
fltetehing. Dc^milcrweft'of  ihc  we ftem  ltni!l<of ' Feon- 
fyW am%  vhieb  bdoofed-  to,  bkif  Ijuli  \ftta  Ibkt  bf 
ebnneakttt.' 

But  9  filaatf  pTdportton  of  thefe  ]iAdi  is«^yet jp&tchiiftd  > 
if  theuitites^  and  to  be difpofed  of  b/ Congrefs. 

OiwlDkifipm,;]  j  Tliat  part  of  this  territory^  in  whidi ' 
tlie*  Indian  title  is  cstinguiihed,  and  #hiclris  fettlinvnn- 
derdi,rg0>NfHiinent  of  the  United ^tatcs^  is  divided  int^" 
fburr  «<nintaes;^as  follows 


>i' 


wkflrnlgtoif't^ya' Jaly  a5ai  I  St.  aairt790  Apiil  a7th^ 
RamSfiba*    i49Q|aa.ad    |  Knox-    1^90  June  aoh 

Miveri.'X  TEt  MuiftngUttf  it  a  genfle  ri^eri  confinec* 
by  bwinks  fiy  htfffi  ai  , to  present  itr  overflo^irki^.  It  is 
^o  yards  /wide  ai  fts  cotiiaenc^'widi  the  Ohtd^,  and 
nay^igablc  C»y  ^tr^-  batteaur  and  barges  td  the'^f^ce 
I»egs  I  and;  |>y  In^a ':  of^.  to  the  lake  at  ib^head* 

The  Hocfcihotidiij^  rff^i-»blc»  :!ie>lutkingiJm,  though 
f6ittewhar  i^erita->'ia  tiset  It  ^  navigable^  for  large 
liOfttt  about  70  s.tIes,vatid'fi»iQta&oifte  mttcH'  farther.; 
^  On 


,    'TERRrroRY  N.  W.  Of  THE  OHIO.    2oj 

On  the  banks,  of  this  Toy  nfeful  Aream  are  found  inez- 
hauftible  qaatries  of  ^-^ee  done*  large  beds  of  iron  ore« 
and  ibme  rich  mines  bf  lead.  CobX  toimt*  and  fult 
fpring!*  arf  frequent  iia  the  neighbourhood  of  this  itrcain» 
41  th^f  are  in  every  part  of  the  weftem  territory. 

The  Sciotatk  a  larger  tiret  than  any  of  the  prccedlor, 
and  opens  a  more  e^rtendre  navigatidn.  It  is -pafHibM: 
for  lar^e  bafges  for  a9Q.niiks>  with  a  portage  of  only 
four  miles  to  the  San<lufky«  a  good  nikvigable  dream 
that  falls,  into  JLak^  Kic.  fTne  dream  (^  Scioto  it 
sentlei  no  when*  «i^<ilcn  !./  fulls.  At  fome  places  in 
tne  fpring  of  tlic  /es^ry  it.  overflows  its<  banks,  providing 
/or  large  rruumi  ia^  (plantations.  Salt  ({rrings,  coal 
mines>  wh'.t  nd  blue  clay*  and^ree  ftone»  abound  lA 
the  country^djoinip^  this  river. 

The  Little  Miami  i%top  fmall  for  batteaux.navigation. 

The  Great  Mianii  has  a  ^very  ftony  channel,  and  a 
Xwift  ftreanf ,  but  noihUsk     It  is  formed  of  feveral  large 
fbranehes,  which  wre  paffable  for  hoats  m  great  diftance. 
U  interlocks  ;with  the  Scioto. 

The  AVabsdh  isa  heautifulriveri^with  l^gh  and  fertile 
bankf.  it  empties  in^.the  Ohio»,by a.mouth  270  yards 
wide,  1 ,030  miles,  below  Fprt  ]P\%U  in  the iprii\g,  fun»> 
mer  and  autumn,  .f t  is  naflable  with  batt^uz  drawing 
fthree  feet  water»4i^2  mues,  to Oiiitanon, a  linall  French 
fetdement,  on  the>w!eft  ^e,of  the  river  $  and  for  large 
canoes  197  jntles  fuither,  to  t)ie  ^ifisuni  carrying  plaee» 
.9  miles  from  Mlam^vill^e.       ...    ^.  s 

The  rivers  A  Vafe.and  KauC^^Kias  empty  into  the 
Miflinppt/ron^  ^e'l^Oitliea^)  ^e  former  isjiavigabk 
Jor  boats  60,  ^  ;pid  thie  jatter  ibout  1 36  'miles.  They 
^oth  run  vhr(ii|gh  a  rich  couairy,  which  has  eztenfive 

»^a4pw 

B^weqn  the  fefl^lkjas  pud  nliiiois  rivets,  which  are 
84  miles  ap^tit^^tettMre  tn^  of  level,  rich  land* 
.which  ternMiates^^  s^  bifli  fi^e,, about  15. miles  before 
you  reac|i  ^e  jpinois  riva^.  ^  diis  deHmiful  vale  are 
» number  aitr^th  viliafei, mhUkit tpge3ier vritb thofe 
of  St.  Geo^yieve  a&4  St.  ^Umti,  m  4kc  v^bm4^  of 

<h0' 


#.^ 


70^    TERRITORY  N.  W.  o»  the  OHib* 

One  hundred  and  feventy-fix  miles  above  the  Ohio, 
and  1 9  miles  above  the  Miftouri,  the  Illinois  empties 
into  the  Miffifippi  from  the  northeaft  by  a  mouth  ^boot 
400  yards  V^de.  This  river  is  boixlered  with  fine  mead- 
t)"ws,  which,  in  foi^c  places,  extend  as  far  as  the  eye  can 
reach.  This  river  iarniihes  a  communication  with  Lake 
Michigan,  by  the  Chicago  river,  between  which,  and 
the  llltnois  are  two.p'^rtsrges,  the  longeft  of  which  does 
not  exc  :d  foar  mil.  .  It  receive^  a  number  of  rivers 
which  are  from  20  to  100  yards  wide,  and  navigable 
for  boats  ftom  1 5*  to  s  80  miles. 

'  Papu/atiof^,']  The  number  of  fouls  in  this  larg;e  tra£l 
pf  country  has  not  "been  afcertalned.  From  the  bed 
data  the  author  has  received,  the  population  may  be 
<cllhnated  as  follows :  * 

Indians        (fuppofeV  §5,000*  1792. 

Ohio  Company  purchaiey  2,500        do. 

Col.  Symmes'  fcttlemcrts,  3,0oo        do, 

Calliopolis,(  French  fettlemcnt)dppofite  T 
,  the  Kaiihaway  river,  J  i,o©o 

Vincennes  and  its  vicinity,  OA  the  Wabafn, 
Kafkaildas  ^nd  Caholcia,  '  '     ' 

At  Grand  Ruifleau,  viUage  of  St.  Philip,"! 


1,500 
68q 


do*. 

do." 
do. 


and  Pnlirie  da  Rochers, 


240      do* 


Total    72,820 

f^^e^e/Ue  Country,  S^il  and  Produ^iw^s.']  No  part  of 
t^e  £»ierai  territory,  it  is  aflerte^,  unites  fb  many  ad- 
vantages, y\  point  of  health,  fertility,  variety  of  produc- 
tion, and  foreign  intercourfe,as  that  tra<£t  which  (betches 
frmiv  tlie  MuiOtingum  t9  the  Scioto  and  the  Great 
Miami  viver8.t 

-.'-    -■    ■  ^    .:  ■•  The 

*  ,The  ttibes  who  inhabit  this  cotimry  aec  the  Piai}t!as,«ti  b$th 
fukf  the  Mifliiippi<^tluc  Qtf(|uei*a£9uiju,  vta  riic  lllkioi>—the  nmi^ 
)c4Auiwi,  and  ail^r  tri^t  lOf  the  WabAih^^the  8kfwaiier«,  oo  |he 
Scioto— ihc;  i}elaw^esr->cHe,  Mi3mif«-^tbe  OuUinuu,  MaKon^cns, 
Sakle«,Siouk,  Mekelpouakis-N-^he  Pilanii,  Fowtowatnii^  Meflai^uti, 
Ottawas  CUipi^vai,  and  Wiandots.  The  wht^e.^inottnting  td  the 
a!>b»c^uinb«ff.-- ■■''•'  v'    .i  ^v:-'^'  '-v^^'N.    /,.   ' 

'  t  A  gentle^aA  im^has  vlfked  this  coisntrf,  Atppofei,this  aa- 
Ublint  U  a.  Uttle  ^  lugh|y  «|;ib«mibcd.  He  ad»op|ed|t«lhat  it 
i^tvcry  fine  country,  nut  thinkt  that  there  are  other  parts  of  the 
weftcin  unfitcled  country,  %rhich  unite  at  leaft  as  many,  if  sot 
mpre  advaatiigei  than  ^  trad  jdx>ve  mcotioocd. 


iTEAitltORY  N.  W.  OP  ;M  OHIO,    aof 

llie  pf«Yat1'tng  |;iowth  of  timber,  and  the  ivoic  nftfal 
trees  «re,  maple  or  (ii^g^ar  tree>  fycamert,  black  and  vhite 
iDulbetrf,  black  and  white  widnut,  butt^mut,  chefirat ; 
white,  Usick,  dpantih  and  chefiiiit  oaks,  hiccotftdierrx, 
bjckwood  or  horie  cheihUc,  honey  locuft,  elm,  cuoim* 
ber  tree,  Ijrnxi  tree,  glim  tree,  iron  wood,  alhy-aTpm,  faflii* 
fras,  crab  ap|>)e  ^e,  papaw,  oroaftard  appkYaTariety 
ofpitfm  trees,  nine  bark  fpice*  and  leather  wood  bttlh«  . 
es.    General  Parfons  meaAircd  a  black  walnut  tttt 
rear  the  Muikingurc;    whpfe  circumference^  at  five 
feet  from  the  ground,  was  22  feetk    A  fycamoce,  near 
the  iame  place,  ineafured  44  feet  in  circumference,  at   ' 
fome  diftance  from  the  ground.      Whitp  and  black  oak» 
and  chefuuti   Viith  V^oh  of  the  abovementioned  tim- 
bers,  groM^  large  and  plenty  upon^the  high  grounds. 
Both  the  high  and  low  lands  produef  ii^ft  quantities  of    . 
natural  grapes  of  various  kinds,  <^  'liirhicli  the  fetlleii    ^ 
uaiverfally  ihake  a  fufficiency,  fo)?.tlieir  owncohfumpr 
tion,  of  rlch.red^in^.  rlriiia^erte^  iki  the  old  fettle- 
ment  of  St.  Vincent,  wheit  they  have  hiid'  opportunhf 
to  uy  it,  that  age  will  render  thi^  Wine'^^f^a«ble  to 
hio^of  the  European  winesi     Cotton  is  the  natural 
produ^ion  of  this  country^   and  grows  10  gttat  per- 
fection. '  J  ' . 

The  fugar  maple  Is  a  dioft  valuable  tree  for  an  i^daifll 
country.  Any  number  of  tnliabit^nts  may  forever  be 
fupplied  with  a  iuiKciency  of  fitgar,  by  pfc&rving  a 
few  trees  for  the  ufeofcachi&mUy.  Atiee  wi^  ytel4 
about  ten  po;indt  of  fugar  a  yest^i  and  .the  labour  h 
very  trifling.  Thf  Ap  is  exiraded  in  the  flmnths  ^ 
Febtuau^^nd  Mh^,  and  granulated  by  the  fimplf 
operation  of  boUing,  to  a  fugar  equal  in  flavour  ^iii 
whitenesfs  to  the  beft  Mufcovado. 

Springs  of  exeettentt^ater  abound  ia^ftery  part  oi 
this  l^erritory  i  and  ikiall  and  htt^  ftreftms,  for  n^hi 
and  other  porpoftf,  are  adually  iiiter(|>et^d,  is  if  bf 
art,  that  Ihemt^/  b$^o  deficiency  iaatey  ^  tite  con^ 
veniences  (^illi.        '        '   .  ...  . 

I  m\d  gtmt  ottytrf  jkma.    |iinumflf4fll^ifiil  of  d<^ 
tnd wUdcattie  art  ibeliered ii^ |ie  gw^;^d  M'h0 

\  S  .,«^^:  'Ml-  the  '^ ";-''. 


..^' 


'!y'SfcA!«5^^.»-.i:4<>^^J»^*'**«» ' 


Um  exteofi^e  bottoms  thjit  cyery  where  abovndi  til 
uiujiu^ftionable  proof  of  die  great  /ertility  of  thefc^. 
Torkies,  geefe,  dticksy  (Wams,  teal,  libeaTants,  parfridges^ 
&c.  ftr^^  7/om  oiyfetiratioiii  beKmd  to  be  iti  gtMtei- 
l^emy  liere^  thin  the  tathe  poultry  are  in  any  part'  df 
the  old  fettfements  in  Ateerica^ 

The  rhrer^  are  ttrell  ftoted  with  fifli  6{  yario^  ^vndpi 
and  mwiy  of  them  of  an  exceiletilt  qudity .  iThe^  lilfe 
generally  larre,  thougK  of  different  fizefi.  The  cat  fiflii 
wlHch4s  thelargefti^  and  of  a  delrciotu  ftivonry  weighs 
from  6  to  80  pounds. 

jfntiffitkui  and  CurvfHa,']  The  stttbber  cf  old  forts 
fomid  in  .^e  Kentit^y  country,  afe  the  admiratiain  of 
tlie  curious,  and  a  n|f ttcft  of  mtlch Speculation*  lo^y 
are  moftly  of  an  obHhi^  form,  fitatted  on  ftr^|^>  v^n 
chofeii  jground,  atid  ironttgiious  to  water,  t^en,  bj 
wbofii^  and  fox  ^hat  purpofe,  thefe  were  throwti  li^,  i» 
\Micertaini  They  are  todoubtedly  Very  ancient  9,% 
there  is  not  die  ItkA  ttttbll  diflereiiee  i«  dl«  H^eWfiiie 
cf  the  timber  growing  0n  or  within  thefe  forts,  and  that 
^hicH  ^ws  W^dlit ;  andv^e'oldeft  natiVes^hsiire  loft 
all  traditioit  refpe^ing  diem.  Dn  Cutlet,  wlio  }ias  ac- 
curately  examined  the  trees  on  thefe  forts,  ahd  which 
he  thinks,  from  apj(>earjmees,  are  the  fecond  gfSWt&^is 
ciopisMen,  that  they  mfift  h^ve  been  b^^ilt  t^waxdf^of 
i-iooo  years  ago.  "Phey  toiuft  hav^  been  the  efib/ts  of 
a  people  ttmch  inor^  devoted  to  Uboter  than  t^r  pref- 
cflit  race  of  Indians, ;  and  it  is  difficjilt'tp  conceive  how 
they  could  be  vonifbu<fted  wHhot^t  t!^e  ^e  pf  iioA  tools. 
At  a'  coavenient  ^iftance  from  ^efe^  i^wnysi  wnds  a 
fmali  mound  tf  eaftb,  thrown  tap  in  theliiir^  of  i  pyra- 
itUdi^aad  fie«ns  in  Come  meafure  prdpotdifi^  t<f  the 
fize  of  its  adjacent  fortification.  On  eJtatt^liDn,  |hey 
have  been  foiSEid  tdconuin  a  chalky  ^bftubcct  fnpi»qf(bd 
urht  boneSf  «ad^  die. hum^n  kind;  .       n   ;; w  ^ t  *a  . 

/Wf/.J    llie  pofts-^cflablifhed  for  (iie  t<s<H^®^^^ 

,  the  frontieri,  are  as  follow  t  £!raiddioi  %FretickQr#ck 

—^Hamar,  at  the  mouih  of  Mafkingum-'HbraUen^  «tthe 

riptdht  of  idw  CHiiQMF'ay«tt^,4iami]it^^^l^ 

£m,  St.  diiriiilcfvery,  KkrittUy  tii^  Vkeehncti 


Ui^  t 


'^: 


tfU. 


SOUTHERN  STATES. 


2ifj 


^Q^^nffinUt  Ciff*.]  '  By  an  or4tn^nce  of  Congtjttk^ 
ya^d  nfk,^^  1 3th  of  JiJy»  1 787t  this  country^ for  tHe 
purjwro  of  temporirv'  governiifejjiti  #aft  ^re^edl  ititti 
Ace  diftri^ ;;  fubjc^  powever,  ;o  ^dyriCidn^  wh^  ciir- 
cumftances  (hail  maJ^e  it  ex^edjicnt.  ^  • 

Ih  the  (»$»  prd^juu^e  k  is  provide<l,  that  Gtrngref^ 
^all  a$H>6ine  a-^o^kriiiort  whofe  jcon^miflton  fliatl  coit- 
tinMP  in.  fbfce  three  «eanrsatti>l?rs  ibonier'reToked^afc!^- 
retary,  io  coi^jtin^  m  olfic^  fbuir  yfars,  tt^^^  foonrr 
KRioVed-^ild  thtM  fudges,  who  a|*e  to-  hold  their 
ooiQiniifiQnY  during  good  behnviottn. 

The  rettlefntem  of  thi4  coaritiry  was  checked  for  fev- 
tnd  years  by  ah  unhappy  Imdiaii  war.  P^ace  is  now 
yeftored;.  and  an  adramageous  treaty  wis  cbhdluded' 
with  the<  Indians,,  by  Geoentl  Wayne,  a^  Qr^envitle,  ih 


aegafciegesggagcg 'HI 'I'     1  1  eBwagaaap 


S  on  T  HE  It  N     ST  AT  E  5. 


Ithi^HiKti,  and  much  tJHteiarge/tG  vlavd  B^ 


/Virginia, 
jl^ENrucaY, 


Teh  i^y's  ».«»■-: 
Sooth  CAabi.iMib^ 


• '     St, 


M'i 


■%i. 


■ID'l' 


f^i^iraitia  andthe>OhiO  i4irer>|  Weft,1>y  the  Mii^- 
ftppi  f  fomh»  l>f  £ad  «id"W4r^'  Florida  ;-cAft>  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,.  andtKi  BeJatrittf  State.  It  is  inter- 
leAed  in  a  RE.  arid  S*  W.  dired^ion>  bjT  the  range  of 
'Allcgaify  ttioiintain»>  v^ich/givo  rife  to  many  nofal^ 
jthr^i^whickfaU  either  into  the  Atlantic  on  the'eaft,  or 
the  |fftli%i|pi  joo  the  waft.  From  the  fea-eojift,  6pr^ 
and,  in.  {bmii.  pasts,  loa  miles  bat k^towar.dswthe:inouiH 
tains,  th^. country,  generally  fpeaking,  is  nearly  a  dtod 
k«Bl4.iad  a  Verx  h^gc proportion  of  it  is  coTered,  in  Hi' 


BT  :A  It  Y  L>A'  If:  D. 

Hatainl  ftate,  wtdi  pitch  pinef^  pt  the  i\pg\fh(faffi6od 
offtagDant  waters,  i(^ch;at>diM  in  this  JfCVf  1  coan- 
.ti7»  this  inhahitm>is,are  (kMy.  ^lii  tho  backr1»iSri9iid 
mavBtaiiKHis  tpnhttf,  thej  'are  ai  heakhj  as  in^sbj 
pare  <»f  America.  '^1 

This  diftriA  bf  the  Union  contains  upwards  of  one 
milH^xi  nine  himdted.  thoafand  mhabitants,  af  wh^m 
^8,439  are  fl^TOs,  which*  [9  ^kirkmfitiftemi^  of>  the 
whoie  n\im\ier€>(  ikr^  in  the  Voiced  Sutes.:  The  in- 
iotnce  of  flarcTf  has  prodtt^ed  a  very  difiiftgmfhiig 
leature  in  the  genera^  chara^er  of  the  inhabitaiitfa 
iahtch,  thongh  now  dHcernible  to  thehr  difadvantage, 
has hecn  foftened  and  melbrated  hy  the  benigaeifeAa 
of  the  revc^Utiooy  and  the  progrefs  of  libierty  and  hn^ 

The  following  may  he  condder^  as  the  prtQcip;^ 
pffodudions  of  this  d^yifion— iobacco,  rice, ,  indigo, 
wheat,. com,  (ottpn,  tar»  pjttcht  turpentines  aiidJiM;^ 

In  this  diAriift  it  the  prefent  ieas  of  tha  gwnf  gof* 
^men;,  on  patonah  riV^j  tlary^juul* 


V-  :  •  i 


U   A    %    Y    h    A   N    B, 


JLength 
Breadth 


4atfcAA 

mOTL 

»34l 

1 10  J 


r  ■*>■' 


4ap  ExTtar^ 


um^  {^It  i^.^a?'l4^^'^- 


and  4°  39  W.  long^ 

Containing  14,000  fquare  miles,  one  fourth  of  which  is 

water. 

'   XJ  nia;  eaft,  by  Delaware  State,  and 
tl^  AtlsAtic  Ocean  ;  fouth  and  weft,  by  Virginia. 

Chil  Divjfiov,  atui  Pofmlatiofi.]  This  State  is  divided 
into  1 9.  counties,  1 1  of  which  are  on  the  Weftemy  and  6i 
tpnthe  ^^<rA  (here  of  Cliefapcak  Bay. 


^mi^ 


m* 


.  *i". 


*»> 


» 


OMtf*.   ' 

J^'  Mv* 

(THAtfora* 

14.97* 

Battimb#* 

^i>434 

^DP^Mmftprcniii^  131^05 

Ann  Armidd 

a«a98 

FttAttkk 

3<^79« 

Wafbington 

4^9 

MontlcwnTcrf 

i8/5ei3 

Prince  George 

»«kU4 

Cthrerf 

M5* 

Chartet 

«o,6i3 

lSc.Mvy*8 

»5444 

■1  '  ■■  ;  ■ 


rceca 

^  I  iCitnt 

II  Qiieear^Afaii'  ' 

«  *  Otyoliiie 

3  l^tterirt' 

I  Dorchcflter 

IWorcefkilf 
» 

j^wftern' Shbft 

>         • 

"fotal  ui^h«  Stite 
Total    iYa,oS9 
Mumbcrof  SlaXrv*  i*  «he  Stat«  (iiltioded  above)  K>i;<)J A-    ' 

Bays  Md  Jth&t.X  Ch^^pe^M  Ba]f  diviaes  thU  9btr 
iito  eatftenl  add  weft^rn  dlfilionsi;  This  bay  it  Uie 
latgeft  ift  the  l/nlted  Stater.  Froiff:th% caftan  (hprft 
ih  Sliiirytlnd,  j*rtion9'  o^het  ftMl^^^  cmdi,.i^*Teceiv^  Po- 
kbrnoftof,  Nantlcolfei  cofftankiJ  CJitfteriaad  EHfc  rirers. 
Fl-orii  the  norths  tHe  ri{>id  SufqueHiiim|fi }  and'ffolti 
the  weft,  Pktkpico.  Severn,  Pi;ituxentand%ato*«;-ak,hatf ' 
of  'vtrhich  IS  in  Maryland^  and  half  its  Virginia.  £k<. 
cept  tlie  Su^q)lctoulIUlh.and^.l^omak,^thc£  jiie-J^^ 
riversj.  -.f-:'^,  '^  ■  ..|  '  -ji-^^  ''^'"'''\  ' 

Faie  of  the  Cottfihjy  C/tmaUyT  *ltie  gfbund'  is  unl- 
Sul  and  Produaiont,  3.  for mly  level  and  l6W 
iti  ifidft  of  the  qbunties  on  the>eaftecn  Ihorei  and  con* 
ftq,uently»  covered^  itr  many  places;  with  ft&giiaat  watef,. 
ttccept  where  it  ir  interfedted  by  numeltotls  creeks. 
Herb  alio  a»e  large  tra^s  of  niaiAi»»whichi  during  th^ 
day^  load  the  atmofplicrewiilivatjour,  that  falls  in  dtS^ 
in  the  clofe  of  die'  filmmer  an^  laU  fefir^  art 

•flckly.  ' The fpringand fummer isct  »6ft l^ealthy*. 

Wheat  and  tobacco  are  the  fta0c  cottnrodlt^s.  Tt6* 
IJacco  is  generally  cuhi^ted  in  fett,'  by  negrtfesi  in  the- 
following  manner:  ttfe  fee4  if  fowh  in  bed^s  of  j|i0 
mould,  am^irinfplanted  the  j>egiiming  of  >t^y:;  tI^' 
jjlants'  are  fjfi  at  the  diftance  oF  three  or  fbiir  lect  frotn 
each  oille^,  and  are  liilleU  ah^  kept  coniiqtij^lly;  free  oJ 
weeds.  'When  ai  tnatiy  leaves  have  i]bc>t  oot  is  the  ioA 
»iU'|W)Ufiih  to  advantk^,  th«  toA  of  the  plaatii  brc4&* 


j;'- 


9IO 


MAR  T  L  AN  O. 


CO' off,  which  prevcmi  its  gtowi&g  higher.  .  It  ii^tare* 
£ullf  kept  clear  of  woimsy  aad  die  Aickert,  which  put 
out  between  the  leavti,  are  taken  off  at  proper  times, 
till  the  plant  arrivct  at  periedioii,  which  is  in  AngulK 
When  the  leaves  tfum  of  a  brownifli  colour,  and  begin 
to  be  footted,  the  plant  is  cut  down  and  hnog  up  to 
dry,  aticr  havinr  fweated  in  heaps  one  night.  Vvhen 
i(  cafi  be  handled  without  crumluing,  which  i^  always 
in  moift  weather,  the  leaves  are  ftripped  from  the 
(Ulk,  and  tied  in  bundles,  and  packed  for  exportation 
in  hogiheads,  containing  800  or  900  pounds.  Mo  fiKk. 
crs  nor  round  leaves  are  allowed  to  be  merdiantable. 
An  induftriou^  perfcn  may  manage  6,cqo  plants  of  to- 
bacco,^ (which,  yields  i^opoib.)  and  four  acres  of  Indian 

corn.  . 

In  the  interior  country,  on  the  uplands,  confiderahV 
quantities  of  hemp  and  flai;  are  rftifed. 

Cbaraaer.']  The  h)habiunts, 'except  in  the  populous 
towns,  live  on  their  plantations,  often  feveral  miles  dif- 
lant  from  each  pthtr.  *to  an  inhabitant  of  the  middle, 
and  efpeciaUy  of  the  eaftem  States,  which  are  thickly 
peopled,  they  appear  to  live  very  retired  and  unfocial 
lives.  The  negroes  perform  all  the  manual  labour.  The 
inhabitants  of  tl^e  populous  towns,  and  thoff  from  the 
coums-y,  who  have  intercourfe  with  them,  are,  in  theit 
manners  and  curl'^'ms,  genteel  and  agree^Me. 

l*hat  pride  whTch  grows  on  flavery,  and  is  Kabitual 
to  thofe,  who,  from  dheir  tn£mcy,  are  taught  to  believe 
and  to  feel  th^ir  fuperiority,  is  a'vifible  charaderiftic 
of  the  inhabitants  of  ^arylandv  l^x.  with  this  charac- 
teriftic  we  muft  not  fail  to  conned  that  ol  hofpitality 
to  Grangers,  which  is  equally  univer&l  and  obvious. 
Many  of  the  woi^en  po^fs  all  the  amiable,  and  many 
cif  the  elegant  acaom^s^iihrn^ts  of  their  fex. 
'  The  inhabitants  art  made  up  of  various  nations,  of 
many  di^rent  religious  fentimenls  ;  few  general  obfer* 
vations,  therefore,  pf  ft  charade liftical  kind^  wiH  ap- 
)>ly.  It  may  be  ^id,  however.  With  great  truth,  that 
they  are  in  getkeral  very  ifederaU  and  friends  to  good 
govenimetit*^  Hiey  owe  Uttle  money  »  aSute,  and  are 
WifiiDs  smdviblt  to  WhMfff'  thcir^^hfii.    Their  credit  ii 


M  A  &  t  L  it  K  0. 


ut 


^rxgpod;  and  aJthoogh  thef  lioTe  Yogrcat  apropor- 
tioa  3  flaves,  yet  a  nambcr  of  iaflucntnU  gentlemen 
bavc  efinced  tbeir  hiMnanky  aad  their  dilfofkion  ta 
aboUfli  Co  dirreputablii.traffici  by  ibtming  themfelvef 
kito  a  fociety  for  the  abolition  of  negro  ilavery. 

CMTowHu]  Annapolis,  (tity)  is  the  capital  of 
Maryland,  and  the  weaithiedtovn  of  iu  fize  in  Amer-. 
ica.  It  is  fituated  at  thii:  inouth-  of  Severn  river,  on  a 
hciilchy  fpot,  3€imilesfaath  of  Baltunore^  It  is  a  place 
of  little  note  m  the  commercial  world.,  tlie  houfes,. 
about  t6o  m  niunber,  are  generally  larg«  and  ^i^anty, 
indicative  of  great  wodtlu  l!*he  number  oC  inhabitants^ 
does  not  ei.cee4  3,QG0. 

Baltimore  has  had  ^moft  rapid  gl!owtK  of  afiy 
town  on  the  continent,  and  is  the  Gomik  in  5ze  and  the 
^^fth  i()  trade  ia  the  United  States..^    It  lies  in']at«. 
^^90  :tt'yton  the  north  fide  of  Patapfco  river,  around 
what  is  called  the  bafon..     iThe  fituatioo  of  the  town  is 
low,  and  was  formerly  unheaithy>  baft  the  increafe  ^ 
houfes,  and  ofcoui^e  of  fmoke,^  the  te^idency  of  which  ' 
u  to  dei^roy  or  to  difpel  dampandUnwholefome  v^ipoufs,, 
and  the  imjptDvements  that  have  been.^mule,  partku-^ 
larly  that  orpa^ving  the  ftreets^  have  rendered  it  tolera^ 
bly  healthy..    1^  number  of  houicsin.  ^i^t^  was  ab(Hi% 
Zt$OQ.    The  number  o£  inhabitants  in.  the  town  and 
precinAs^  according  to  the  cenfus  of  tj^t  was  13,505,^. 
Both  have  fuice  greatly  iacteafed. 

Georgetown  itandson  the  banl^bf  the  river  ^atcmaki, 
about  i^  miles  fiiom^  its.  entrance  in|Q  Clie/apeak  Bay., 
pr.  Martin  coiichides  an  account  of  the  cUaiate  iHui 
difeafes  of  this  to%in,  io  this  foUowihg  Virotds^^«<  Upon 
the  whole,  Georgetown;  and  its  vicinity  may  be-  confidi. 
ered  as  3, healthy  part  of  America,i  andiaany  difputes 
about  the  propriety  of  the  feat  pf  ibe  general  govsrit* 
ment  being  fixed  litre,  noobjcAicm  can  be  urged  .agaia£b 
it  on  account  of  its  difeafes." 

Frederlcktown  is  a  .fine^tkrifiung  inland  t^f^dF 
upwards  of  3(K)  houfes,  huilt  principajily  of. brick,  aaii 
ftone,.  stod  mpftiy  on  one.  broad  Ucciet. 

*  Ibi  point  6t  foe,'  tlie  towns  lii  ^  ttnM  &fttet  may  tie  raftleeS' 
^  ^h^  or4ei^«iiUdelphia,   t)ev  Y<»l^  BoOm.    jSlHinimir 


's"^^yi 


%tm 


t. 


MTAftYfiAiriK 


k  'W 


Hiigtrftbwn  it  buliictb  inlerlor  to  FredetlcltMHU. 
snd  ii  fitoated  ia  thrb«aniUfiiland  #ell  cuhitaMd  tsSkf 
of  Conegocbeagtte,  Mid  c*rrie«tpi  ft  conflderabk  thidtf 
With  the  wefttra  ■  ctmnxtf, 

Elkion  ii  fiuiattd  ittar  the1ie«d  of  iSkc^pttk  Baft  - 
on  a  fmall  river  i^hiclrb«iri  the  tnine  of:  the  towiw 
It  enjoyb  great  adiraiitaM«ftt>llit]fe  carrying  tr«de»/ 
between  BaJttmore  and  i%l!4detph!a. 

Die  city  of  Was  HuroTONi  in  the  tetritory  of  ColiflM* 
^a,  vrta  ceded,  by  the  States  of  Virginia  and  Maryland, 
totbe  United,  aiatetf  and  by  them  eftahltihed  at  die 
iitat  of  their  government.    This  city  ftands  at  the  jnnc 
tion  of  the  rivers  Batomak  and  the  Eaflem  Btiincb,  ]kt 
^^S'S'  N;  eactendif^  nearly  fonrmilds  up  each,    and> 
including  a  traft  of  territory,  exceeded,   in  point  ot 
eoBvenience,«  fakrbritf^     and^beamy^t  by   none  jn^ 
.America.-  • 

ne  fitmtion  of'  this  met^optsl^  is  ^fsp&a  tbe  steat  ^ 
pofk  roadi  e4*ai>dilUnt  fyqm  the  northern  and  fonuiera^ 
es^cmities  of  the  Unioir,  and  nearly  fo  ^m  the  A%^ 
laAtie  ai|[id*Fiet(b«rg,<apon  the  bbft  nftTigation^  and  in" 
die>imdii^of''  a  commercial'UerHeoryi  ■  prdbiiibly  the* 
;^hieft,  and'comsBmndlng  tlse  mofl;  eitehfite  internal^ 
xefources  of  any'  in  America;  'vFfief  public  o£lces  \^ere  * 
removed  to  thli  ^ity-in  the 'Jbomner^of  .itSocv  anjdhere' 
in  fiiWfevCongrelif  wmiiddtheir  iyaS^  7  ^  '"! W* 

Tradt.  3j  'mt  tradcvidf  Miry  land  ^  U  <  pri ncipaRy  caf- 
ti^d'on  from  Bahimofe,.:with  thtetnhier'Stditei  with  this - 
Weft  Xhdiesj  andj|ivithfpnieparC8,:of  Europe;   /(^  thefe 
|]^ces  thcf  fend  aniiualty  abimt  3i3r,Q60  iK^diead^  of  < 
tbbaec^,'  beftdcs- lalgjib  ^^amities  of  ^  wheat,^  flouVi  pt^g> 
iron,  lumber,  and  coxn-^bearn;  pork*;  andMxfeed  iii^ 
fmaller  c)9antities^ ;  *  iind  leceite  in  return,  -  cloathing  tot 
themfeWcsr  ajlYd  >  he^.oe6,-  and  'othlrt"  dry  goods^  "Winw, , 
Ipirits,  fagars,  andother  Weft 'Xh<Ha commodities.  The^ 
palance  is  generatty  in<their  favoun'' ^^ 

The  tota^ambiint  of  Ktxporti'ffbni'v  '^ 

^ahtmore,  ^omO^ober  l|  ly^(;^td 
September  3^^^^  y9<V  was       -'  - 

,Y«ltfi'  of iiihports  forthefame  time^ 
,  Exports'  from  Odobet :  i,;  1 7^9, ,  lo* 


^ 


ftTA*  Tli  AN  D. 


2t}. 


Vimmgi ibe  taft  •memidoed  peft'lod,  ihr  qvintitf  of 
wjieacv  exported  was  195,5^1  bttflirit— Indian  corn. 
tosM$  do-wbuck-whcsit  4»aSd  do— peas  10,^19  do. 
befides  I5i>445  bkrvelt  of  vheait  floar-^4v5«c  do.  lO'^ 
dmninetix-^?^!  do.  bff««d»  iuid  «<104  kfgt  of  crackers*. 

/^f(Np.]  Tlie  Honun  CathdUc' .  who  were  tbe  firft 
Cettlors  in  Mafyjand,  are  the  Inoil  numeroos  IrdigioOf 
feA.  Befides  thefe,  there  arfe  Proteftant  EpifcopalianSi^ 
EngHlh,  Scotch  and  Iriih  QreftfttriaQs^  Gennan  CaU 
viniAs,  German  Luthecaast  >Friend6,  Ekiptifts,  Method- 
ills,  Meimoniftsy  Nicolites  or  new  Quakers ;,  mh(\  alt 
^njoy  lihfcrtjr  of  coofcicnce.  ^  . 

Smmariet  ^Zt^armng*'}  Theif.  are  WaOiingtoii  Acad< 
emy^,  in  Somerfe.t  cog>;it7,  which  vas  inftitiucd  by  la^ 
in  1779.  .  '      - 

.  Wal^ington  College,  inftknted  at  Gheftestown,  in, 
Kient  countyn  >o  1 78^.  By  a  law  ena^ed  in  1787, «, 
pc/mam^  £ttPd  wa^  gruntqd  1^  ^U  inftttiitioiik  o^ 
usql.  a  yeaf,  currency*       ^      .  ^  ►  \  v  -      >     * 

St.  John*f  CoUcgc  was  iij^itured  ill  »784.  A  p^ 
maneot  fund  is  a(fign«d  this  eolUgei  «f  ,1.750/*  a  yoUDk 
This  college  is  to  be  at  Annapolis,  where  a  baildingil, 
I4QW  pi^pared  Cor  it<  Very  liberal  £fiibibrip|ioni  wftMi 
obtained, iiowardfi  founding  and^  cairying  on  thel»; 
Ceminarics,  ^  The  tvtio  colleges  conftitnte  one  nnivisibt 
^^%Tt.^J  tliA  uameoC  ^Tk«1yrJvcTfity  ef  Maryland,f.'' 
wherecf;  the  ^oy^npt  oC.^e  ^Ht%  for  the  time  beings^ 
is  chancellor,  and  the  ^rincipaJL  ,<^  ^m  of  theoi  TifliC^ 
chancellor.'^.  •        ,    .        .  -  .n^\V*l'''i^:'  ,,  ■  .^^    ■• 

The  Ro^an.  CadioUcs  ^a,ve  aUb  ^«^ed  a  college  ^ 
GeQTgetoidn,  on  Pa^mak  fiver,  fof  the  promotion  oij' 
gene»l:  life!p:at;?rei^ 

In  17^5  the  Afethodiila  mftitoted  a  coUege  a^  Al)% 
ington^  in  Harford  county^  by  the  name  of  Coke^bttiri^: 
college^  wjirich  was  lively  conf^med  b^  fire.  X 

Con/fituiioH.'i  The  legi^att^re  is  composed  oi  twdv 
diftindi  Branches,^  a  feqate  and  houfe  of  dclegates,^_^<i 
ftylcd  «THe  GencKd  AffiimbJy  of  Maryland.'*  The 
houfe  fSfdl^^t^s  is  composed  of  fcm  member  for 
each  county^  chofeo,  annually  the  Qrft  Monday inOCt 
V>ber.    The  city  of  Annapolis^  smd  town  of  Baltimorci^ 

fcn4^a«bilV9WegaJt«V  .     .  , 

On 


tni 


MART  LAN  D. 


On  the  ftcond  Monday  in  Koremb«r»  annmlly,  %. 
goTcraor  ii  appointed  b)r  the  joJkit  ballot  of  both 
houTci.  Thf  governor  cannot  continae  in  office  longer 
dian  three  yean  i)Kceffi¥Bl]^ 

iigflorjr.]  Maryland  was- granted  by  king  Charles  I. 
to  Geoi^  Cahpert^.  banM  oi  Baltimore*  in  Ireland, 

June  3p^  1639*  The  government  of  the  psovinot  wae 
y  charter  veiled  in  the  proprietary..  - 
'  In  the  year  t:68^,  the  go^KrnmentVtos  taken  om  of 
die  handi  of  lord  Baltimiore,  by  the  grand  convention 
of  England  ;,  and,,  in  rdga,  Mr*  Copely  was 'appointed 
governor,  by  coinmiflion  froni  William  and  Ii<try. 

In  i6ae,'the  Proteiknt  religion  wm^  eftabUAed  by 
h^ 

Tn  1 7 16,  the  government  of  this  province  was  refto^ 
ed  to  the  proprietary,  and  continued  iir  hit  hands  till 
the  late  revolution,  when,  though  a  mincr^  his  property 
in  the  lands  was  confiibcted,  and  the  government 
•flamed  6y  the  freemen  of  the  province,  who,  in  1776, 
ibritned  the  conditution  now  exiiHnf.  At  the  dofe  of 
the  war,  Henry  ^iaiford,  Efq^  the  natnriil  fon  and 
heir  of  lord  Baltimore,  petitjoned  the  kgiilature  of  Ma- 
ryland for  his  eftate  |:  tmt  hit  petition  wae  not  gianl'sd. 
Mr.  Harford,  eftimated  his.  loft  Of  quit-reatk>:  \:^tted 
iit  twenty  years  purehaTey  a^d  ineloding.  ||rreaf»,[ai 
jfa  59,488  :'  5%  dojlart  at  7/6^and  the  vaiue  0^  p\i 
manors  and  referved- lands,.  atj£|j7^44i  of  the  fainft 
ihoncy.  ■ ;  '■  \^   ' '  ■[ 

'  J^  regulsSiiiftort  pit^ifUt^Katb^^ 


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SlTUAtiOii  Al^  ElTKNY. 

iength  4467  w.*^---  jf  o*  and  «•  W.  long.  1  ^  ^ 

nomairm.j  ^  ^  Pennfjrlvi^n»  and  Ohio  rlVcr  i 
Weft,  bjr  Kentucky  i  folith,  hj  North  Catolinaj  ca(H 
by  the  Atlantic  Octix^k 

Chfii  Dhjfiont  Md  PtfkMM,^  this  State  U  divided 
Into  8i  counties,  (and  by  another  diTidon  into  parifket) 
whxhy  with  the  number  of  inhabiunts.  according  to  the 
ccLftts^^l  1 790,  arie  mentioned  ito  the  foUoWiiig 


*  f 


T    A    B    L    i. 


\ ' 


1 


Wamtagton 
Botetout 


|1 


♦s 


HarapfUre 
Berkley 
Frcdericfk 
Shenandoah 
Rockitojham 
Aogj^fta 
uRocUwidge 


Mvri-::;^!^ 


'  7K'49 
io3S6 


I 

I 

n 


CounlUt, 
'l^ttdouh 
Pauiquicr 
Culpepper 
Spoifyhruila 
Orange 

CcNKhlaad' 

iPlttTAniU 

Albeiftarlc 

Amherft 

B^c.Vi^ghai% 

f  B<idrds<i 

Henry 
PictMvaiHii 
Halifat 
ChaHotie 
Prince  B<iin)*il 
CunberUad 
Powbataa 
Amelta     > 

l^neatNirf 
Mecldcnbirf 
^BraolWicIc 


C«M«iri.} 


•t 


V 


r — T 


•i9 


V  t  II  G  t  K  I  A. 


(  Orccflfyillc 
Dinlriddk 
Ghcflwisld 
Print*  OfWfC 
Sorry 
Suflcv 

SouthimtotftA 
ffleoTWighl    ' 
NAiudAoiid 
Norfolk 
rriiiccA  AAA 

'Hcurico 
HtiMHrrf 
KewRent 
Clutkt  City 
Uints  City 
WillUmiburg'> 

Warlrirk 

^Elisabeth  City 


6^61 
>4*ftl4 

tO»554 

9iOto 

7 '793 
tt,oob 

14,754 

4i07o 
5.233 

1,690 
345»* 


Cmmtitt, 

1J    fCvolinc 
«*      King  WUIiam 
IN  I      K>Qf»ndOtleen 
sl  '  EiTcx 
H      MMdlcfek 
I  $     GlovctOcr 


t 


II 

11 

1^ 


'ail 

9.377 
9.1 1» 
4.140 

1349S 


Fairftx 
Prince  WitUaAi 
Sfafttfd 
King  George 
Richmond 
Wtflhnoreland 
NortfninibcrUikd 
Lancaftet 


^<    CAccommtc 
w|   1  Mortlia^iaptoii 


".3*0 

7.3«6 
6,985 

9.>63 

5,638 

X.^.959 
6,8^9 


The  foHowjbg  are  hew  Counties 


CawMiti. 

iFranidih 
Harrifoti 
tUnUglph 


>.5«5 


I 


Hardv 
Pendltrton 

ttuireu.  ' 


95^      I 


Amount  of  Free  lahabitanti 
Ditto  of  Slavei 


iHbaf*. 
7.336 

3.338 

454,983 

i9tM7 


The  Whole  number  Of  Inhabitant!    747,6x0 

tilmiti,']  ii  It  rtmiaks^\it  Alt,  (iroceeding  on  tlie 
htnt  parallel  oC  Utiuide  weftwatdly,  the  climates- 
comes  colder,  in  like  mannjef  as  Vfheh  you  proceed 
Aorthwardly.  This  (:oa:iaacs  to  be  the  cafe  till  you 
attaiA  the  IfiMi^ijt  of  the  AUegaiir,  which  is  the  highell 
19114  b«tweeA.  the  oeean  aad  tn^  Mi^^ppi*  From 
ihtttce,  dii^iidii^li;  in  the  fame  latitude  of  thf  Miffifippi, 
^changi  rdirerresVand  if  we  may  believe  travellers, 
it  btteomes  waziner  .'^ere  thab  it  is  in  the  fame  iatitiid^ 
OH  die  Tea  44«* 
.■•:..■•       '.  -  •    ■.'■-  ■■  -  ■•         ■■■.!• 


VIRGINIA. 


•If 


^    947? 

4.140 

13>49S 


ta 


ilkd 


9»58« 

6,98.5 

7.7  a* 
9.»63 

5.63'8 

x.^.959 
6.8^y 


.:    7.336 

3.338 

454,983 
,      392,627 

I  ^47i6io 

ig  on  the 
Innate  ]ie- 
I  proceed 
!  till  you 
le  liigheil 

From 
Miffifippi, 
travell^ 
e  latitiidtf 


RkfTi 


Rivtrj  nMf  CmrnttJ]  The  namei  of  the  rifm  are  m 
fblbw,  viz.  Rotnoke.  Jainct»  limKtemtm4%  Ammit* 
toz,  a  branch  of  Jaaacs  rhrcr  1  Rivanna,  aaother  brasck 
cf  Jamei  river  |  York  nver»  Riq)pahaaoock,  um 
Patomak. 

The  dlfUnce  from  the  Capei  of  Viiginbi  to  the  teiy 
minatioQ  of  the  tide  water  in  the  bft  wentiwicd  river,  |i( 
above  |po  milef  (  ^d  navigable  for  fluDi  of  the  greateijf 
burthen^  Ikearly  diat  diftance.  Froni  Uieiice  this  river^ 
obilruaed  by  four  confiderable  faUft  eitcndi«  diroug]^ 
a  va(l  tradt  of  inhabited  country  towardi  it?  fource,, 
Thcfc  falU  are,  id,  The  Little  Falls,  three  miles  abofe 
tide  water,  in  which  diftance  there  is  a  fall  of  36  feet  1 
2d,  The  Great  Falls  {k%  miles  higher,  where  is  a  fall  0^ 
76  feet  in  one  mile  and  a  quarter :  5d,  The  Senecm 
Falls,  fix  mile^  ahove  the  fuimef,  which  form  ihort,  ir- 
regular rapids,  with  a  fall  of  aboyt  10 feet:  and4th^ 
Tfie  Shenandoah  F41<f  60  miles  from  the  Seneca* 
V(here  is  a  fall  of  about  3P  feet,  in  3  miles :  from  which 
laft,Fort  Cumberland  is  about  1 20  miles  diftant.  The 
obftriidtions,  which  are  oppofed  to  the  navigation  above 
and  between  tbefe  falls,  are  of  Ihtle  confequence  s  and 
thofe  occafioned  by  the  falls,  are  now  nearly  removed* 
by  means  of  locks  and  canals. 

Beyond  the  mountains  are  the  Shenandoah  r!ver# 
which  empties  into  the  Patomak  jttfl  .oove  the  Blue 
Mountain) — the  Great  Kjmhawa,  and  the  Little  Kan* 
hawa»'  ~  ■     *V'"  :'^.'  ■.  '  - 

Mcuntains.'}  The  mountains  commence  at  about  lyo 
mile&  from  the  fea-conft,  and  are  diJjpofeciJn  jidges,  one  ; 
behind  another,  running  nearly  |nuid]ei  with  the  fea- 
coaft,  though  rather  approaching  it,  as  they  advance 
northeaftwardly.    T6  the  f6uthw^d,  as  the  4raft  6i 
country  between  the  fea-coafl  and  the  Mi0i(lppii^-  - 
comes  narrower^  the  mlQuntains  converge  ij^tiyi.fingtf1 
ridge,  whichy  as  it  approaches  th^  Gulfof  Mej|p>,  ful^ 
Tides  into  plain  countfy,  and  gives  rife  to  fonie  of  th«. 
waters  of  that  gulf,  and  particularly  to  a  river  called 
Apalachkola.     The  paflagc  of  the  Patomak.  through 
the  Blue  Ridge,  is  peihaps  one  <^  tlie  mod  ftupendou^ 
fccnes  in  nature.    You-  ftand  on  a  very  high  point  of 

T  land. 


:-* 


I —    W  t'f  "'^rw  •* 


-*f 


iii 


V  I  R  G  I  Ij  I  A. 


!k*nJ.  On  your  r<ght  comes  up  the  Shenandoak^havin* 
ranged  along  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  an  hundred 
miles,  to  feek  a  vent.  On  your  left  approaches  the 
Patomak,  in  queft  of  a  paflage  alfo.  In  the  moment  of 
their  jundion  they  rufh  together  againft  the  mountain, 
^end  it  afunder,  and  pafs  otf  to  the  iea.  The  firft  glance 
0f  this  fcene  hurries  our  fenies  into  the  opinion,  that  this 
f^arth  has  beeir  created  in  time,  that  the  mountains  were 
^rmed  firft,  that  the  rivers  t^esan  to  flaw  afterwards, 
tl>at  m  this  pliice  particularly  uey  have  betn  dammej 
up  by  the  blue  ridge  of  niountains,  and  have  formed  an 
*  ocean  which  filled  the  whole  valley  ;  that  continuing  tp 
rife,  they  have  at  length  broken  oyer  at  thi?  fpot,  and 
have  torn  the  mountain  down  from  it$  fummit  to  its 
hafe.  The  piles  of  rock  on  each  hand,  but  particularly 
on  the  Shenanddah,  the  evident  marks  of  their  difrup- 
tion  and  avulfion  fr,oiii  their  heels  by  the  moil  powerful 
alffents  of  nature,  corrol^orate  the  impreflion.  'But  the 
diftant  finifhing  which  nature  has  gjven  to  the  pifture, 
is  of  a  veff  differen|t  charadier.  It  is  a  true  contrail  to 
t!ie  foreground.  |t  is  as  placid  and  delightful,  as  tliat 
is  wild  and  tremexjdovjs.  For  the  mountain  being  clo- 
ven afundef)  prefents  tp  the  eye,  through  the  cTeft,-  a 
fiziall  catch  of  fmooth  blue  horizon,  at  an  infinite  dif- 
tsmce,  in  the  plain  country,  inviting  you,  as  it  vi^ere,  from 
tht  riqt  and.  tumult  roaring  around,' to  pafs  tjircwgli 
the  breach  and  participate  of  the  calm  beloyv'.  Here 
the  eye  ultimately  compofes  itfelf  ;  and  jthaf  way  too, 
the  road  a<5lually  leads.  You  crofs  the  Patomak  ab^vs 
the  jun<5tion,  pafs  along  its  fide  through  the  bafe  of 
the  mountain  for  three  piileS|»  its  terrible,  precipices 
lianging  in  fraginents  over  yoij,'  and  within  about  20 
miles  reach  Frederiektown  and  th6  fine  country  round 
It  This  fcene  is  worth  a  voyage  acrpfs  the  Atlantic. 
Yet  hereiias  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  J^Iatural  Bridge, 
arc  people  wLo  have  pafled  their  lives  within  halt  a 
^Qzen  miles,  and  ha^\  ^eyc^  been  tp  furvey  thefe  mon- 
uqients  of  a  war  betv.jen  rivers  and  niountains,  whicl^ 
mufthave  fhaken  the  earth  itfelf  to  its  centre. 

Face  of  tht  Cmntry^  Soil,  Produiiiom,  tfc.}  The  whole 
e^umry  below  th6  mountaiRs,  which  are  about  150^ 

fomc 


VIRGINIA. 


»'? 


{i,mt  fajr  aco  inlles  from  the  fca,  is  level,  andfecms, 
from  various  appearances,  to  have  been  once  wtiQicd  by 
the  Tea.  ^ 

The  foil  beloW  the  mountains  fecms  to  have  acquir- 
ed a  character  for  goodnefs  which  it  by  no  means  de- 
ferves.  Though  not  rich,  it  is  well  fuited  to  the  growth 
of  tobacco  and  Indian  corn,  and  fomc  parts  of  it  for 
wheat.  Good  crops  of  cotton,  fla*,  and  hemp,  are  alfo 
raifcd  ;  and  in  fonne  counties  they  have  plenty  of  cidcf, 
and  eiquifite  brandy,  djRilled  from  peaches,  Whicli 
grow  in  great  abundance  on  the  numerous  rivers  of  the 
Chefapcak. 

The  planters,  before  the  war,  pail  their  principal  at- 
tention to  the  culture  of  tobacco,  of  which  there  ufed 
to  be  exported,  generally,  5>,cco  hogiheads  a  year* 
Since  the  revolution,  they  are  turning  their  attention 
more  to  the  cultivation  of  wheats  Indian  corn,  barley, 
flax  and  hemp.  It  is  expected  that  this  ftate  will  add 
the  article  of  rice  to  the  lift  of  her  exports,  as  it  is 
fuppofed  a  large  body  of  fwamp,  in  tfie  d^llernmoli 
counties,  is  capable  of  producing  nt. 

Cnriofity,']  The  Natural  Bridge  is  the  ftiof^  fublimfe 
of  Nature's  works.  It  is  on  the  afcent  of  a  hill,  which 
feems  to  have  been  cloven  through  its  length  by  fome 
ereat  convulfions.  The  fiffure,  jull  at  the  bridge,  is  by 
jome  fneafiirements,  270  feet  deep,  by  others  only  205. 
It  is  aboot  45  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  90  feet  at 
the  top  ;  this  of  coorfe  determines  the  length  of  the 
bridge,  an(f  it»£oeight  from  the  water.  Itis  breadth  in 
the  middle  is  about  (^  feet,  but  more  a^  the  epds,  and 
the  thieknefs  of  the  i^afs  nt  the  fummit  of  the  arch', 
about  40  feet.  A  part  of  this  thicknefs  is  condituted 
by  a  coat  of  eartl^,  which  efves  growth  to  rnahy  larg^ 
trees.  The  refldue,  with  the  hilf  on  both  fides,  isfblid 
rock  of  limeftone.  Thou^i  the  fides  of  this^bridge^<t 
provided,  in  fome  parts,  witk  a  parapet  of  fixed  Fotks^ 
yet  few  men  bave  refolution  to  walk  to  them  and  look 
over  into  the  abyfs.  You  involuntarily  fa^  ax>  y^t% 
hands  and  feet,  creep  to  the  parapet,  and  peep  ov^fra, 
If  the  view  from  the  top  be  painful  and  intolerable,  that 
from  below  it  deliglitful  in  an  equul  extreme.    li% 

imjpoflib!* 


126 


VIRGINIA. 


impoflUble  for  the  emotions  arifing  from  the  Aibiime)  to 
he  felt  beyon4  what  they  are  here  :  fo  beautiful  an 
arch,  Co  elevated*  fo  light,  and  fpringing  as  it  were  up 
to  heaven,  tlie  rapture  of  the  fpe^ator  is  really  indc- 
fcribable.  * 

Midicinai  Springs,"]  There  are  feveral  medicinal  fpringfj, 
Come  of  which  are  indubitably  efficacious,  while  others 
ftcm  to  owe  their  reputation  as  much  to  fancy,  and 
change  of  air  and  regimen,  as  to  their  real  virtues. 

The  moft  efficacious  of  thefe,  are  two  fprings  in  Au- 
guila,  near  the  fources  of  James  river,  where  it  is  call* 
cd  Jackfon's  river.  They  rife  near  the  foot  of  the  ridge 
ti*  mountains,  generally  called  the  Warm  Spring  mcun« 
t^in,  bat  in  the  maps,  Jackfon's  mountains.  The  one 
is  diftinguilhed  by  the  name  of  the  Warm  Spring,  and 
the  other  of  the  Hot  Spring.  The  waters  relieve  rheu- 
matifms.  Other  complaints  alio*  of  very  different 
nature$9  have  been  removed  or  leffened  by  them.  It 
rains  here/our  or  five  days  in  every  week. 

The  Sweet  Springs  are  in  the  county  of  Botetourt, 
at  tjhe  eaftern  foot  of  the  AUeganyy  about  42  miles 
from  the  Warm  Springs. 

In  the  low  grounds  of  the  Great  Kanhaway,  7  milei 
above  the  meuth  of  Elk  river,  is  a  hole  in  the  earth,  of 
the  capacity  of  30  or  40  gallons,  from  which  iffues 
C(^ftantly  a  bituminous  vapour,  in  fo  ftrong  a  current, 
as  to  give  to  the  fand  about  its  orifice  the  motion  which 
it  has  in  a  boiling  fpring.  On  prefenting  a  lighted  can- 
dle or  torch  within  18  mches  of  the  hole,  k  fiames  up 
in  a  column  of  18  ittches  dian^ltcr,  and  four  or  five 
feet  in  height,  which  fometimes  bums  out  in  20  min« 
9tes,  and  at  other  times  has  been  knoi^^n  to  continue 
|hree  days,  s(nd  then  has  been  left  burning.  The  fl^meis 
uttfteady,  of  the  dehfity  of  that  of  burning  fpirits,  and 
6nell&  like  bun;iing  pit  coal.  A^ter  fometimes  collets 
in  the  bafon,  which  is  remarkably  cold,  and  is  kept  in 
tbuIUtion  by  the  vapour  iffuing  through  it.  If  the  v^ 
pQur  be  ^<t|d  in  that  ftate,  the  water  foon  becomes  fo 
warm  that  the  hand  cannot  bear  it,  and  evaporates 
trholly  in  &  ihort  time.  This,  with  the  circuir\|acent 
Ikndst  is  the  property  of  the  late  Prefident  Wafhington*9 
^irt  and  of  General  Lewis. 

JJf///VwO 


VI  ft  G  I  N  1  il. 


2*1 


Mirttia,']  £very  able-bodied  freeman,  between  th& 
Hges  of  1 6  and  50,  is  enrolled  in  the  militia.  If  the  mili- 
tia bear  the  fame  proportion  to  the  number  of  inlubili' 
ants  now,  as  in  1782,  they  amount  to  about  681600.     • 

Chit/  Tovjus.']  They  have  no  townlhips  in  this  Sute, 
nor  any  towns  of  confisqoience,  owing  probably  to  the 
interfeftion  of  the  country  by  navigable  rivers,  which 
brings  the  trade  to  the  doors  of  the  inhabitants,  an4 
prevents  the  necei£ty  of  thchr  going  m  <meil  of  it  to  » 
diftance.  , 

Norfolk  will  probably  become  the  emporium  for  all 
the  trade  of  the  Chefapeak  bay  and  its  waters  j  and  4 
canal  of  8  or  10  miles,  which  is  now  cutting,  and  will 
probal^ly  ibon  be  completed,  will  bring  to  it  all  that  0^ 
Albemarle  Sound  and  its  waters.  Secondly  to  this 
place,  are  the  towns  at  the  heads  of  the  tide  waters  ;  viz, 
Peterlburg  on  Appamattox,  Richmond  on  James  riv- 
er, Newcaftle  on  York  river,  Frederick  (burg  on  Rappft- 
hannock,  and  Alexandria  on  Patomak.  From  thefe 
the  diftrijbution  will  be  to  fubordiaate  HtuatioBS  of  the- 
country. 

Alexandria  ftands  on  i;he  fotuh  bank  ofFatomakriv* 
er,  in  Fairfax  county.  Its  fituation  is  dl(;vated  and  pleair 
ant#  It  contains  about  400  hou«fes,  many  of  whicb 
are  handfonoely  buUc ;  and  nearly  3,00a  inhabitants.  . 

Mount  Vefnon,  the  celebrated  IVat  of  the  late  Prefident 
Waihington,  is  pleafantly  fituated  on  the  Virginia  bank 
of  the  river  Patomak,  where  it  is  nearly  two  miles  wide^ 
and  is. about  280  miles  from  the  fea,  and  127  from 
Point  Look  Out,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  It  is  nin^ 
miles  below  Alexandria.  The  area  of  the  mount  is  2<» 
feet  above  the  furface  of  the  river.  '  On  either  wii'ig,  is 
a  thick  grove  of  different  flowering  foreft  trees*  Paii 
allel  with  them,  on  th^  fend  fide,  are  two  fpaciocs  gait 
dens,  into  which  one  is  led  by  two  terpentine  gcavd 
walks,  planted  with  weeping  willows  and  fhady  ^rubsr 
The  manfion  boure  itfelf  appears  venerable  and  conve^ 
nient.  A  lofty  portico,'^  feet  in  length,  fupported  bf 
eight  pillars,  has  a  pleating  effeft  when  viewed  froi^ 
the  wai^r ;  the  whole  aifemblage  of  the  green  houife^  > 
School  boii^e,  officers  and  fervants  halls/ when  feen  from 

T  2  the 


aaa 


VIRGINIA. 


the  land  fide,  bean  a  refemblance  to  xnind  Tillage ) 
cfpeciahy  as  the  lands  on  that  fide  are  laid  out  fomt. 
what  io  the  form  of  Esiglifli  gardens,  in  meadows  and 
grafs  grounds,  omamented  with  litde  popfes,  circular 
slumps,  and  Tingle  trees.  A  fmall  park  on  the  margin 
of  the  river,  where  the  Englifh  fallow  deer  and  the 
American  wild  deer  arc  feen^  through  the  thickets,  al. 
ternately  with  the  YefTels  as  they  are  failing  along,  add 
a  romantic  and  pi&urefque  appearance  to  the  whole 
fcenery. 

Fredcrickilbttrg  i8«on  the  fouth  fide  of  Rappahannock 
river,  no  ihjles  from  its  mouth. 

Richmonjl  is  the  prefent  feat  tiC  government,  and 
ftands  on  t|)e  north  Adc  of  James  river,  jud  at  the  foot 
of  the  falls»  and  contains  between  400  arid  500  houfes, 
and  nearly  4,000  inhabitants*  A  bridge  betweeii  300 
and  4PP  yards  in  length  has  lately  been  thrown  acrois 
Jaroes  river,  at  the  foot  of  the  faU. 

The  falls  above  the  bridge  are  feven  miles  in  length* 
A  noble  canal  is  cutting  and  nearly  completed  on  the 
north  fide  of  the  river,  which  is  to  terminate  in  a  bafoa 
of  about  two  actes,  in  the  town  of  Richmond.  From 
this  bafon  to  thtf  wharves  in  the  river,  will  be  a  land 
carriage  6f  about  a  mile.  This  canal  is  cutting  under 
the  dire^ion  of  a  cempahy»  who  have  calculated  the 
•«xpen(e  at  5Q,OQo/.  Virginia  money.  This  they  have 
divided  into  500  ihares  of  6Qf.  each.  The  opening  oi 
this  canal  promifes  the  addition  of  much  wealth  to 
Richmond, 

Peteribure,  25  miles  ibuth  ward  of  Richmond,  ^ands 
(Ml  the  foutn  fide  ">(  Appamattox  river,  and  contains 
upwards  of  3CP  houfes,  m  two  divifions,  and  5,000  in* 
habitants.  It  is  very  unfaealthf ,  being  Aut  from  the 
accefs  of  the  w^nds  by  high  hills  i^  every  fide.  About 
9,2QQ  hogihead^  pf  tobacco''are  fnfpefted  here  annually. 
The  celebrated  Indian  qiieen,  Pocahontas,  from  whom 
defcended  the  Randolph  and  Bowling  families,  fo^lIk^ 

}j  refidcd  at  this  plsic^ 

Waiiamiburg 


:i^''^ 


VIRGINIA. 


a«S 


Willianiburg  is  60  miles  eaftward  of  Riehmond,  fit* 
^ateci  between  James  and  York  men.     It  c<ffifift8  of 

about  200  hottfes»  gotng  faft  to  decay,  and  )uis  about 
1,400  inhabitants.  At  tlie  eed  of  the  main  ftreet  are 
two  public  buildings,  the  college  and  ea|utoL  Bdides 
thefe,  there  is  an  Epifcopal  chut  eh,  a  prifon,  a  hofpital 
for  lunaiicSft  and  the  palace ;  all  of  tik;m  extremely  tOf^ 
difici-ent* 

Yorktowfii  13  miles  eaftvard  from  WilliamffaHrgj  ^nd 
14  from  Monday*s  Point,  at  the  mouth  ef  the  river,  Is  a 
placp  of  about  too  houfes,  fttuated  on  the  fouth  fide  of 
York  river,  and  coxKatns  about  700  inhabitants.  It 
was  rendered  famous  by  the  capture  of  Lord  CoinwaV 
lis  and  his  army,  on  the  19th  of  06^eber„  178  it  by  the 
ynited  forces  of  America  and  France. 

Colkget,  Ata^€mitf<t  Cs?^?.}  The  college  of  WilUanr 
aid  Mary  was  founded  in  the  time  of  |ciflg  William  and 
queen  Mary.  The  profeilbrfhips  Asind  thvs-^A  pro- 
^(fbrfhip  for  law  and  poUce — anatomy  and  medicine-— 
natural  philoibphy  and  mathematics— moral  philofophyi» 
the  law  of  natwe  and  nattsns,  the  fine  arts,  aadmpderai 
languages.  ■ 

The  college  edifice  is  a  huge  rnisfhapen  pile,  "  whichv^ 
but  that  it  has  a  roof,  wduld  be  taken  for  a  brick-kiln.''' 
1^  1787  there  were  about  30  young  gentlemet^^member^ 
of  this  college,  a  large  proportion  of  which  were  law 
ftodencs. 

The-  acadbmy  m  Prmce;;  Edward  cotmty  has  beeits 
cre^d  into  fli  college^  hy  the  name  of  Hanipdtn  Syd«- 
ney  coll^gck  It  has  been  a  flottttihing  il'minary,  but  is. 
now  ^id  to  he  Qii  the  decline. 

There  arc  fevtral  >icademies  in  Virginia— ^ope  at  A|i- 
exandrta — <Me at Nor^lk-^one  at  Hanover,  ^dother^^ 
in  o<i;her  placesv        jf 

Religion*  J  The  p^eftntdenominatibns  ©£  Chriftiari«i 
in  Virgiiala  am,  Preibyterians,  who  are  moft  numeroustt 
and  inhabit  the  wei^ein  pacts  of  the  State  ;  Epifcopalf> 
ans^  who«are  the  moft  ancient  fettkrs,.  and, occupy  the 
fi^iXcvti  aad  fidt  iettled  pvts  of  tht  State.    lotcrmin^ 

gled 


V* 


824 


V  I  R  G  I  N  I  A» 


fled  with  tbdTc  are  great  numbers  of  BaptiAs  aud 
lethodiAs.  *  « 

Charaitert  Manners  and  Cuflemu"]  Virginia,  ftyUd 
Sometimes  the  '*  Ancient  Dominion,*'  has  produired 
feme  of  the  moft  didinguiftied  and  iivfltiential  men  tl\at 
have  been  aAive  in  e£Feding  the  two  late  grand  and  im> 
portant  revolutions  in  America.  Her^p^olitical  and 
military  charatfter  will  rank  among  the  fitft  inthepag^ 
ofhiftory* 

The  Virgfniiani  who  are  rich,  are,  in  general,  fcnfibler 
|>olite  and  hofpitable,  and  of  an  independent  fpirit. 
The  poor  are  ignorant  and  abjedt ;  and  all  are  of  an 
inquilitive  tum^ 

Cofijlttuthn.'}  '  The  executive  powers  are  lodged  in 
the  hands  of  a  governor,  chofen  annually,  and  incapable 
c£  a<5Hng  more  than  three  years  in  feven.  He  is  affifted 
by  a  council  o^eight  members.  Legiilation  is  exercifed 
by  two  houfes  of  Affembly,  the  one  called  the  houfe  ot 
delegates^  compofed  of  two  members  from  each  county, 
ch.jfe}i  annually  by  the  citizens  ;  the  other  called  the 
fenate,  confiding  of  .24  members,  chofen  quadrennially 
by  the  fame  tledors,  who  for  this  purpofe  are  diftribut- 
ed  into  24  diftri^s.  The  concurrence  of  both  houfes  hi- 
neceffary  to  the  pafling  of  a^law. 

This  conftitution  was  thcfiril  that  was  formed  in  aiifr 
©f  the  United  States. 

Manujh6iuret  and  Cornmercs,!^  Before  the  war,  the  *| 
inhabitants  of  this  State  paid  but  little  attention  to  the 
manufacture  of  their  own  clotliing.  It  has  been  thought: 
they  ufed  to  import  as  much  as  feven-eighths  of  their 
clothing,,  and  that  they  now  manufadture  three-quarterft> 
Of  it.  . 

The  amount  of  exports  from  thfs  Stare,  in  the  year* 
fbcceeding  Odlober  i,  1 790,  conifting  chiefly  of  tpbac- 
eo,  wheat,  Indian  coni,  tar,,  pitch,  turpentine,  pork,  Sect- 
was  5,131,227  dolla^»  About  401,000  hogdieMs  o£ 
tobacco  were  exported  that  year;. 

In  flie  year  1 75^,  this  ftate  Ctportetf  70,000  Hogf- 
heads  of  tobacco*  whicK  was  the  greateft  quantity  eror 
produced  in  this  State  in  one  year. 

Nij2ery.2  The  firft  fettlement  of  Virginia  may  be 
vlated  at  the  arrival  of  Lord  Delaware  ia  i6io.    Hit* 

amvai; 


—    '■ 


VIRGINIA. 


"* 


arrival  with  a  frcih  fup^ly  of  fettlers  and  prorifiont^ 
revived  the  drooping  fpirits  of  the  former  company^ 
and  gave  permanency  and  refpcAability  to  the  fcttk- 
mcntt 

In  ApriU  16159  Mr.  John  Rolft  a  worthy  jourxg 
gontlemani  was  married  to  Ptahontast  the  daughter  of 
Pywhifan,  the  fanK)U$  Indian  chief.  This  ccnrexion^ 
which  was  very  agreeable  both  to  the  Englifh  and 
Indians,  was  the  foundation  of  a  friendly  and  advanta- 
geous commerce  between  ibem. 

In  1616,  Mr,  Rolf,  with  his  wife,  Pocahontas,  vifited 
England,  where  fhe  was  tie^ted  with  that  attention  and 
rcfptft  which  (he  had  merited  by  her  important  fcrvicef 
to  the  colony  of  Virginia.  She  died  the  year  following 
at  Grave'.end>  in  the  ^2^  year  of  her  age,  juft  as  (he 
vas  about  to  embark  for  America.  She  had  embraced 
»he  ChriiUan  religion  ;  and  in  her  life  and  death  eviden- 
ced the  liacerity  of  her  profefljon.  She  left  a  little  foir, 
who,  having  received  his  education  in  England^  came 
over  to  Virginia^  where  he  lived  and  died  in  affluence 
and  honour,  leaving  behind  hint  an  only  daughter^ 
Her  defcendants  are  among  the  moft  refpe^able  fam^ 
ilies  in  Virginia. 

Tcmocomc,  a  ieniible  Indiaii,  brother-ln-la^  to 
Pocahontas,  accompanied  her  to  England  ;  and  was 
dire^ed  by  Powhatan  to  bring  him  an  exad'  account  of 
|ithe  numbers  and  ftrength  of  the  Eng^LIHi.  For  uhis 
purpofe,  whe^he  arrived  at  Plymouth,  hetcoJcalong 
ilick,  intendixig  to  cut  a  notch  in  it  for  every  perfon  he 
fnould  fee.  This  he  foon  {o^mA  impradicabk,  and 
threw  away  his  fticJc.  On  his  return,  being  aiked  by 
Powhatan,  how  many  people  there  were,  hfi  isfaidto 
have  replied}  **  Count  the  Aars  in  the  iky,  the  leaves  on 
the  trees*  and  the  ^dl|  on  ihe  fea  flioie;  for  fueh  A 
the  auniher  of'the  people  of  England." 


KENTUCKY* 


226 


KENTUCKY. 


KENTUCKY. 


Situation  and  Extent. 


Milei. 

Length    25#1 
Breadth   2003 

Containing  50,000  fquare  miles. 


between 


{8«  and  15'  W.  long. 
36°  30' and  39*  30'  RlaL 


"D  OUNDED  northweft,by  theOhio; 


Boundanes.\  X>  weft,  by  Cumberland  river  j  fouth, 
by  Tenneffec  State  ;  eaft,  by  Sandy  river,  and '  a  line 
drawn  due  fouth  from  its  fource,  till  it  ftrikes  the 
northern  boundary  of  North  Carolina. 

C/V/  2)/f //?(?»/.]  Kentuck;*  was  originally  divided, 
into  two  counties,  Lincoln  and  Je£Peribn.  It  has  fince  { 
been  fubdivided  into  nine*  which  follow 


Jefferfon* 
Fayette,    * 
Bourbon»   . 
,  Mereeir* 
Nelfcn,. 
Madifon^ 
Lincoln, 
Woodford, 
MafoR, 

j!  rWafhingtott 

I  J  eiaite;, 

^  1  Scott, 

I  lLogati» 


Mo.  lAhab. 

4»565 

7»837 
6,941 

11,099 

S»772 
6,548 

9,210 


Chief  Tovmi. 

Me.  iBhah. 

Louisville, 

2C0 

Lbxinotoui 
Paris, 

'         834 

Danville, 
Beardftown* 

-   153 
216 

Woodford, 
Wafhingtoa» 


\6a 


\ 


Total,        731677    of  whom  12,430  arc  flav*| 

Rivers,']  The  liver  Ohio  vrafhes  the  northweftera 
!fide  of  Kentucky,  in  its  whole  extent.  Its  principal] 
branches  which  water  this  fertile  tra^  of  country,  arc  I 
Sandy,  Licking,  Kentucky,  Salt,  Green,  and  Cumber'! 
land  rivers.  Thefe  again  branch  in  various  direAions,| 
into  rivulets  of  different  naagnitudes,  fsrtilizing  the 
coontr  y  in-  all  its  various  parts* 

The 


KENTUCKY. 


«27 


TKe  banks  of  the  rivers  are  generally  hieh>  and 
compofcd  of  lime  ftone.  After  heavy  rains,  tne  water 
in  the  rivers  rifes  from  lo  to  30  feet. 

Spnngs%'\  There  are  five  noted  fait  fpringi?,  or  licks, 
;n  this  country,  viz.  the  higher  and  lower  Bliir  'wrings, 
pn  Licking  riVer— the  Big  Bone  Hck,  Dr«nnCTi's  licks  ; 
juid  Bullet's  lick,  7X  Saltiburg. 

Face  of  the  Country ^  Seii  and  ProducfJ^  This  whole 
country,  as  far  as  has  yet  been  difcovered,  lies  upon  a 
bed  of  lime  ftone,  which  in  general  is  about  fix  feet 
below  the  fufface,  except  in  die  vallies,  where  tTie  foil 
is  much  thinner.  A  trafl  of  about  20  miles  wide,  along 
.the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  is  hilly,  broken  land,  interfperf- 
eJ  witli  many  fertile  fpots.  The  reft  of  the  country  is 
agreeably  uneven,  gently  afcending  and  defcending  at 
no  great  diilances. 

Kentucky  in  general  is  well  timbered.  Of  the  nat- 
.ural  growth  which  is  peculiar  to  this  country,  we  may 
reckon  the  fugar,  the  coffee,  the  papaw,  the  hackberry, 
and  the  cucumber  tree.  The  two  Jail  are  foft  wood, 
and  bear  a  fruit  of  the  (hape  and  fize  of  a  cucumber. 
The  coffee,  tree  i^efembks  the  black  oak,  and  bears  a 
pod,  which  enclofes  a  feed,  of  which  a  drink  is  made 
^ot  unlike  coipFee.  Befi<les  thefe  there  is  the  honey  lo- 
cuft,  black  mulberry,  wild  cherry,  of  a  large  fize.  The 
buck-eye,  ani  exceedingly  foft  wood,  is  the  horfe  chef- 
nut  of  Europe.  The  magnoHa  bears  a  beautiful  bloft 
fom  of  a  rich  and  exquifite  fragrance*  Such  is  the  va- 
L  riety  and  beauty  of  the  flowering  fhrubs  and  ■  plants 
which  grow  fpontaneoufly  in  this  country,  thiUt  m  the 
proper  feafon  tjie  wildemefs  appears  in  blofTom, 

The  accounts  of  the  fertility  of  the  foil  in  this  country, 
have  in  fon^e  inftances  exceeded  iKlief ;  and  probably 
have  been  exaggerated.  That  fomc  parts  of  Ken- 
tucky, particularly  tlie  high  groiind''s,  are  remarkably 
good,  all  accounts  agree.  Tne  lands  of  the  firft  rate 
are  too  i>i&h  for  uriieat,  and  will  produce  50  and  60^ 
and  in  f<^6  inftances,  it  is  affirmed,  100  bufhels  of 
good  corn^  an  acre.  In  common,  the  land  vnll  prodhoe 
^o  bufhels  of  lirheat  or  rye,  an  acre.  'basAef^pz.t^f  flax, 
pemp,  and  vegetables  of  aU  kinds  common  la  i|tis  cii- 

«MUe, 


««f 


Kl  NT  U  CK  Y. 


mate,  yield  abundantly.  The  old  Virginia  flaaten  ft^, 
that  if  the  climate  does  not  prove  too  moilt,  few  foiU 
known  will  yield  more  or  better  tobacco.  Experience 
has  proved,  that  the'  climate  is  not  too  moift.  Great 
quantities  of  this  article  have  been  exported  to  Frunce 
and  9paia  through  New-Orleans. 

Climate.']  Healthy  and  delightful*  fome  few  places  in 
theacizhhourhood  of  ponds  i»nd  low  grounds  excepted. 
The  inhabitants  do  not  experience  the  extremes  of  heat 
and  cold.  Snow  feldom  falls  deep,  or  lies  long.  The 
vrinteTf  which  begins  about  Chriftmas,  is  never  longer 
than  three  months,  and  is  commonly  but  two,  and  iy  To 
mild  as  that  cattle  can  Aibfift  without  fodder. 

Chief  Tonvttt»2  Lexington,  which  (lands  on  the 
head  waters  of  Elkhom  river,  is  the  largeft  -town  in 
Kentucky.  ,  Here  the  courts  are  held  and  bufmefs  ree- 
ularly  conducted.  Its  inhabitants  amount  to  nearly 
2,000.  Frankfort  is  the  capital ;  Wafiioigton  and  Lou- 
ifville  are  the  other  chief  towns. 

Charailer.']  The  petiole  of  Kentucky,  colleAed  from 
different  States,  of  different  manners,  cuftoms,  religions, 
and  political  feutiments,  have  not  been  Ibng  enough 
together  to  form  a  uniform  national  character.  Among 
the  fettlers  there  are  many  gentlemen  of  abilities,  and 
many  genteel  families,  from  feveral  of  the  States,  who 
give  dignity  and  refpe<5labiljty  to  the  fettlement. 

Religion*!^  The  religious  denominations  here,  arePre^ 
byterians,  Baptills,  Methodifts  and  Epifcopalians. 

Con/iituthtt'']  By  the  cbnftitiAion  Qf  tnis  State,  formed 
and  adopted  in  1702,  the  powers  of  government  are 
divided  into  three  dilUn^  departments  ;  legiflative,  ex- 
ecutive aud  judiciary.  The  legiflative  power  is  vefted 
in  a  general  affemblyi  confiiling  of  a  fenate  and  houfe 
of  reprefentatives }  the  fupretne  executive,  in  a  gover- 
nor ;  the  judiciary ^.in.  the  fapreme  cpurt  of  appeals,  and 
fuch  inferior  courts,  as  the  legiflature  may  el^ablifh.  The 
reprefentatives  aii^xhoren  annually,  by  the  people  ;  the 
j;overnor  and  if^tors  are  chofen  for  four  years^^  by 
eledors  appoiiited  for  that  purpi^e  ;  the  judges  are  ap- 
pointe4  cbirimi  good  behavio\ir>  by  the  govemort  with 
adiiicilflhe  fenate.  '  ^ 

Literature 


HOtTil    CAROLINA. 


M# 


liurshtrt  md  Imfrovmuutt,']  Tfie  legiditiiM  of  Vir« 
ginia,  while  Kentucky  belonged  to  thst  State»jnade  pi»» 
v'Uum  for  a  college  in  it,  and  endowed  it  with  rtrj  con* 
fijerable  landed  £vu\d%.  The  Ker.  John  Todd  ptM* 
red  6-om  various  gentlemen  in  England  andoiberpkc^ 
a  verjr  handfome  library  £or  iu  u(c.  Another  eoU^ 
in  this  Suce  js  in  CAntainpIation»  and  iunds  coUeAing 
for  its  e(bbUih)fnent.  Schools  axe  eAabliflied  in  ^ 
fereral  towos^and,  in  general,  regplaily  andlurndfoBfie- 
Jy  Supported.  ,  They  have  a  printing  oCce,  «iidNF>^i^ 
z  vrcekly  gazette.  They  have  eieded  a  paper  HXif  an 
oil  mil),  fiuling  mill,  faw  mills,  and  a^great  number  of 
valuable  ^r«(l  mills.  Their  fait  worhs  are  more  than 
fuiHcienito  fupply  all  their  inhabitanCf,  at  a  low  price. 
They  make  confiderdble  -quantities  <Kr  iugar  from  the 
fijgar  trees.  Labourers,  parCicjlarly  tradefionen,  are 
exceedingly  vanted  hema 

Curtsies  J}  The  bdok$,  or  rather  precipice,  of  Keft- 
tvitky  and  Dick's  river,  are  to  h|Te«koqed  amonff  tlie 
natural  curiofuiies  of  this  countr^  Here  the  aftoniflied 
eye  beholds  300  or  409  feet  (  f  foHd,  perpendicular  rocfc 
in  feme  patts  of  the  lime- Hone  kind,  and  in  Qihera.i»f 
fine  white  marble,  corioufly  chequered  with  ftrata  of 
aftonifliing  regnlajity.  Thefe  rivers  have  the  appeal^ 
ance  of  deep  ^artificml  canals.  Thtlr  high  recliy  b-4!jjU 
arc  covered  with  red  cedar  groves^  -  5  ^ 

^if^'i    S^^  American  Univetfal  6eoi{^|^y. 


■■?,^'; 


'V  I" 


-*'■ 


-.i,  ■., 


u-^'ut  ,•  - 


Nib  R  f  IS    C  A  R  O  L  li*  A. 


fi/tJ$C^^ 


A#iON  AND  Wttminre.    i"^. 


Length  ,^6bl|^^_,ri«&6*  3c/ W.  long.  1 
Breadth  uoH"*"  13 jV'&3<>>'HiS.  ja^^ 

Sdttih  Cardina  and  Georgia ;  weft^hy  a^iadfli££ama» 

M       ■    '■  '        ^  talis 


-V- 

^4 


L 


..» 


■#^ 


f 


^30         KORTH    CAftOLlNA. 

taint  a  few  miles  to  the  weaward  of  the  great  AppalaeH. 

mtk  mouniaifi.     This  chain  of  mountainf*  uking  the 

wh(^e  for  a  part,  hat  occaHonally  been  called  the  great 

Itm  mounuin.    All  that  vaft  country  which  lies  on  the 

,.welt  of  the  Iron  mountain,  wat  furrendered  to  the  Unit. 

'ed  Sutet,  bf  the  Sute  of  North  Carolina,  in  the  year 

1780.    It  hat  fince  been  ereded  into  a  feparate  State, 

|>y  the  name  of  TennefTefi.  * 

CnfU  DiMm.1    Thit  State  U  divided  into  ei^ht  dif. 
tridt,  which  are  fubditi^edintd  54  coonttes,  at  foUowi : 


Bi/lriat, 


T.   A 

Cmaiet, 


IB   v*        ** 

o 


S-l  S3 


v^ 


if 
a 


'Chowan, 
Currituck, 
Camden, 
Parquotanle, 
Perqunnoos, 
Gate% 
HfcrtfScd, 
Bertie, 

LTy;f,a 


DUlria$.    _  etmtkt* 
i^r     od     fHalifaz, 


1 5     I      iN-itai^wer, 
5*1  4  J       I.BruiiAffick, 

3  I J   «      I  Bladen, 
C  5  S  S  .4  I  Onfloir. 


8 


Noffthamptea, 
Martin, 
Edgcomb, 
Waircn, 
FranUia, 
iMafli. 


.•Z?f  J  rOrange, 
Sllf^  CliatKam. 
8SJ*;|,Ora»vmc, 
3«3dl    Caf%i€U, 


%^. 


'Crayi?n, 
'  Beaufort, 


^  *^n  cH  Cahcret, 


^"^       Mleeklenbui|»  I 
AockaighaiB, 
;redeQ, 
Surry, 

MoMtgomerj, 
attk^, 


^.«  J*!  fBurke, 
o  a  S  i '  Rinherford, 


Wilket. 


Robefbtt, 
Sain^oo, 
>AaliMi. 


t 


NOltTH    CAROLITTA. 


a$l 


Ki/tfi.')  Tbcfc  are,  the  Chowan,  formed  by  the  con- 
Ruence  of  the  Meherrin,  Notuway  and  Black  RiTeri  i 
all  of  which  rile  in  Virginia.  Roanoke,  Cofbai,  Pamli* 
CO  or  TarriTcr,  Ncut,  Trent,  Paftinotank,  PerquimoM,- 
Little  rirer,  and  Alligator.  Cape  Fear,  more  proper* 
ly  Clarendon  river,  opens  into  the  fea  at  Cape  Fear. 

This  State  would  be  much  more  Taluable,  were  it 
not  that  the  rif  ers  are  barred  at  the  mouths,-  and  ihr 
eoail  furnifhcs  no  good  hirbours* 

SouaJf,  Capet,  JMtts,  isicj  Pamlico  Sound  ti|^  kind 
of  lake,  or  inland  fea,  from  i.o  to  20  miles  broad,  and' 
neaily  100  miles  in  length.  Core  Sound  lies  foaiii  of 
Pamlico,  and  communicates  with  it.- 

Cape  Hatteras  k  in  latitude  35^  15^  Cap^  Look* 
out  is  ibuth  of  Cape  Hatteras,  opponte  Core  St)und.' 
Cape  Fear  is-  remarkable  for  adangerous  (boal,  called, • 
frpm.^ts  form,  the  Frying  Pan.  iTits  (hoal  lies  at  the 
cotrance  of  Cape  Fear  river,  in  latitude  33^  $2\ 

S'wamfis,^     lliere  are  two  fwamps  that  have  been^ 
called  D'tfmal,    Great  Difmal  it  on  the  dividing  line  be- 
tween Vireinia-and  North  Carolina^    The  ouier  Dtf* 
mal  is  in'Currituek'COttiityj.on  the^ooth  fide  of  Albe- 
marle Sound*' 

Principal  Twcmw.]'  Newtem,  Edenton,  Wnmington,.* 
Halifai^,    HtlUborotieh,    Saliibury,   and    Fayetteville^/ 
each  in  their  turns  have  been  the  feat  of  the  General 
AiTemblyi     At  prefent  they  fit  at  Hmkigb,    According 
to  the  conftituciou  of  this  State,  tht  General  AfTemblies 
are  to  meet  at  any.  place  they  iImiIl  fit,  on  their  own- 
adjournments.  •  ^ 

Ktwbern  is  the  largpft  toptm  in  thie  ftate;  tit  ftands 
tn  a  flat  fandy- point  of  land,  formed  by  the  coiiHu- 
ence  of  the  fivers  Ncua  on  tlie<  north,  4nd  Trent  oa 
the  fouth. 

Edenton  is  fituated  dn  Che  north  fide  of  Albemarle 
Sound,  and  has  about  I50  indifferent  \itood  houses,  and 
a  lew  handfbme  buildings. 

Wilmington  is  a  town  of  about  20a  houfes^  (ituated 
M  the  eaft  fide  of  the  eaftern  branch  of  Cape  ^tSiX,  or 
Clarendon  ri7er>  ^^  miles  from  the  fta|%^ 

HilUboTOttgH 


iyi 


K6RTH    CAROLINA, 


■i»K 


Hill/boroogh  it  an  inland  town,  fitnated  m  a  high^ 
liealdiy  and  fertile  eouotry,  i8o  miles  north  of  the  well 
ftom  Newbern.  It  is  fettled  by  about  60  or47o  fam- 
ilies. 

'  SaliAmty  is  agreeably  Ataated,  abont  five' miles  from 
Yadkin  river*  and  contains  about  90  dwelling  houfes. 

Halifai  is  a  pretty  town,  and  (lands  on  the  weftem 
bank  of  the  Roanoke,  about  Hx  miles  below  the- falls, 
and  has  about  50  or  40  dwelling  honfesi 

Fay^ville  ilands  on  the  weft  fide  of  Clarendon, 
eommoiuy  railed  Cape  Fear  river,  and  about  a-  mile 
fttm  its  banks. 

Waihington  is  fituated  in  the  cotintjr  of  Beanfort^  on 
the  north  Sde  of  Tar  river,  in  latitu^re  35*  30' ;  diftaat 
from  Ocrecock  Inlet,  ^  miles. 

Greenville,  fo  called,  s^er  Major  General  Nathaniel 
Greene,  is  fituaud  in  Pitt  eoonty,  on  the  fontb  bank  of 
Tar  river,  in  latitude  35^3^.')  diftant  from  Ocrecock 
tnlet,  1 10  miles. 

Tarborougfa  is  fttnated  in  the  bounty  of  Bdgecomb, 
fin  the  fouUi  bank  of  Tar  river,  in  latitude  35**  45' f 
diftant  from  Ocrecdck  Inlet,  14O  miles. 

Face  of  the  Cmmtijt  Soil  mui  ProduSkiuA  North  Car* 
4)lina,  in  its  whole  width,  for  60  miles  from  the  fca,  is 
a  dead  level.  A  great  proportion  of  this  tra£l  lies  in 
Ibreft,  and  is  barren.  On  the  banks  of  fome  of  the 
fivers,  particularly  of  the  Roanoke,  the  land  is  fertile 
and  good.  Interfjperfed  through  the  other  parts,  are- 
glades  of  rich  fwamp,  and  ridges  of  oak  land,  of  a 
black,  fertile  foil.  Sixty  or  eighty  miles  from  the  fea, 
the  country  lifts  into  hills  and  mountsuns,  as  defcribed 
IMi^er  this  head  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

V^eat,  Ty«,  barley,  oats  and,  flar,  grow  well  in  the' 
back  hilly  country.  Indian  corffand  pulfe  of  all  kinds,' 
in  all  parts.  Cottbn  and  hemp  are  4fo  confiderably  cul- 
tivated here,  and  might  be  taifed  in  much  greater  plenty- 
The  cotton  is  planted  yearly;  the  ftalk  dies  with  tile 
froft.  The  labour  of  one  man  vnll  produce  i,^a 
pounds  in  the  feeds,  or  250  fit  for  manu^jidhiring. 

Tmde*^  A  great  proportion  of  the  produce  of  £e  btck. 
tointfyy  coQuiftiog  of  tobacco,  w^eati  Indian  com,  Atc«^ 


NORTrt    rAROLINA.  233 

11  carried  to  market  in  South  Carolina  and  Virginia. 
The  fouthem  interior  coanties  carry  their  produce  to 
Charlefton ;  and  the  northern*  to  Peter(burg  and  Nor- 
folk. The  exporu  /rom  the  lovrcr  parts  of  the  State, 
<re  tar,  piteh»  turpentine,  rofm,  Indian  corn,  boards* 
fcantlingt  ftavds,  ihingles,  furs,  tobacco,  pork,  lard,  tal- 
low, bees  wax,  myrtle  wax,  and  a -few  other  articlcity. 
amounting  in  the  year  ending  September  50,  1791* 
to  524,548  dollars.  Their  trade  is  chiefly  with  the 
Weft  Indies  and  the  northern  Statet. .  1^ 

Ciimate,  Difeafu^  ^^0.:  ^^  ^^  ^^^  country^  near  the 
fea-coaft,  the  inhabitants,  during.the  fummer  and  au> 
tumn,  are  fubje^  to  internoitting  fevers,  which  often 
prove  fatal,  as  bilious  or  nervous  fyraptoms  prevail* 
The  countenances  of  the  inhabitants,  during  tliefe  fca< 
fons,  have  generally  a  paloy  yellowifii  caft,  occafioned- 
by  the  prevalence  of  bilious  fyniptoms.  They  have 
very  little  (^  theJ>ioom  and  fieihnefs  of  ihe  people  in< 
the  northern  States.-. 

The  weftern  hilly  parts  of  this  Slate  arc  as  healthy  as 
any  part  of  America.'  That  country  is  fertile,  full  of 
fprings  and  rivulets  of  pure  water.  Autumn  is  very- 
pleafant,  both  in  regard  to  the  temperature  and  ferenity 
of  the  weather,  and  the .  rtchneis  and  vapi(;ty  of  the 
vegetable  produdions,  which  the  feafoii  affords.  The 
winters  are  fo  mild  in  feme  years,  that  autumn  may  be 
faid  to  continue  till  fpring.  Wheat  haryeit  is  in  the  be- 
ginning of  June,  and  that  of  Indian  com  early  in  Sep- 
icmber..  ■  '  [      >.  ^  ' 

Natural  ffifioryl  Mi^faSuresil^ci];  The  lirg^  nat- 
ural growth  of  die  plains,  in  the  low  country,  is  ahnoft 
unlverCilly  pitch  p;oe,  which  is  a  tall,  handrome  tree, 
far  fuperlor-  ^  the  pitdhpine  of  tiie  noithern  StRten^. 
This  tree.may  be  cal^pptie  flaple commodny  of  Noi'th 
Ciitolina.  It  afford^  pttch,  tar,  turpentine,  and  various 
kinds  of  lumber,  which,  together,  con'titme  at  Ie:i(l  one 
half  of  the  exports  of -this  State,  No  country  produces 
finer  whitt  and  red  oak  fbr  (laves.  The  fwamps  abaund 
witii  cypius  and  buy  trees.  The  latter  is  an  evergreen, 
and  is  food  £or  the  c<ittlt  in  the  winter. 

TheMiaflkioe  is  common  in  the  back  country.    Thia 
is  a  (hnib,  which  differs  in  kind,  perhaps,  from  ail  others. 
It  never |;rows  oiit  of  t&e  earthy  but  qo  Ute  tops  of  trces« 
Ua-  Tlie- 


%"l 


m' 


«34 


Kaft..TH    CAROLIKA. 


:•*., 


'■'0. 


Tli€  roots  (if  they  may  be  To  called)  run  under  the  barV 
of  the  tree,  and  incorporate  with  the  wood.  It  is  ao 
cverg  -een»  rerenibling  the  garden  boi.wood. 

The  late  wai,  by  which  North  Quroiroa  was  greatly 
conv«l(edt  put  a  ftop  to  federal  iron  works.  There 
are  four  or  five  furnaces  in  the  State,  that  are  in  btaft^ 
and  a  proportionable  number  of  forges. 

Re&gum.'\  The  weftern  parts  of  this  State,  which 
have  Wen  fettled  within  the  lad  50  years,  are  chiefly 
inhabited  by  PreHiyterians  from  pcnnfylvania,  the  ^s. 
fcendants  of  people  from  Uie  ^forth  of  Ireland,  and  are 
exceedingly  attached  to  the  doctrines,  dif^ipline  and 
ufages  of  die  church  of  Scotland.  They  aie  a  regu> 
lar,  induftrious  people. 

The  Moravians  have  feveral  floutiihing  fettlemeati 
in  the  upper  part  of  tH,is  State. 

The  Friends  or  Quakers  hate  a  fettlcment  in  Nsw 
Garden,  in  Guilford  eounty^  and  feveral  congregations 
«t  Perqaimons  and  Pafquotank.  The  Methodifts  and 
Baptifts  are  numerous  and  increaiing^ 

The  inhabitants  of  Wilmington,  Newberik/^denton 
and  Halifax  diftriAs,  making  abbttt  three'^ftfas  of  the 
State,  formerly  profefled  themfelves  of  the  ^pifcopal 
church.  One  or  two  only  of  the  original  clergy  re- 
maiiii^  and  at  prefent  tl^ey  hav?  no  particular  pafloral 
Charge.  The  Baptifts  and  Methodifts  have  fent  a  num- 
ber of  Miflionary  preachers  into  thefe  diftri^s  ;  and 
fomt  of  them'havepretty  1^^  congregations.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  One  or  the  other  of  thefe  denomiha> 
tions,  and  perhjips  both,  may  acquire  co^liftency^nd 
cftabliOi  permanent  churches*    •  "'■^^^ . 

Colbfge  and  jfsddetiiies.J  The  di^ralA^embly  of 
Korth  Carohti^  in  I>(^embfla|il^^pi^  psifled  a  law  in- 
Corporating  iq  giintlemcn/5  SmiBkCh  diftrid,  as  truf- 
ttes  of  the  Univerfity  of  Norm  Caroliaa*  The  State 
lias  given  handfoitid  donations  for  tlie  endowment  of 
thii  femifiary.  The  General  Afemblyt^  in  December, 
l7$t,  loaned  jf^oco/.  to  the  t«uAeeft„  to  enable  them  to 
]>roceed  immediately  with  their  buildings. 

There  is  a  very  good  acade/ny  at  WarrMton,  anotli- 
tr  at  WiHiiimiboroufib,  in  Gxaoville,  and  three  or  four 

oth^la  tte  Suit^i  Of  coatidtfiible  note. 


NORTH   CAROMj/a.  zj; 

PopntaHoni  CheuraSert  M'uunrs  atui  CuJIoms.^     From- 
the  Marihal's  r<!>turn,  it  fippears  that  the  number  of  in* 
habitants  in  the  year   1791,  wa^  393^75»»  of  whom 
293»i  79  were  Citizens.- 

The  North  Caroiinians  are  moftly  plantersj  and  live 
from  half  a  mile  to  g  and  4.01  lies  from  each  otlier,  on 
tlieir  plantations.  They  have  a  plentiful  country— nt>- 
ready  market  for  their  produce — ^little  intcrcoarfe  with . 
grangers,  and  a  natural  fondnefs  for  focietyt  which  in« 
duce  them. to  be  hofpitablc  to  travellers..  They* appeal 
to  have  little  tafte  for  the  fdences. . 

Nof th  Caroltna  has  had  a  rapid  growth.    In  the  yeafr 
1710}  ivcoo^ined  but  about  1,200  fencible  men.     It  is 
now,  in  point  of  numberSf.the  fourth  State  in  the  Union* 
During  this  amazing  progrefsyin  population,  which  has 
been  greatly  aided  by  immigfations,  from  Pennfylvania» . 
Virginia,  and  other  States,^  while  each  has  been,  endeav- 
Gfuring  to  increa&  his  fcrtuaey  thehiiman  mindyiiJie  tn 
tnweeded  garden,  hsLr  t     >  fufferedto  (hoot  up  in  wild  ■ 
diforderi     But'whcn  '         nfider,  that,  during  the  late 
ircvolution,  this  8«atc  produced  many  diftinguiih^d  pat*- 
riots  and'polkicians,  that  ihe  fent  her  thousands  to  the 
defence  of  Geotgia  and  South  Cauolina,  and . gave  oc^^ 
cafional  fuccours  to  Vi>:ginia--»whcn  we  confider  too 
the   difBculttej  (bt  has  had  to  encounter,  from  a  mix- 
ture  of  /inhabitants,.  'Solle(5led  from  different    parts, 
Hrangers  to  each  other,  and  inteint  upon  gain,  we  ihali 
find  many   things  worthy:'  of'  praiuK.  ia  hsX\  geiieral 
charadiet.  ^ 

JQanfikMiom]  By  tbe-conftrtatron  of  this  S'ate,  ifrbich' 
%arlatiHed  in  December,.  17 76,  all  legiilative  authorityr 
is  veftedjin  two  diftin^  branches,  both  dependent  otit. 
the  people^  iriz.  la  ^e&^te  and  Houfe  of  Cdmmons». 
which,  whed  eo«k^^|tip|p>r  bu%iefs).are  ftyliid  the  G«n«- 
*ral  AJVmbl^t.  <     v/ 

Theftijitc  is  compofocl  o^  reprefefitatJvesi  one  fronl 
tacli  county,  chofen  anmiaUy  bf  ballot. . 

The  Ifoufe  of  commons  confiils  of  repreiVntatlves 
ehofen  in  the  fame  way,  Iwo  fofeach  county,  and  on€ 
for  each  of  tlie  tbwfia  of  •  Edenton,  Kiewbern,  Wilming*- 
to&i  fiali^rxi  Hi^ibwoti^b^Hiilifai|.atui  Fayetteyille.. 


%t 


f.     t 


'v'ii^ 


* 


1^^ 


f  IJllJESSEBi 


ajflpry'}  TbebiftonrofNoitkCaroltiL^islefirkiiovft 
than  that  of  any  other  of  the  Staist.  Fcoxn  the  beti. 
accouDts  that  hifkory  affbrdsithe  £»ft  peraoaneiit  fettle- 
meat  in  North  Carolina  was  made  aboot  the  year  t^io^ 
bf  a  nsinber  of  Palatines  •  from  Germanfy  who  had 
been  reduced  to  cifcnmftaiicc^  of  grent  mdigencei  by  a. 
calamitout  war.  /;   jXa  v 

The  infant  colony  rexQaiaed  under  .the  general' gov«. 
crnmeiit  of  South  Carolina,  ti^  about  the  year  1729^, 
when  feren  of  the  proprictorti  Utr^  a  valuable  conild- 
eration»  v«fted  theirv  property,  and  jsffifduftion  in  the 
crown ;  and  the  colony- was  ere^ed  into  a^feparate  prov. 
iace*  by  the  name  of ,  >fort^  CacoUnay  and  its  prefent 
limits  eftabli&ed  by  an  order  of  George  IL    From  tliis. 
period,  to  tfa<e  revolution  in  1776,  the  hiftory  of  North 
Carolinaisunpablifiicd,  and  of. courfe  unknown.     • 

Pr.  Hugh  Williamibn  is  about  pttbUihing  a  hiftory^ 
o|,this  State... 


1    •■ 


•w^iMiMaai 


l.iMlJI. 


SiTtUTION  isn  ExTBIO'i . 

Ijcftgth  4JP0  r  K.^..^   r«<*  20' and  16?  30' W. long.: 
jBrcauth  ib4j^  *^*^***"  1 35*  and  36*  3&  N.  lat., 

^,,^^,jbpUNDE^nor^ 

'^'JL^-  P^i^t  of  Vik^ginta ;  eaft,  by  North 
Carolina «  foutlw  by  Sou^  CaeoTiiia  or  Georgia  1  Jttft» , 
Uythell^a>fippi«.  *      W 

Civil  Dlmf^  emd  PisfnilatmJJi  This  State»  ereaed' 
and  organized  in  1796^  is  divyed  lAta^three  diArias, 
and  1 1  eoutities,*  whofe  names  p|(i(^puktion,  accord- 
ing to  acenfn«vtalsfiftat;%e.clofetW.tfhe  x«ar  » 

«jl  f<^l0W|.  viz*-..      ."-  ,  -"'^^^'W-:-!'^;  *•;.{'■ 


CottMif\ 

^MavrfiuiS) 
li5^«vier. 


8,457 
7,638 
»S.33« 
x*.573 
7,840 
j.578 


S-a  (f'^vidiitm, 
gS  •^•Sumner, 
^*  (TcOBeiTee, 


Tcftti 


6,370 

77i«6» 
xo,6x3 

ne 


i^r»^*ss^ee: 


nf 


*f|i«  fohal^umtt  of  tim  4iAriA  emigrated  t\Mtf 
from  Peiitirylvkiiiift*  aad  thit  pjnt  of  Vlrgiiiki^that  *mV 
weft  of  th^  Bftie  Hidgt.  /     » 

(7/Mii*'.3  TerBgeniie  afict^littldi^.  -  Uifotnilly. 
ing  between-  die  Q^eat4(land,.as  it  is  called,  and  tn4^ 
Kiinliaw^  tHietttiOtii^  are  reKiarliablyeoo!,  and  the. 
air  rath^  flUeift.  Sookhfreft  lofithis,  as  ^  as  thfe  In- 
dian to#os,  thrcUmite  is  likudi  wamiefi»  itsd  tbft  foil 
hetr^r  adapiedstcvt^e  prodaflioos  ofthe  foirthem  States,  . 

Ao  inli^bitaiii  of  tMs  diftril^  writes^    «*  Our  phyfi* 
cisi'S  f^re,  a  Hue,  climate-;  healthyv  robafl  mothers  pnd^ 
fathers }. plain  at. 4 'pleattlBl  diet»  afid  en(^^«of  eieer- 
cffe.    There  is  n'>i  a  regular  br^d-'f^yfidiia  redding  m 
the  i^hole^iftria/*^    I%);&iaas,  ]iiNtfe¥et| .  hav«.  &ac#* 
ftttledhe*.  :  '^ 

ghi*lamiMiiiiuiiaktiJ}<   1:*fie  l^t^eei  csdl^  a(jR$^ 
the  Cherokee,    srthe  laf|[<ft  braach  of  theOIUe#    It 

rifts  in  ^  mottiitaini'Gl^^  \^rginia,  latitude  j^<V$od^ 
parfaes  Acomih  of  about  i^oo  mites  fmith^  jind  i^tlv* , 
weft,  nearly  to' liUikn^  34?,  reeeiiring-^nirboth'/idel^ 
s  number  of  koge  trtbtitary  ftreams.    It  then  wheelt^ 
about  to  the^  north  in  a  circiutous  eoixrire»  and-^ningles 
with  the  Ohio,  tuniiif  66  miles  frdi^it^^outh.     Ftom 
ib  entraacemto  tite  ^@ftiO|  t»  the  Mil^de- Shoals^  25O:' 
to'iles,  ihe-ctlnaiit  is  i^er^^rsntler  and  tlie  river  decfj^ 
enough,.at  all fea&ns^  for  tfielargeft trow  bdats.    1%ei 
Mufcle  ShoftI»  are  about  Unities  in  length* .  MMii 
)>]ace  the  river  ipreads  to  the  width  of  j.  miles,  jo^df 
fbrmsa number  of  iimdi,  and  is  of ^  diffitralt  paiTage^ 
eicej^  when  there  k-  aOiilHii  the  riVcn    FfOfitthefe 
fiioals' to  the  Whirl  or  ftiOki  the  plaee  viSl^m0tiiy^ 
breaks  through thei^ri^ ridge,  or  Cnroberiandmocm^ 
tain;  is  350^0111^,  tl^jlM^uiidfsva^ 
for  boats  of  4J!><5r  j'e^spl  - 

The  Chmberifiid  nabniif^^  M  its  vholo-estent,  fbm  < 
tiie  Great  Kanhaifyata^^  the  Teuneffi^e,    confifts  of  the 
moft  ftupendoas  pBes  of  cra^gf  roohs,^  of  any  mocmtaiai 
I  la  the  weflcrrli  coontrf  i     T&ough  this  liapendelus  pile,'^: 
according,  to  modern  hypotheiis,  had  iht  vaters  of  ^^ 
the  upper  branchcsiif  the  Tenne^^  t^  force  theirway* 
The  attetcpviwonld  hare  been  ImpraQicable  at  any  oth^ 
ttylaca  than  the  onextieotioni^Mor  more  than  too  miiei^ 


*'^"'>. 


33^ 


TEKl'li'SEl. 


eaftwardlf.  H«i]i  dmi  Hbttnt  10  bare  been  the  dttflii,. 
left  by  tbe  Creator*  to  eoiiTey  off  tbolc  waten,  which 
nuft  otbjerwUe  bave  overflowed,  aoiA  rendered  afekft  a 
▼ail  traA  of  valuable  country,  Micompaflbd  wHhm  dw 
mountaint. 

The  U^M,  ai  it  is  calted,  h  kt  about  latitttde  if. 
It  it  reckoned  A-^f^t  cnriolity.  The  rirer*  which  a 
few  mtlei  above,  i^  ilft  mile  wide,  if  here  cOkilip^tded 
to  the  width  of  abc  *t  lOO'^ardi.  Juft  ai'  it  enters  the 
mountain,  a  lar^ff  ?ock  ^uroje^  from  the  nonhern  ihore, 
in  an  oblique  fdi»eiftien,'wi>ich  renders  tbe  bed  of  the 
river  ftitl  narrower,  and  caaie»  a  fiidden  bend ;  the  wa. 
ter  of  tbe  rivd*^  h  of  souxie  ibrowfi  jNrith  great  rapidity 
againA^tbe  fouchem  Ihore,  Wh<ence  It  tebotmds  around 
die  point  of  tbe  rock, .  and  |to4oc6i  the  WW,  which 
is  about  80  yards  iii  ^r  ;iilbference«  €ainoea  have  often 
b^en  earried  into.^ls  Whhrl^^d  «ibapcd,  by  the  dexter- 
ity' of  1^  rowers, , W7tboot'.dama|^.  Ip  kf»  than  a  mile 
b^lowmWhirl^  the  rivet  ijweadfifitd  its  common  4idth, 
and»  exctpt  Mnfclf  $hball,  ab^ady  iiliebii^ped*  flowi 
beauti^l  and  placid,  .till  it  ming^  wi|3i  the.  Qtdo, 

The  mi,9cipal  tribu^iT:^^<i^^  ^^^  "^ 
die  HoilloniPdefon^  Of  Clinch  and'lb^ck-riviers. 
,  The  Shawanee,  n6w  ^raQed'Cambcrland' river,  of  the 
^l^tli^n  b^anc'hes  6f^^^&^^^  in  .:xe  to  the 

r^€an4fla<hi#d  .extsnd$  ea0watd  neaity  as  far,  bot  mas 
itiiill|#6ire  dicdfl  ^usie^:  ICis  navijtable  f(^  imal^ 
Pm^Sas  NiSiville. 

Tkd-e  avefivjet^vf^ablt  rivers  in  this  territory^  which  > 
^dtohme  tbeijimelves  munediately  into  the  Mii9i%pi, 
vfz.  \^^^HaecbiBC,  Forked  Deer,  Obrian  and  ICeeU 

>  It  wot^d  takb  a  (Volfoe  tqjd^lhii  pautMlarlyt  the 
niOttBtaini  of  <;tbis  territor]^  flAi^j^rhadf ^  cov- 

ered  wi^^  |b6&  wbick,ave  !iuiiinb4)|iitable.  Some  o£ 
thde  moaataias,  particiiaily4he  CitoibMtand,  or  Great 
Xamel  •  Ridge,  are  the  moii  ftnjpendout  pites  i^  the 
United  States.  They  abound  wttb  ginfeng^  and  ftone 
>^bdtt  Ctincb  mountain  is  fouth  of  thefe  1  in  wbicb< 
iBrl^s  (^cn  lui^  Marrit^  Nob^  might  b»  ddci^>ed  as^ 
«at4o&i3cs^'  v 


■A   ■ 


^^..- 


r »  H  N  E  5  8  E  E. 


»3f 


kO  A  few  ytuf  finee,  tliif  cmmtfy  abomded 
vitb  lam  herdt  of  irad  cattle,  imttoperlf  called  Bitf. 
•faloet  s  ont  the  improvident  or  iU-di(poied  among  dke 
M  fettlfrsy  Itave  deftroyed  multitudes  of  them»  oat  tf 
•mere  wantomieft.  They  are  ftiU  to  be  fonnd  on  (oae 
of  the  fonth  branchet  of  Camberlmd  riTcr.  Elk  or 
moofe  are  ieen  iq  many  jplaces*  chiefly  among  the 
moontainf .  The  deer  are  become  comparatiYel;^  fearpe^ 
fo  that  np  jieiibn  makes  a  bafinefs  of  honting  them  for 
thetr  (kins,  only.  Enough  of  bears  and  wolVbs  yn  re- 
main. Beavers  and  otters  are  can^t  ip  plenty  m  Uie 
opper  branches  i/f  Cumberland  and^entucky  rivers. 

The  mammoth,^  the  huif  d[  the  land  amnnilsi  was 
fonnerly  an  inhabitant  of  this  country. 

Cmmen$.^  Hkis  country  iumiflies  many  v^aabie 
articles  of  exp(yrt»  foch  as  fine  waggon  and  faddle  hor- 
ieji»  beef^  cattle,  ginfengt  deer  (kins  and  furs,  cotton, 
hemp  and 'flax,  whidh  Qiay  be  tranTported'^'by  land  4 
alfo,  iron,  luno^xtr^'  pork  and  fibor,  which  will' 
exported  in  great  qtiantities,  now  the  navigiition  df  the 
'Mlffifippi  is  opened.'^ 

•^<i^<^3  '^^  Prefbyterians  are  the  prevailing  de- 
nomination of  Chiiftians  in  Uiis  diftri^  They  hare  a 
tVeftytery  eftabliflied  l»y  ad  of  Synod,  which,  in  ti^ty, 
cocnAed  of  93  large  congregations,  who  were  tbeniup- 
plied  by  only  fix  mifiifters^  There  are;^|lb  ibsne  of 
the  Baptlft  and  Iljethodift  denominations.  ,\^ 

"    LUirati^e;^,   Three  college^  are  <^(I^Unie^1>y 
in  this  Sqite,  via.  OreenviUe  college  in  Orei^  c^i 
Blottiu;  college  at^notville,  and  #a(liiii|»tpn<om^ 
WaHiin^toQ  coi||ity.    Congderable  todOi|||^^Mf coU 
1e6ted  for  the  former^  asid  one  or  two  tho«||||^^ 
of  books  lor  its  Hbrary.    A  fpjcicty  has  been  enabl^ed, 
who  ftyle  ^em^lte^f  A-SoQtety  for  proiimHsng  tlft* 
ftil  Knowkdge."  ■      o  ;^  " 

(^arad^.«ii^v4^Mi^.^^^^  is  nOthiii|;  in  Jhe 

cha%aer  of  this  people,  that;  dUiin^mntes  ^etnirom 
the  fettle^  0^  neW  co^qtties  in, gentraL  ^ittoi^the 
bnlk  of  the  inhabitants,  a  ^reait  rimpli9%#i»ll^ 
prevails.    Wr^ogiiumping^^uiming  (oot^Taces^^^^ 
playing  at  foalL  a^e  the  oommili  $vcrii(mi$4; '  I^^ 

,      ■■  ■      '    '  •  •■     '•       ^■"'-  \    .-     ■■'  ;•       '        ■'  ■  i^ 


S'j     « 


■'\\ 


^vE  H  •N  lES  «  IE  €• 


iseomtogjiit^^ioa*  Card  ybying  u  a  r^re  Mmib. 
ment.    lie  lKl|v|Bg  ihin  ii  W  bftlie  mUitiji 

.  «n  dut7»  and  l>f  Meters  in  purlmt  of  gamt . 

PrinM  T9wiu»']  Kdoit  ; i.vj»  4eaii|ifunir.  (Ituftttd 
on  the  Rplf^oiH  is  tbe.lbat  of  govisiiinifDt  in  dUs  Sute ; 
N.  lat,  3^'  4*; 

H4tHr4U«»  N«lat,^^.  ,TI»  conns  for  the  diftrid 
of  Morq  are  femi-annnaUf  ^ci^  here ;  j^pdnt  list  tvc 
hot^s ior  public 'wocCbtp)  n'^z^dCoa^  endowdl 
j^adeiny,'f(Ub)i|hed  in  17^56. 

JON'BUPiaouoii  Is  ^e  ieat  dC  the  courts  Iield  in  Wafli. 
uigtbh  di^rulft  There  a|«  4>gbt  oiber  40wnt  of  left 
'  j)C^e  1r|,;^e-'|M''!|te* 

4  .^i|S^^  1^88,  the  wiHtia  of  ttiis  (''(kia.aioount. 
ed  tOi6et1i^ef6  7  and  8,coo  60t^ve  p)e&»  who  iireie  prin. 
cipalfy  #ne^'^itb  rifles,  11ttir^itr«.Mtrd4e^thls  imm* 
iter  at.pr^fnr, 

,  /i»<%if,j  *rh«  Indiap  ^hips  ivlithlii  and »»  the  vie  hu. 

ty  of  tm  diftrid,  are  the  Cberolbeii.  and  Ghi<^]^araws. 

'The  Cherokees  have  been  a  warlike  arid  nuinerouft  na< 

"■  tion;.butbf  continual  war$,  in  yhtch  it  has  been  their 

delUny  to  be.eng'^gtd,  with  the  nort^rn  IndiftB  tribes, 

tfecf  '^'ere  redticed,  at  the  cQn:nieiM^cni«nt  of  th^  laft 

WariK  to  #boat  2C00  fighting  tnen ;  fince  winch  they 

'^have  been  reduced  more  than ,  o^e J>alf»  and  .haye  be> 

The  Cht^l^ifa^Ji,  of^I  the  Indian  tribes  wit))n^jBe 
il^tt  of  ibe  United  St;|tes,  -inerit  the  moil .  from  the 
^tncrioam,  liati|i|f  |ii  all  timet  malniiatined  a  Wotherly 
luti^l^eiii  ^<> J^em^  They  glory  in  faying,  1^at  they 
nearer  diecW^|l<H>d  of  an  Ang^o  ^jper^an^  There  is 
^  '^^9i^M^m^^^  th<Cbick?mw:and  Choaav 

lanMi;^^S?«li  ifcft  common  people  f  »n  conterfe  to- 
^j^ir,j»ch  ife^^^  a 

perfdllable  peof |e»  anof  hare  an  opennefs,  in  tfecircoun- 
0iMKes  Und  be^f iouti  uccommon  an^mg  favages. 
flifj%iiil^on%  fayd^  the  r^oanant  of  a  greft  na- 

tion that  once  Ifvedfer  to  the  weftf  which  was  de^tof' 
:4si  hffik^ifi^^  ^hom  they  ftiH  r^ts^n  an  he- 

rwJi|iir]f;iyiti|f4".vV'~>  ■•-'  ■  -:':^-S::''-:.j<-;  - 

Cv^Hntim  mt  '^P^-  ]     See  Aaitilcan  tlniyerfal 


80UTH    CAROLINA. 
SOUtH    CAROLINA., 

» 

SrruATioM  AN0  Extent. 


a4« 


Mies. 


t^MNR 


Breadth  115 J   L^^   l32*and35<»N.Mt.3  '^*°*^ 

«  .  V,  . ,  •,  tJ^^UNDED  north,  by  North  Guv- 
Bmndartiui^  JB  lina ;  e^ift,  by  the  Atfeotic  Oe€«D ; 

foutb  and  fomhw'*.^,  by  Saviinnah  river,  and  a  branch 

of  its  head  w^ter^  catlad  Tugulo  river,  vrhich  dtridet 

this  vSu'te  from  Geof^a. 
Cvvii  .D'wijms  and  Pofufat'mi.']     The  State  is  divided 

itA^  nine  dfftri^s,  whi^h  «tre  Aibdividcd  eicher  into 

paiirnes  t>r  €OUotie»,4|i  follatws : 


Di/lriih.  paries, 

"Mi  A     St.  Helena  • 

III  I  ' 

4^2     'PHnccWUlbm 


I 


St.  Peter's 


StiPhUip's 
St.  Nfichacrt 
St.  Bfitt!ibl«ineir 
St.  Tgliik'g,  Berkley,     " 
St.  Oeo^gc^,  D(|rdi«(ler 
$t  Stcpbcn*t 
|uS<fi  iSt.Iairoe»\Saiitee  . 
«?%^lSt.'l^onia»' 
g-Ij^   qftrffPiCh^H 
*• "  "  '^     St.  J amci',  6o<>fe  Cr^ck 
«t.>liO^^OI>M9«lw- 
JSLAndtrwj'        ii,; 


s 


-t 


CtutniM, 
Lewiiburg 


l^ngtOM 
Wintcm 


CUrearioa 


a^ 


.(.  i*' 


0«rJ 


*> 


Z4^ 


SOUTH    CAROLttlAv 


M 


i^^ia. 


IT' 


Ommktp 
Ygrk 


I  fl  X  f  M  ^  ^inc«  George's 
||h«|  fPrloceFrcderkk 

•3         •       *•  m 


'  u 


Laarqu 


Thetptal  number  of  inhabluoct,  in  if9i).ira§  M9i073;  of| 
whom  X07/>94  wtrc  Havei^ 

i{ii»r/.3    This  State  is  watered  by  ^oar  large  n^vii 
gable  rivers,  viz.   The  Sa.vannaha  £difto»  Pedee,  aodi 
Sahtee,  the  latter  of  Vhich  is  the  largjeft  andloogeHl 
river  in 4his  Aate;  it. empties  into  the  oce&a  by  twQi 
ih(^aths,  a  little  fouth  di  Georgetowt^.  "\ 

The  riveirs  of  a  fecpQdgxy  fiw,  as  you  pafs  froth  nc.Hhl 
to  f6n^,  ^e  Wakkam^W,  BUc)c  riveri  Cooper,  AihepooJ 
and  C!>iii|>iihee.    .        ,  '       _     .    - 

If,  tiie  third  clafs.  ;jirfe  cft^prehenijcd  khofe  riveri j 
whicji  exteoi^ jbtit  a  ihort  dii|ah<^e  fVom  the  oce^f^,  and 
fervei  by  brtn^mg  into  ntinibf  rle&  cree)csi  as  drains  toj 
take,  c^'  the  .quantity  ol^  rain  Water,  which  comes  down! 
from  the  large  inland  fwamps  V  or  art  r^ierelv^airms  oil 
likiin,.  Thcr  tide,  in  no  par(  p(jcl^^  ^ttt  n^ws  morel 
th2Va^»5  miles  frpm  the  fca.  ^    '    '^  '■      '■•.  I 

;  IpMa^j  'A  company  bias  btea  ^ticorporated  for^thd 
piQp^  of  iCfmie^ing  Cooper  and  Santee  rivers^  by  il 
^Mp  of  li  #ilet  in  kbgth^Coi^f^ated  at  85i00oi| 
<:uttency«    It  ii  nearly  c9mpleto£'' 

Motmtamt''] 


ffOVfR  Carolina. 


*4J 


MtmMUAu.^  Etfept  tht  bigh  hiUt  oi  the  &in(qi»the 
Ridget  and  romc  few  mhcr  hilh,  ttti  toimtTf  if  iik« 
one  esttnfife  plain,  till  yea  reach  tlieTryoii  and  Hog« 
back  nKKintaiM,  aao  milet  northweft  of  t^arieftoi»^ 
The  mouBUhis  wc(l  and  northweft  riff  much  hif>her 
than  tbeftr,  and  form  a  ridge,  which  divides  the  watcra 
of  TennefTce  and  Santcc  rivers. 

fMoar^''i    The  only  hatbourt  of '^hote  are  tliofis  of 
Charleftofi,  FmI  koytA,  anfl  Oeorgtl0wa,  ^ 

,lflait<hy  The  fca-ccairil  bordewd  %ltb  ft  claai  of 
Hne  fea  iifaiidt,  arotwd  which  the  Asa  flowf,  6pcjmig  ait 
cxccHettl  tniand  navigiitiott,  for  the  convcyjaiice  of  prod^ 
vce  to  market;  The  |»»lncipfttpf  thtfc  are  Boil's,  De^ 
tree's,  and  Sail iT»n'tiilaiids  whlch^rmtba  north  part 
of  Charkfton  harbour..  Jawes%  Johtf^v  WadmeUw^. 
Port  Royal,  St  ifkleita,  Ladies,  Piris  and  the  Hunting 
Ifknds,  five  dr  fijc  iir^vftiber,  liilton  Heiid»  Bscl^aeyS, 
£«21'i,  Dawfu(kie^«,  and^fome  fmaller  ifhuidt.    .v 

Tkefotl  of  thefe  Ifl^ndft  is  generally  bdtti^  aaapted 
to  the  culture  of  indigo  than  the  main,  and  leftiigiited 
t6  rice.  Cotton  grows  very  well  npon  *tm.  *Ttt  nat^^ 
eral  growth  is  the  Hve  oak,  which  is  esicelknt  for  fm^vt  ■ 
timber  5  and  the  palmetto  or  cabbage  tree,  thej^tility 
ef  which,  m  the  conllriuS^ion  of  fprts,  was  expeiicQced 
during  the  hte  war.  ^ 

Chief  Tetsatm.']     Chartefton  is  the  only  conridtrabTe 
town  in  South  Carolina.      It  is  fituated  on  the  tong  n  ; 
pf  land  which  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of  PiJ\  *  / 
and  Cooper  rivers.     Thefe  rivers  mingle  th<;ir  Waters  ; 
immediately  below  the  fibwn,  and  foi^  a/j^ious  r.nd? 
convenient  harbour,  whicb  communicates  wit  ji  the  ocram 
I  juR  below  8uilivarV*s  ifl^nd,  flitch  it  ^av^s  on^enortl^ 
fc^ren  miles  foutbea,ft  of  thi  town^    The  coattltiUed  agi-: 
tatioB  which  this  e(fc»fi|(^  Bi' the  waters  which  aimc^ 
fuTfoiind  CHa:ilefton*^th*  refrelhing  fea  breezes  Which 
are  reguljiriy  feit,  a^^t^  fmoke  riimg  from  fo  many* 
chimnies,  render  CharlcSbn  more  healthy  than  any  f^t 
(if  th,fe  !?»■«•  ccHimry,  in  the  fomhern  States,     Oil  this  ac- 
i  fount  it  is  the  reforl  of  great  rumbers  of  gentlil||len, 
invalids  fr^)T|i  the  AVeH India  iilands,  and  of  the  rich 
I J  iinters  from  tlie-  c|gintry,*  who  come .  here  to  fpend  Ae 
kMy  wpaths,  a^H^  arei;alk4»  iitqueft  of  health,  ai«i 

■"^    "  ■/  '  ,^  ••    of  . .. 


0i 


;.-,--■*. 


^44 


SOUTH   CAHatlHii; 


of  Um  (bcial  takifmenci  wbtch  tkb  eitf  tffhrdi.  And 
icino  put  of  AaiiilcA  arc  Ui«  fi>cial  bMSngt  enjo^cj 
ai6c»  ndonaUf  ■nd  liberallj*  than  io  CharlAan.  Un. 
•fta«d  lw«l^kalicf»  aiabilitft  mT*  in  BMimm  mmI  ad. 
4fiftt  Mui «  dHpoinion  to  maki  their  gueftt  wnHttvntt 
ta£y  and  pleaftd  «idi  thtrnfchnM,  arc  diaradmiUct  ^ 
the  rtfptAable  ptople  in  CharleAoOk  ' 

Tht  public  IntilaiDgf  ar«,  an  eiclian|^,  ftatc  htvfe, 
tatcJ?  rebuilt,  armonrf  »  ooor  honfe,  two  large  c|iincbei 
for  EpifcopaltaMy  two  lor  Coogtegationalmt  ot  Inde. 
ptndants,  <oacforSontchPreiytcrian«9  oocibrBaptiHs, 
OM  fiur  German  Lutheraot,  two  for  the  Methodttts,  (a 
larga  hoofe  for  woHMp  being  Isttelf  finifhod  by  then) 
«De  fpr  Frcodi  Prouftanu  »,  bcAdei  a  meeting  boufe 
lor  Qualcerii  a  Romiin  Catholic  dia|Ml,  and  a  Jewiib 
ffnagoffOe. 

But  littler  attention  it  paid  to  the  poblic  roarketi.  A. 
great iN^portion  of  the  mod  wealthy  iohabitantt  hare, 
fdantationi,  from  which  they  receive  fiippUcf  of  aimoft 
every  attide  of  living.  The  country  abooodt  with  pool* 
Cry  and  Wild  dvdu.  Their  bcefi  mutton  and  ve  J  are 
■01  of  the  beft  kind!    Few  fiOt  are  brought  to  market. 

In  1^91,  there  were  16,559  inhabitants,  df  whom 
7*684  ivere  ^avei. 

Beaufort,  on  Port  Royal  Ifland,  \t  a  plealant  little 
fown  of  about  50  or  60  houfiss,  aind  aoo  inhabitants, 
who  are  diftioguiihed  for  theiil'  hofpitality  and  polite- 


nf'a. 


Georgetown,  6t  milei  K.  £«  of  Charlefton,  the  feat 
of  juftice  in  Georgetown  diftrid,  ftindt  on  a  fpot  of 
land  Aear  the  junSion  of  a  number  of  Viverx,  which, 
iKhen  united  ih  one  broad  ftream,  by  the  naniie  of  Win* 
yapr,  fall  into  the  ocean  12  miles  below  th^  town. 

Colombia,  which  has  lately/llMtii  made  the  feat  of 
gOfernment,  by  the  legiflaturi^  ftaods  Juii  below  the 
JmiAirai  Of  Saluda  and  Broad  rivers,  on  the  Congaree, 
a  hranfehoftheSahtee. 

Ga^fwtFutf  of  tie  Couniry.'}  The  #hole  Stale,  to 
the  dil^ce  of  80  miles  from  the  fea,  i»  level,  and  al- 
moft  without  a  ftonC.  In  this  dtftaii^c,  by  a  gradual 
sfeent  from  the  fea*coaft,  the  land  rij^  about  r^  feet. 
HerCy  ifyouproceedinaW.  N.W.  coUrrefromCharlef* 

ton, 


iOVTn   CAROtlNfA. 


«4i? 


{90,  cnmme«ces4  eutioiiflf  noeven  ^oontf y.    THe  tt)iv« 
dkr  it  coflftantly  afcending  or  dcfoiodinf:  Utile  f;in  J« 
hiili,  which  nature  (eemi  co  have  dlfunited  in  a  ftolic. 
If  I  pretty  high  Tea  were  Aiddenly  arrefled  and  tninf* 
formed  into  land  htlUi  in  the  very  fdim  the  waves  exift* 
(J  at  the  jnpnieot  oC  trantformation,  it  would  prefent 
the  eye  with  juA  ftich  a  view  m  h  here  to  b«  leen. 
Some  littW  herbage,  sml  a  few  fmall  pines>  growtvte  ^ 
on  this  fuil.    The  inhabitants  are  few,  and  hate  bttt  a 
Iranty  fubfiftencc  on  com  and  IWect  ifotatoef,  whi  -'i 
grow  here  tolerably  well,    Thn  curious  country  coii* 
t'mu«s  lor  about  60  milei,  till  yoo  arrive  at  a  ptuce  call- 
ed Tht  Jiid^r  140  miiet  from  C^arlefton.'    Thtt  Ridge 
is  a  remarkable  tra^  of  hi^  groatid>  at  you  appro^dbt 
i'.  frrm  the  fea;,  bui  level  as  yoa  advance nonhwe^.  tVotw- 
i:sfumm>t.     It  is  a  fine,  high,  heakhy  belt  of  lutklf 
nil  waterei,  and   of  a  good  foil,  and  cxiends  from 
iii  Savannah  to  .Broad  R.iv3r.      Beyond 'thtt*: Ridge 
commencefs  a  eonntry  uaAly.  refi»n>bling  U)*  neither  a 
Statc^i.     Here  hills  and  dales,  with  hU  theif  verdure 
and  variep:ated  boauty,  prefcit  thcmfelves  to  «}feey«s^'' 
Wheat  tieljfi,  which  are  rare  in  the  low  country,  be^n 
to  grow  common,     Heirc  Hoaven  hii  beftowjd  ifiBbkr* 
fings  with  a  moil  bouuteous  h;ind«-    llie  air  u.  mush* 
more  tcrnpei^ate  ard  healthful  than  nearer  ta  tlie  iea." 
The  hills  are  covered  virh  valoublc  v^oods,  the  v allies 
are  watered' with  beautiful  rivers,  and  tl»e  ftlitiUty  «f 
the  foil  fs  equal  to  every  veg^lnble  produ^Ttion.     Thi*^^ 
by  Way  of  diftip^ion,  is   called  the  Upper  Country^ 
whiJre  «re  different  modes  andil»lfcrent  anicles  of  cuU 
tivation  ;  wlwtc  thritianneis  of  the  peopie,  and  cvea»^ 
their  ilangtiage  have  a  diftereht  toTie     The  kivd^Hifi 
rifes  by  a  gradual  afcent;  each^acceedIng,l;iHoveflo(^k9^ 
iMc  which  immediate^  precfedes  it, '  ml',  hiving  ad^i 
Vanned  a  20  nules,  in  a  n^rthwefl  dirc^ion  from  Chai  lti4f 
ton,  the  elevation  of^the  ktid,'  above  the  fea^ba^  it. 
found  t^  menfttration  to  W  Sob  feet.    Here  etbiiYpefieeai 
ftfmocuitjttAeas  co«ititry, '--which  continues  ti^^i%o  .t!»e 
wedettt'^tmaoati^iif  .pomt^oC  this  -Siaite*-, .  ^<}iid'-e: v 'i  n  ■;  5 

fp#r4i|cMis-;r^^i|l|^^hi*2pi4fetbarnm,  <  w^M^f^dmii^i 


1 
t 

4 


1 

I: 


■'"u  ■ 


34<$ 


SOtfTB    CAROfcWA. 


'  ¥, 


«re  tra^siyf  landlrtf  «f  limbeTtand  every  kind  of  gronth 
but  that  ofgnA,  JTheie  tradf  arc  called  Savannas,  coq. 
ftitutiiig  si/ruttd  kind  of  foil,  good  for  grazing.  The 
UMkmd  is  libat  of  the  fwanips  ^nd  low  grounds  on  Uie 
rivers,  whicMjI^a  mixture  of  blaclc  loam  and  fat  clay, 
producin^iilin^a!)/  caues  in  great  plenty,  cyprefs,  bays, 
loblottj  piii|li«c.  In  thefe  fwamps  rice  is  cultivated, 
4l#ch  cooiHtutes  the  (laple  coromciity  o/  the  Sute. 
iSH  high  lands,  commonly  known  by  tlie  name  of  oak 
and  biccory  lands,  conftitute  the  fourilf  kind  of  foil 
,  The  natural  growth  is  oak,  hiccory,  walnut,  pine,  and 
loctift.  pe^lhefe lands,  in  the  low  cruotry,  are  culiivji. 
ted  Ind^jpTt-orp  principally  ;  and  in  tlie  back  country, 
bffides  J^bele,  they  raife  tobacco  in  large  quantities, 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  hemp,  flax,  cotton  and  filk. 

There  is  little  fruit  in  this  State,  efpecially  in  the  lower 
parts  of  it*  They  have  oranges,  which  are  chiefly  four ; 
and  figs,  in  plenty  ;  a  ftw  lime  and  lemon  trees,  pome- 
nanatest  PMir^  and  peaches ;  apples  are  fcarce,  and  are 
impc^td  froii|(the  aorthcrn  States*  Melons  (ef|)eciaUy 
the  U'atcr-melon)  are  raifed  here  in  great  per[iedion. 
: ,:  M  ^ice.'ii     Rice  ground  is  prepared 

diilyby  oFec^ually  iecuring  it  from  the  water,  except 
ibme  higher  patts  of  it,  which  are  fomettmes  dug  up  with 
a  boei  or  inellQwed  by  a  plough  or  hjxrrow.  When  the 
rice  it  young,  the  overflowing  of  the  water  does  nipt  pre< 
fCBf  its  gromh.  Thofe  whoha ve  water  in  refer  ve,  com. 
nckpnlf  l«Bt  it  id  Qpoi\  their  rice  after  firfl  goini;  through 
with  tfatiioe,  while  it  is  yet  young,  thougli  it  i6  deemed 
h«ft  to  lt«rp^t  the  grafs  without  this  aid,  by  ^e  hoe 
wAfi,  Tb^l^ter  is  commonly  kept  en  the  rice  erght  or 
tcil^^ytil^  hoeing.  When  the  ear  is  formed,  the 
watfr  it  f|io«itinued  on  till  it  is  ripe*  It  i&  hoed  three  or 
'§mtt  tiinef.  When  the  gra&,is  very  thick,  a  negio  caiM 
niit  boc  ma.t  than  one  flxteetich  of  an  acre  in  a  day.' 
Broils  three  pecks  tu  a  bushel  is  Ibwn  on  aa  ?cf«.  It 
ptedne^  ftoin  50  id  80  biifliela  of  rough^  riee  an  acre. 
•^t so  hoflbels  «f  rough  rice  have  been  prodticedViii  onr 
acre  I  «9  buiheli  of  which  loake  about  500  fiooaiisy  or 
dihjtaiJil  a  quarter  bnlhets  e)eao  rice^  inai^leMbv  Aiffer 
ilil  tfanikadiit  it  wnino«red#  tad  d«bi|g«Qa|d  la  a^nUl,: 
<9MinilU4<^  tiM  A4aciM»ii4a^un|iI«  ia#up*N-»thm> 


ISdtJTH    CAROL  IN  A, 


^47 


wnnowed  hj  a  fan  conf^roAtd  for  that  parpofr— then 
bsat  in  a  (nor  tar  h^  hand,  or  now  generally  by  hoHe  or 
ii^t«r  mHchiftes-^^ihen  fttted*  to  ieparate  the  whole. tice 
from  that  which  is  broken,  and  the  iiour.  The  whole 
rice  is  then  bat  relied  in  cades  of  aboat  500  pounds,  or 
eight  and  a  quur.er  buQiels.  The  finaU  rice  ferres  for 
prcviiions,  and  the  Qour  for  provender ;  the  chaff  for 
manurcf  and  the  ^.Iraw  for  fodder.  Tlie  blade  is  grf|% 
and  freUi  while  the  ear  is  ripe.  The  price  is  Jrom  ^ 
to  icy6  a  bundred'--dollars  4/8,      r    ' ,  *    »:  , 

Cenftitmifjrt.'^  The  iegidacire  authority  is  veAed  in  a 
grnervtl  ailembiy,  conAiting  of  a  fenate  aad  hnufe  c^rep-/ 
reftjiuatives.  There  are  1 34  reprefentari ve^,  and  35  fcn- 
aiors  appointed  among  the  fcveral  dHfcritSls.  The  ^ajep- 
eral  aiTembly  is  chofen  on  the  fecond  Monday  of  Ot^o-  §; 
ber,  and  meets  on  the  fomtli  Monday  in  November  an« 
nuaily.  Each  houie  choofe$>  its  own  officers,  judges  f.f 
t^e  quri'iacations  of  its  members*  and  has  a  negative  on 
the  other.  The  executive  authority  is  irefted  in  a  gvi^v- 
trnor,  ch  ofen  for  two  years,  by  both  hoiifes  of  affembt]^ 
joimly  ;  bat  he  cannot  be  re^ek&ed  lili  after  fo\i%,  yearr. 
A  lieutenant  governor  is  chofen  in  the  fame  manntr,  for 
the  fame  tim^,  and  holds  the  office  of  governor  incaj^ 

of  vacancy..-  V''-,,*v-..i--v '-.'....■■;'.:. ;.  ■.r.;^^.  ,  ^   ,  ^'-JfT.. 

This  conftitoticin' was  ratified  Ju^  3,  1790*  vff 

Siatff  tf  Utetafure.'}     Gentlemen  ci  fortune,  hetort 
the  kte  war,  Xent  tiusir  fons  jto  Europe  for  echication» 
Buring  the  war  and  (idcc,  they  haVe  genendlf  fetti 
t^iem  t(M  the  middle  and  rnorthern  States.     There  tre 
feveral  rfefpeiSahle  academies  in  Charleilon,  one    at 
Beaufort,  on  Poit  Hoyal  iiland,  and  ieveral  othets  in' 
differem  parts  of  the  l^tate.    Three  coUeges  have  laii^   ^ 
been  incorporated  by  law  ;   Ofte  at  Charlenon,  one  !*t 
Winn^boimigh,  in  liie  dtflivii^  of  Cainden,  the  other  «# 
6ambrM^e|  m  the  ^t»6k  t^f Ninety  Six;    The  fM^ 
and  private  donaciont  forl^eliipport  d£  thtfe  th«ei^e9l#; 
Hges,  were  originally  inenadeH  tdbiH^ht<M^a|iM«^^ 
iBdiaih%«>  for  tlieei^^iiig  M^'i^^lMnto^M^ 

tuftrated  dm  defigtt.  ^.FlMlMfliH^^ 


;.^fc^ 


as 


f^" 


^ 


949 


SOUtH   CAROLIWA 


fiouridies,  and  bids  fair  for  ufefutnert^    The  college  n 

Cambridge  U  no  tnog^  than  a  grammar  {^hool. 

Qharitabie  and  other  Soeieih-^  Thefe  sire  the  South 
Caiolina,  Mount  Sion;  Library,  and  St.  Cecilia  focieticft 
—a  focicty  for  ilffe  relief  of  ihc  widows  and  orphans  of 
clergymen— a  Medical  fociety  lately  ittftituied  in  Charlef. 
lpu» and  aMufical  fociety.  At  Beaufort  and  on  S&t.  HeU 
^4%  are  fcveral  chatiublefocteaes,  incorporated  with 
futtds  to  a  confiderable  amount,  dffigned  principally 
for  the  education  of  poor  childtes,.  ^nd  which  promife, 
a.c  a  fotttfe  day,  to  be  of  great  public  utility. 

IttJiaiu.Ji  Ihe  Catabaws  are  the  «nly  nation  of  In- 
dians la  this  ftate.  They  have  but  one  town^  called 
Catabaw,  fitudted  on  C^tabaw  river,  in  latitude  34**  49V 

^  on  the  boundary  line  between  North  and  South  Car- 
olina^ and  CQntains  about  45a  inhabitants,  of  which 
dibout  1 50 are  fighting  men, 

HtkgiM.'^    Since  the  revqlutiony  by  which  all  denom- 
inations were  put  on  an  equal  footing,  there  h^e  been 
,  BO  difptites  between  di^erent  re^gious  itdii*    "^^J  ^ 
agree  i».  differ,  / 

The  upper  parts  of  thk  State  are  fettled  chiefly  by 
l*re(bytcriant,  Baptifts  and  M^thodrttsr  From  thcifnqft 
probable  calculations,  it  is  fuppofed  that  xht  ireligioms 
denomiivatiens  of  tUs  State,  as  to  numbers,,  may  be 

.  ranged  as  fi^lows  r  riefbyterians,  Including  the  Con- 
-rregaticmal  and  Independent  churches,  ^pifcopaltaQs^ 
»4it>ti4^a^  Mclhodifts,  &c,  r      :.    '. .      ' 

^  VkirftSttr.'j  There  h  no  pfcuKarity  itt  the  manrers* 
,  6f  the  fnhabttanis  of  thb  States  e^tcept  what  arifes  from 
the  mifehtevous  iiifiuenee  cf  ^very  ^  and  in  this,  in- 
deed* they  do  not  differ  from  the  inhabitant^  of  the  oth- 
er fouthern  States*  Skvefy,  by  exenxpttng  great  iitrn- 
Ws  f f om  the  nece^ies  of  lahouxv  leads  to  lexuiy,  dif- 
fipatioii^  and  eitravagan^e;  The  abfohst^  authority 
V^hiehis  eiejrcifed  oirer  their  Haves,,  tpb  mtich  lavocrs  t 
bf ttftb^y,  fuperdlfQiis  beha vioiMr.  A  difp^fs  tiott  to  obey 
..the  ChpftHMi piccep^  ''Do  toothers  as  you  would  that 
<^(hn^»  ihmtid  dQ(  ttilto  yo%^'t*jEiDtu^ber^d  hry  »)dail]f 

T)Kit  CafdUman*  m^  ge«en^  ^i^^ 
'  |>«a«^Ws^»  «i4^4>a)ittt  aad  atlejd^e^ati^l^gcaM 
lidioiiliwa&t  the  bloOm  of  the  north>  hbt  have 


S  O  U  T  H:  CAROLINA,      t^ 

tn  cng9f^ngMxne(i  and  delicacf  in  their  appwrance 
and  manners,  and  man/  cf  them  poR^Ct'  the  polict  and 
elegant  accotiifdifhments. 

MiSta/y  Stre^gtLJ  The  militia  of  thit  State,  in  1791*9 
inoBnted  to  24,435^  of  which  750  were  in  the  ci^  of 
Charlefton. 

Comrnarci,'}  The  amount  of  exports  from  the  port  of 
Cliarlcfton,in  the  year  ending  November,  1 787,  was  then- 
eitimated,fpomauthcntic  documents^atjf  505,279 :  19 :  5- 
fterlins^  money.  The  number  of  veflels  cleared  from  the 
cnllom  houfe  the  fame  year,  was  947,  meafiiting  62,1  iS 
tons,  735  of  thefe,  meafiiring  4T»53i  tons,  were  Amer- 
ican (  the  others  bdoniged  to  Great  Britain,  Spain» 
France,  the  United  Netherlands,  and  Ireland. 

The  principal- articles  espori?d  from  this-  State,are 
rice,  indigo,  tobacco,  ikins  of  vailibuskii^ds,  beef,  pork, 
cotton,  pitch,  tar,  rofrn,  turpentine,  myrtle  wdi, lumtier,. 
naval  ftores,  cork,  leather,  pink  rooV»  £nake  root,  giofengr^ 
&c*  lathe  fnoft  iii^cefsful  feaHnis,  ^tve  have  b^fenat 
many  as  140,000  barvds  of  rice,  1,500^060  pottsdf  o^ 
iadigo,  ezpni^id  ina  year.  From  the  i5th  December^ 
i79'»,to  Septenal)^iV.P79af,  10^,567  tierces  of  riceya^-  • 
eragtng  5501b.  Oct  weight  each,  were  exported  l^om 
Charlefton.  In>i^e  year  et>ding  September  50, 1 79 1 » ex* 
clufiVe  of  tvpo  quarters  for  which  iHiretutiis  were  made^ 
the  amount  of  exports  i^-om  this  Sftate,  was  i,8^6);02l 
dollars.  In  the  year  ending  September  ^t),  I795rthe 
value  of  exports  from  this  State  was  5,999',492^  dollar^ 
4^  cents'.  ■  ;,;;"'  •  .  ,  ^  -  ' 

Hiftw-y^    Duri^dii  vigorous  conteft  for  ii^depend- 
ence,  this  State  was!.a  great  iijiierer.     for  three  years 
it  wai  |he  i<M  Y>f  War.     It  feels  and  lamer ts  the  lofs  of 
many^Mpedable  citizens.    Since  the  peace,  it  has  been'  . 
emer^g  from  that  melaiiichoiy  corrfbrfton  and  poverty, 
in  which  it  was  generaljy  inVWlyed  by  the  devaftati'ons 
of  a  releiitlefs  enemy.    The  inhabitants  art  luft  mtilti* 
plying  by  immigrations  front  the  other  States-^the  agii-'-^ 
cultural  intersils  of  the  State  are  reviving — commerce 
is  fioufifhingw-^conomy  is  becoming  more  faiHionabls 
--and  (trence  begins  to  fpread  her  falutary  influencejt^ 
among  the  citiaens.     And  under  the  operation  of  the 
prefent  government,  this  Slate,  from  hci*  natural,  com- 
mercial, and  agricultural  advantages,  and  the  abilities  of 

her 


i 


«J# 


ref^dltfitA. 


her  kftding^  c^araAtit»  ]iTomlies  to  be^on^oiiff  tf  the 
ticheft  in  3m  UtUm,  ' 

dee,  Ramfa/t  Hift.  Rerol;  in  S.  Carblttia,  Hift.  of 
6siroUiM.and  G^rpg^  s^nasfxatmif  fuppofed  to  be  by 
Hevctt/aatI  the  Amor.  Univlkcig,.  f 


•-«*• 


*^w^i-w><  '^     ■  ■*%■    I"  -  ^%aHH«av 


Q      r.    &     R      G     1     A. 


/.. 


MlM. 


.^amaanu.^j-^  Ocean  j  fomfc,  |y  lift  md  Weft 
Flotidaif  weft,  br Hid  tidier  Mtfll%|^}  tiorlli  tod  noYth* 
eaftybf  South  CjitdKiWt  imci  th<  TciuLiypt  8t»tt,o» 
|»|  lands  c^dcd  to  the  ITnlted  $t«tei  by  jlittth  Carolina, 

-  CJvi/  Dt^Ufmt  and  i^MfinMii.]    Thftt'  ptlt  Of  the 
$):d(te  %|ikh'  M%  beefi  la^d  out  ki  CMEBties,  b  divided 
liaic^  twa  diftriat,  lf»/rr^  ^iiii  l^mtti^  i^ 
vided  into  ao  eountii^,  ^hirh  «r^  t>  CoUovi  v 


Coiaa'M. 


Cb.  tntm.. 


rCsn«4ea    St  Paui;^*i 

4    ScriTcii 

£.  I  IJbtfrty     Stinbunr 

.5.,.  '..Brif.pt ... 


:«' 


l 

&. 


rtSSn^  CanjclVilfc 
^Uicrt    .   -  Scterlhi 


'^  Total  liunobelr  of  inhabitants  in-  ihf  &tat9>  l»,540| 


6£l>ft  Cl  A. 


•Jt 


Tjn  ofW (>mirf.1    See  South  Carblttia. 

Rhen.l  tktmagk^  rhrer  divides  tlits  Stale  tidih 
^outh  CaratiQa.  Iu^<irie  ii  neailTr  fro^  northweft 
to rottthciUI*  ItltMnit^ ^loicifsSij ^ two  brtncbav 
by  the  oameilif  Tug^oand  Keowee,  whicK  fyttaa^ 
from  the  moiuitaiiif.  It  is  oatigable  for  kfge  ir^fl^ 
up  to  Savanaal^  and  for  bDii.ts  S  106  feet  keel|  as  ^ 
as  Augufta^ 

Ogcchee  riirer,  aboiit  18  ibiles  iodth  of  thi  Savant 
nah,  is  a  ftiutU^'vi!rf  r,  und  nearly  paraHel  vHtk  it  in  itft 

COUfft. 

Alatamaha,  a^iHmt  ^  iiiHes  ibHth  of  Sa^vannah  liter^ 
has  its  foUrce  in  |he  .Chtrokc«  motinuinst  near  the  head 
of  Tugaks  l|itfice  it  de£:ends  through  ih«  hilly  .cotiB>» 
VTf  with  aU  itf  icdUalcral  hr^nc^s^^id  winds  rapidly 
oindogft  the  hiUty  250  aorles*  and  then  enttfa  the^/iat 
^n  coiiftrf,  by  ttie  naa^  df ithd^akm>|]ge)  i^benci 
meandert^ilfo  ni*^|»^1s}e{ae4^  th^^eaft  fidah*' 
the  Oeonti  ijH^^^klw3&  heads  in  the  liNMr  ri(%e^j(^ 
the  mountains,  i^t^^^^i  «onfhienc«,. having  n^^ 
gained  a  vail  ac^ni^itm  oC  Waters,  it  aCuaies  the  nam^ 
of  Alatamaha,  wl^  ^.j^cciaes  a  l*rgl.mi^eftic  tiverji 
iflowhig  linth  geiitle  ^  irindings  th^i^  a  vaft  ^aia 
fbttfty  near .i^sob  an^eii;  sii:d  cn^ts  Jlie  A'dantia  hyii^ 
«rdnK)tith< 

BeTides  thefe,  there  is  t^ftitH  HVei^  Bit^e  Sitilla  o» 
Sc.  Ille«  Gi^  fiitida^  (i^ro^ked  rivek,  an^-  St^vhlary>sy 
which  fofmsrflt  part  ^  the  fbilthem  hopMary  of  th« 
United  Statesa  'St.  Hury's  riretr  iias  its  ibslrce  froin  a 
vaft  lahe,  01?  rather  ^arih,  eaUed  OnaqittaphenogaWt 
and  flowa^iQisgh  iit^indtpl^in  a^  ^ot^  ahou| 

I jo  miies^to the>  beean*  wirk, tddch  it mi&dnscatet 
between  the  {Mtnts  aC.  Amdia  A#d  I'albeHf s  iilaildi| 
lat.  ^of"  44'r  aod  ?»  nawijahlc  for  vefiVb  of  c<i|i(l4en^ 
burthen  for  96  ^  trnte^v-  Its,  banlis  aff^id  MSin)|i|i(f|< 
quantities  of  fi^te- tiniber» . i^ited  |6  the  #e(l  tt^ 
market.  •'■"., 

f  The  riverain^^^  mid^e  and  wct^is  p(it^^^>  thia 
State,  are  Apa|achicbla«  wHii^h'H  jf^nned  l^f  ^  CMl» 
hoiH#e^^€)iiu^  riiiers*  llobil^jPaTisag^^  isd^lPtoil 
mevr^  ABi^eli  rttMiagfoa^ardtft^ikyitteliii 
G«|f«i|Mcako.    :  . 


t$t  G  E  O  R  G  I  A. 

Oii*quapbenogaw«  'ties  between  Flint  ^d  OtJamil^t 
■rifeftf  and  it  neavly  300  mUeff  in  '^ircunifereQce.  In 
wet  feaibm  it  appeau  like  #n  inland  Tea,  and  has  (ev. 
era!  larji^e  iflands  of  rich  land ;  one  of  which*  the  preferi 
geiieration  of  Cteek  Ii^diuiis  teprcfent  m  the  moft  H\(sUl 
lp{it  :<m  earth.  They  fay  it  ia  inhahitel}  by  a  pecuUai 
racc*of  Indians,  wbrtTc  women  ^re  inceraj'artWir  beaup 
tiful.  They  tdl  you  silfo  that  this  terreih  j  .^l  p;iradii€ 
hat  been  fees  by  i^nie  enterpiriKing  hunters,  when  in 
purfnit  of  their  game,  who,  being  -Inft  in  inextiica'  b 
iWtfo^  «nd  bops,  and  on  the  ptointof  penfhing,:wcre 
tineapeiiledir  rciif:Ted  bya  company  dfbcantrfuJ  w  oirien, 
■whom  they  call  'k?i^^s  of  iht  Juiu^  who  kindly  gave 
thrm  fttdi  provinon^  as  ihcy  Wi  with  them,  conAiVng 
f»f  fruit,  and  com  en -it  v.,  and  Lbon  cnjoihed  them  to  fty 
foriilfcly  to  tfieir  «m'i  couni^y»  becarv^fe  their  hnibandi 
were  fierce  men  and  cfuel  to,  ftrangors.^  They  iltrthci! 
(ay,  ihat  thde  .hunters  luui  a  view  xif  thdf  fettlemerus, 
^tiiated«on  Uie  ei^ated  banks,  of  an  ifland;  in  a>  beau< 
trfnl'lake ;  but  that  in  4ieir  tndea:vou]f&  to  appioftch  it, 
tibey  were  ifi^oMred  in  perpetual  labyrin&St  and,  like 
enchanted  'i<i!u}s»  i|i|l  as  they  imagiikcci  thj^  hadjuft 
gaim'd  it.  It  feeme^  to  %  Iwfore,  them*  rThey  deter« 
mined  '^t  length  to  quit  the  deluHve  purfoit,  and  m^th 
tmich  diSculty  efe^ed  a  retreat.  When  they  reported 
tb%tr  adventures  to  their  countrymen  r  the,  youog  war* 
tiors  were  inflamed  'widi  an  irreftftible  deiire  to  invade 
and  conquer  fochkrming  a  country,' bat  aU  their  at- 
tempts hf d  Jiitheito  proved  IVnitlefs  \  they  never  being 
able  a^atb  to  find  the  fpot.  They  tell  anodier  ftory  con- 
eernin^  this  icqneftercd  country,  whick  feems  not  im- 
prdbabie,  %i^luch  is,  that  theinttabfiantsare  the  poftet4tT 
«f  a  fugitive  mmdaiit  of  the  ancient  Yamaies^  who,  e£> 
^?P*"^  inai&cre,  after  a  bl<fedy  and  d«ci|liye  batUe  be<» 
iwfecn  them and^^e  Creeks,  (jvhci,  itisontain,  coi^uer. 
ed,  and  nearly  exterminated  that  once  powerful  people )^^ 
llaic  found  an  afyium,  remote  and  ftcure  from  the  fury 
oi!  their  f^oudt  conquerors^ 

^'pfHtft^i%m.\    TheJate  feat  ctf" governnbent  In  thit 
^*^  ivts  Aoguibu.    It  is  lUtuated  oil  Chi  ibuthwdk 

baok 


GEOILGI  A. 


b^tik  (ifSi^fmoah  nrer»  which  ii  here  abootiJfooTvdt 
vTidt,  aboot  14^  miles  from  the  fea^  and  127  northwed 
rfS>(?a]iiiah.     - 

S:i>/anr«ah»  the  former  capital  of  Georsta,  ftandtbni^ 
|^^1\  lat  ij  bloC  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  river  of  the 
fame  nai:K .  and  17  miles  from  its  tiouch.  The  town  it 
r4'g;it  ^i[ly  b'^^io'the  fortn  of>f  ptrallelogram. 

Sanhaif  m  a  fittall  fea-port  town,  40  mileli  forthward 
of  Savannah»aQd  has  4  fafe  and  ^ery  con  vcrJent  harbour. 

Bruofwick,  in  Glynn  c6iiiity>  lat.  31^  10' is  fitaate4. 
at  the  nioavli  of  Turtle  riycr,  at  which  ^lace  this  river, 
empti':^  itfelfinto  St.  $imon*s  Soand.  Brunfwick  has 
i  ;Vfe  and  capaciaiis.  harbour  ^  and  tlie  bar  at  the  en- 
trance inia  It,  has  water  deep  enough  for  the  largest 
vefTel  that  fwims.  '^  *      . 

Frederica,  on  the  iHapd  of  St.  Stnion,  is  neariy  in 
lit.  3 1  •  I  /.  It  is  the  fir li  to^n  ^^t  wtis  huljt  in  Geor- 
gia, and  ^'^s  founded  by  General  Pglisthorpe.  The 
town  contains  but  a  few  houfe^^,  W^iich  i|^suidonaneilsi*« 
nencf)  if  Qonfidered  with  regar(|  to  the  niirijbes  befoxii 
it,  upon  ^  branch  of  AlataAiaha  river,  which  walbei^ 
the  weft  fidie  of  this  ^g|«e^Ie  ifl^nd,  and  forme  ;  a  htf 
before  the  tqwn^  a^Qr(}io||;  U  fafe  and  fecure  harbour  for 
veiiels  1^  the  largieft'^burthen^  whi<ji  may  lie  aldiig  the 
wharf.'  .' 

Waf hington,  ^the  ^hief  town  in  die  county  of  Wi)]G6f« 
is  fituated  in  lat.  33^  ±z*,  about  50  miles  northweft<^ 
Augufta.  It  had,  in  1 798^  s^'court-houie^'gaQl,  34  dwdl« 
ing  houfes,  and  an  acadenny,  whofe  iundS  amounted  to 
about  800/.  ftfrling,  lUid  the  number  <^  ftudesits  to  Itjet 
tween  60  and  70. 

The  to^iVof  LouifviR^,  which  is  the  prefeiBt  feat  p^ 
goji^emmebt  in  this  ftaie^  has  been  laid  put  and  boHt 
on  the  bank  of  Ogeecheetivert' about  70  niiles  froxii  il» 
mouth.  .  '  "'^  ^  ,V   '.  '"'■■'   '  '*_    .  1"' ''   "     ■  .    ■'  '  " ' 

Ssil,  PmhtShifi,  tsfcj  The  M  ^tld  its  Utrpi^  trt 
various,  accorc^ng  to  fituadon  ahd  dllTerienl  ^pr6^ 
merit*  liie  iflands  on  the  fea  board.  In  their  i^i^tir^ 
date,  are  covered  with  a  plentiful  gttiwtktffj^ie,^^^ 
hiccory,  live  oak,  (atk  un<fo]hm^y  hai^  I^v4'>ery 
nliud>leWcx>d)  and  fome  ltd  eeckir.    lyMisiai  itttie*' 

X  ',-tttr^"' 


i54 


G  s  o  n^o  t  K. 


vmi  6thod  mi  %Mi  loinild,  tnsiliog  mti$i}i  oomoiai^ 

wax,  Waflaw*  O^l^air,  $L  CatSurine's.  3ii|k)ot  FVed. 
fftjca,  Jekyl,  Cumberland  aiud  Aisie|ia« 

The  fon  of  tU  ma!t»  land,  adjoining  ^t  marfltef  aii4 
creebf  is  nearlf  of  ibe  ^cfit  iiuality  witl^  tMt  Of  the 
iilandtt  ^cept  diat  wl^  bdrdert  ontiidftnlFetvand 
c^ks  utrhich  ftretch  faic^cki^ti6tbe  cdm  Qq 

thefe,  imnMBdiatelf  after  rem  Uvrt  tbt  6ltf»\1^rii  the 

pfelent  priocipal  Itaple  of  coihnlercc. 

'iThe  foii  between  4ie  rivers,  after  tool^Te  the  fea 
board  and  the  ed|^  of  ti^e  fwampai»  t^  the  dt^ance  of  20 
or  $6  inileij  cfaatoges/roM  a  grey  to  a  red  cok^t*  on 
wl^ieh  grow  {deiity  of  oajc  and  hiccory,  with  a  confider. 
Ii^leintennrsi^ure  of  mne*  To  thi«  land  of  land  fuc- 
fe^f,  Upturns,  a  vA  near]^ blaeki  and  very  r^h,  on 
whicitik  grow  very  large  qiuptitiet  of  black  watnnti  fiul- 
^^ry,  8ic.  'in  ibit^tate  n^c  prodn^ed,  l|^  ciiUiift,  ^ice, 
indigo,  cot|$>Q,  $Uc,  jt}u)ugbndtin4ar^e^uan|ffles)  In. 

ftn  com»  potftoei,  oraogest  Sjgs,.  pomegriMka^  &c. 
ce,  at  prefeni;,  ^  is  thie  naple  commodity  1  arid  as  a 
^  pr^iporcion  oniydpf  therfce  ground  is  under  cul. 
4va^n,'thLe|iuantity  4:a^e4Vin  /iieu^^  »»&  >£  inuch 
^j^reatjcr  j^an  at  pjr;erenL 

fViiikoi  the  tropical  teu  wbnld  fbufrih  m  thii 
Sfeate  with  i>X!0per  jittcntion.  The  tic e  plant  his  been 
ti'fuiAi^nMdi  -fl^id  alfo  the  tea  pl^nt/  of  ^'hich  fuch  im« 
A)e|:^  ^itaiU^i&s  .are  confuin^  in  tlie  United  ^tate^ 
#118  Jn^od^ced  into  Oeofgia,  hy  Mr.  Samu^  Bowen, 
fjbdn.t  4^c  year  j  7 70;  from  India*    Tiie  feed  was  dif- 


,_._,, ,  . ,  .      the  plant  now  jj^ows^  withou|  cy  ^tivatfoni 
In  inoft'  t>f  thfc  fenced  lou  in  Savannah.      '  ^^  "^ . 

f^rcwa  mf  ny  jConQdeisition^,  we  may  jp^i^^^  v^ture 
Wf  !|^«^r  tlia^i<iie  fp«i^  of  the  State,,  apd 

l8|^j;^.0f  mi  iind  Wt^  l^n\^  whicli  lie  J^join- 
^1^^^%  ^  lbil{^  Ki|te  toney  b«c0«$€  the  '^/in^rdof 

i;:<;^Mflrm^;,^  ,^,4fivii^      '*3rt»,..chicf 


GEORGIA^ 


Vt 


tf  at  WiUpi  9Plf*  eiportc4  in  the  year  r^88».  nhont 
•lOPO  M^uiciidtJ  tttdiffo,  fiuQ»  Inmhtf  of vanous  iriddH 
iuv4ft<)t^*  kanier,  aeerflcint,  fiiake  roott  my tde  and 
beef  wtf ,  cdm  and  live  (Uclr.  tlic  plantcit  and  hnsk- 
fnraiff  jar^  ftbckspfcfattlc^  ffom  loooto  i50ohea«{» 
and  fbm^  fnore# 

Tfie  sfiAbiQit  of  cxfK^  in  tfie  ytar  9»AHig  l^eptem- 
hef  |odi,  ,1794,  was  49,3)472  doIlaM.  In  retarnlor  tlie 
covmcfatied  pipottt,  fjf^  imt>bfced,.  Weft  Tadia  goodi, 
teas,  yrismt  Ti^tts  artielM  j^f  cloiking,  ailfl  dry  gboda 
ofalllcitfdi^lbm  tl)i)^nVcbeY99iate»^  .>cfe,  nl|i*po. 
tatnes,  ap^jfs^  cider|.ind  ftoei^  The  ..(amncr  ^^  Whiolir 
At  mdigo  n  <ittl^vaEt)j  and  niaii^i^^uried  ib  as  follows : 
The  grouhcf  WEith  inaft  be  a  ftronc,  <tch  foiV  tybrown 
^toMf  01  7^  8  feibtwide*  aiftf r  Hving  b^m  made 
?er]r  mellow,  knd  is  t|)e&  raked  till  it  is  Ibl^cmherited* 
the  feed  b  diejn  ibwn,  in  Aprif,  in  rows  ai  tncb  a  d|f» 
lance  irs^oni^eni%n|ll^  to  admit  of  toeing  ffiiVt^tcn  them.- 
Iti  lalYi  t&e  firft^erpjlli  ik  to  cut,;befng  commonly  tw^ 
aiuftao«lf  fieet>^  &  is^ then tfirown  into  Vatfrcon- 
l^ifted  for  tiie  ^ur^A^,  and  fteepcd  abou|(  ^  ^mt s  | 
aj!br  whtcli,,  w  ^^Wot  is  drawn  ofl^  inip  (^Acr  vat V 
Inhere  ijt  is  6eaff^  a|^A(ey,  call  it,  by  wluck  maaM  it  iil 
t^roifn(i  into  i|Rud»itich  i^te  of  ^tatifl^,  as  cream  t$ 
t^y  chiirnmi^w    Aifter  thfS  jiroci^s,  ^ms  ^er  19  pnx  ioM^: 

tlje  liquor,^  whiph^caiiieiiiiefiarticletof  MiSp  ^pffV^ 
at  the  bottom.:  Tlie  Kqiior  i»  tieo  d)^#n  ot»  and  tii# 
fedimentr  wluch  t^  ^  ihdtgo,  nr  taken,  oijif  «»4  ^P!^ 
on  cloths^  and  partly  djHed  *»  it  is  i&on  jpi^  ipp^  jM>||fr 
and  prcftd,^  and  Vjhile  it  is  feiBfoft,  jcut  im^^i^'^'^ 
us  which  are  thrown  into  the  fun  to  4tft  9/i4 
putup  in  caflcs  for  the  market,  tliey  h^ve  «M)I 
three  cottin^'  xCtsUmw^  A^iplddlii^  crop  for  34a^lf% 
»  tjopponnd*. 

ipply  to  the  iplialHt^b  at  laj|e^    C^lc^de^  iWtti.    ' 
feirent  pam  of  ^^W»  at  iSeiji^fti  iie<e|utyr^  I 
iftatiofl  Hd^bem* ' l!i»tr  chai^^ef  ai^d  M 
eourfe,  pattake  oia^  the  Yaxieties  'iiibifiadij(Unp|p^l|J^ 
ftvcral  Slates  :|^  klE^onM  lM>iKt  whd(^,^i  <i0)e. 
"mi^k G»)kmmmi^i^  iMi Uif  di|k# tA  trtc« 


%§€ 


<S  E  6  lit  15  i  ii. 


labour  it  too  pitdoasunaiit^  o^ng  in  jpitit  to  iHeivlai 
Inft  heal  of  Oie  climate,  and  panly  t6  the  want  of  n«. 
cefiit/  CO  escht  inc^ftry,  'An  l>peti  and  frieiftdSy  hod 
piufity,  ttutltftihu^ly  to  ftrsfti|^eis^;il  ai:  <$i«aias<!atal 
charaacnftic  of  a  great' past  dFtliit  people. 

JUligioiiiJ  1%e  aiK)lrt>itane«^of  th^  Suite,  whoprq. 
fdft  fUt^brjUMan  t^oii,  M  cif  tite  I^%ten^;%ir. 
C4>]jafia(i»  B^ptMl  i(fdSitfiei)ioai&  ^d«tibib^i^at^4^  They 
baVe  hvt  a  feinr  tegola^  soiiifteyi  W(^ntt  thVsn.  ^ 

Gyibtfloiiu}  The  pitKetu'  ccm£^ituti%(  of  tKlir  Stait^ 
l^ai  formed  and  e^ltablfnied  in  %tee  y«iur  Y7fi|$,  4n<^  >u 
tMarlr^poo  tbe  pf«D  of  thcf  coomititid^  of  the  Vmu4 

^taUtflkerihm:^  T|ie  Ikerftureof  (his  States  Wkic^ 
llyet  ittHf  infancy,  is  commencing  on  a  plan  which 
hronds  th#  dioft  fl^t^ring  profpe^^  The  charter  con- 
taining their  prefent  iyftem  of  education,  Wait  piD(f«i4  la 
tHe  year  I79|.  A  coUege,  Krithiunple  and  Ubersd  en. 
dowmedti,  it  kOHttst^d  hi  JUttifvme,  %  pgt  anl 
^althy  Mft  of  l^e  «buimi.  nekr  t^e  ^etitrl  of  the 
States  :  Theti  i»  alTc :  pf ov0on  inade  ibr  th^  Infttcu* 
lion  ol*  in  arad^  ^.f »\  in  each'  <^mtf  'm.  th^lState^ 
k^  b«  fn^orted  from  the  fan)*  fund^,  kiid  confider* 
iijijt  ports  and  memh^Yi  of  ^  lame  in^ttttion/un* 
m  i^  ji^eral  fiiperintendrace  a^  dii«^fbn  of  a  jftref. 
Id^tiHiid  hoarid  of  &ttft«es»  appotnte4  (br  thdk  liteibty 
'jIl^^^Miaienii,  j^  the  different  j^arti  of  the  dtiate, 

V^fttdHK^ql  the  ^Qftotbary  p6iii«rs  of  corpodiitioiis. 

Ut fimie^ft  Ifatit  «<^po&d>  li  dimdmSnattd  ^Hu 

%  ^Ito  ffiii  bodt  #  to  ilirhdM  iii  ehtt^A^d  the 

ii2r«i^i6&  6f ^  %M(SJr^;fit($raJtkrft  of  th«  S^te,  ft^a^  not 
Mjb  (to^  and  Ind^pende^^^  aa  tm  tb  jj^/f^il)- the 
5<ifi4*flce^tli^  SK«e  J  and  in  ordSc  fo  fecure  liie  at. 
iefitio^  fiA4  ^Itrbiia^  of  tht  prhfoipal  ,oMcfi^  of  go^- 
^muiiMtlil.;tfio'g^erf^  snd  eodiicil^'pe  Qteaiier^Qfthe 
ho^tdf  a^  the  chief  Idfticd  of  the  State, 

a^iiNiit^1ri#|he  hoard  (^ttm^ft  fo  fbmt  of thg 
greit  and  tbs^it  Imtgak'  dntiei  of  i&m  o^e ;.  fikh  ai 

Mii$i|  like  mm^^^s^^^^^i^^^ii^^ 

P^l^ir^>  a&4%^ttttiiig  acadeaaks.    llius  afibdatedi 

ihey 


m^  hold  J  a«tMl  4a&iipl  OM^tu^  i|  wl^  tte 
tit  to  iicwf  thcSi'  lAftniAioiis  iuiMm-  wttf  turn  o***^*^***- 

tf  o£cert^  ar  dlffi  swmiiil  mMiiog  of  th<  ic«p^,,  I9  4«^ 
I|()eiate  00  the  genemi  intere^  of  ]iKi»4iir*i(  «p4i^  <l^ 
tbrmlne  on  tbe  coiuj^  of.  in(bniaton  ibr  lli«  y W^ 
tbroagKout  the^Miireriity.  The  pre(ld<ot  bu  t^mnt 
traldtorgraf^^OTerfiglitQf  the  wholf^.  »|ip  It  tfom 
ftme  mtm^  tay'£t  t^Qi,  t9  exMrn^e^iiHi^  timf  ^r^ft^ 
»)d  p«^orn»fices.. 

1^  iiiii4i  for  tlittfappon  of  tbit  ifMlUatibir«ic;|ini^ 
eipally^a  lajMs^^niptaotin^Jii  t|ie  wlwl^  to  a||ogi^  ifor 
tkouMiid«CfCfr  ag^e^  piirt  of  wiu^  is  ol^thf  J|«ft'qi|fl{L< 

Aoufend  paiwflf.  ft«UngJi^  |>Wia^  lufofiE/i  9)4,  toiPI«^ 
wUfin  the.  tovra  or  Augufta.    Qauir  puUf^-  flPpcr^ 
to  thi^^a^^  of:  i^c?.  in^ each  cottnijry,  ^f.jJ^iS. 
sqj^fcw  themirpofef  of  kfmm^^^Pmm 

^•m^  BMt  of  tb^d^te,^d  .411^1^6  a^  i^PI^ 
opijnt,  is  2^-  or  j^<5^foj3s^oC  siji^^  l^fp#' 


is* 


<IB'0R  G'lA.: 


temptiblci  opialo»  of  tite  whit*  meii'i  Mth  in  mci4 
•hai^iherf  pcbple,  ytt  thev  pitce  gritt  confiaeace  \^ 
the  Uoittd  Static  mi4  wifli  to  atfrce  #k1i  them  upot 
A  perttaieiit  ^otodwj,  o?er  whfch  the  foothem  ftatet 
iiitt  not  trefpA*.  Th#]r  are  fetded  In  a  hilly,  but  not 
BioimtriiDOttt  ^coanti^r.  The  iba  is  fruitftil  i<i  a  higft 
degree^  and  well  watered,  aboandifw  in  creeki  and* 
fif  ii1ete»  Iftmi  whence  they  are  called  the  Onek  Indkmt. 

The.CJhbAawi,  or  flat-.heads,  idhabit  a  very  ike  and 
extenit^  traft  of  hilly,  country)  with  hrge  and  fertile 
plains  intertcninjl,  between  the  Alabama  and  MlflEifipi^ 
rivers,  in  the  welern  part  of  this  ftate.  This>  nation 
had^  not  matiy  years  ago,  45  toWns  and  villages,  in 
Ihree  divifionif  conoliniog  i a, i a^fools^ of  which  4^041 
«aere  fighting  knen. 

The  ChicKafaws  are  fettled  at  the  head  branches  o( 
ihrTonibecMi>ee,  Mobile  and  YazOo  riVers,,  in  the  north- 
weft  corner-  of  the  ^ftate. .  Their  country  is  an  eztenfive 
plain,  tolerably  well. watered  ftom  iiKrings,  and  a  pretty 
gtiod'  foils  lliey  have  mkn  towns,  the  central  one  of 
w^^cb  is  in  litHude  p^  15',  and  longitude  14*  $0*  "weft, 
from  FhihkblphiA,,  Thf  n^imbert  of  fouls  in  this  oa. 
lion  luiTe  bectt  fcnrm^ly.  reoltoqed  at  1725,  of:  which 
5^5. Ii^^^i^gwto. 

Jl^^*i^^'f^^  of'  a  colony  betweM  tBc 
ItKer^QavaniuiK  and  Alatansiiha,  was  ln<£dicated  in  Cng- 
ftnd  in  t73;ji^  for  the  acconnn^odation  of  poor  people  m 
•12k(>i»at  Britain  and  Inland^  and  ff r  tbe  further  fecnxity 
"^i^^QliijfaB^  Mr^ate  tampion  ^d  piliblic  fpirit,  con.. 
^flhred  tb  t^dn^#tl^  It^iiievolent  de%tt.  Huinaae  and 
Opulent  ini^  fil||^eda\ plan  for  tr^nfporti^g  anna- 
lier.of:indf^eintlMiN!if».lo  this  part  of  Affiteriea,f^ee  of 
^4(«p^«*  Ii6r.i3iis  |!KD^|iMff  ^y  ipplitd  10  King  Otoige 
fl;  and  ^ob^ed  J^ram  hftin  ktterf  p^ 
1^  9!fehk  if^kyfyr  letallf ^arryflig  into  ealtetion 
What  1^.  faadjfcv^n^  projc(fted^  l^ey  ca}fed  t)ie 
J|(»W  province  '^^Ot^^i  b  l«n)ioilfVcClbCv|^iEig,^'^ 
iiicottfal^ 

Iliiriiig  tllQ^^  Sit  tan  6^^ 


.'t 


Mwi  ^ftpBlHHwwt  SB 


dictfi  WMl»iM'4l|i^  vtftltbi.  i»  Ji  Mr  <i^M  Ratine 
Since  tlit^p«ie«^tht  |>r»gr^  of  1^  fopiilMitMMlC,tli|| 
BtaU  hu  bM«  nlH^  ^  gn)wth  is  niproTti^Ent  aad: 
poptflatkm  l|«i  Nm;  di^cked  by.llle  lK>at1e  irni|Xiqii 
6f  tht  Oeek  Mimh  ^kk  hmt9  bcoih  freqtient  «im1 
ferf  diftfefiinff  «>  tlle'/rontkr  ioliabiumti..  Ttoi^ 
liafe  beiB  hdiS,  iukI  »tdlai|pti  of  holl&hfa  Agreed  i| 
between  the  parties  t  and  itiia  ex  pe^  ilptr  permit 
fient  peace  wUl  Anmi^e  COiidaded,  Mkif'jI^iliqvilUtf 
reftorad  to  tbe  Stftte.  See  HcuMt'i  Hift.>  ftJmoliiM. 
and  Georgia,  and^Amer.vUnm.Gcpg.        ^  ' 


iBMH|v**Bansea 


atBBSBqMeBfl 


Spanifii  Dominions  inRAmericaw 


i     V 


EASl"  AMi^  WEST  FliOMDA.. 

jbcftgth  660T  u..--^^  f25^and3i»N:Jatitade* 
BreadA  tjoj  «»«^'^  ^  5*^i7*  W,loii.from»Mfc 

n^i^r,  ^  l>^2ttJNDED  north}  !»y  Giortfia  reaft,. 

^T^^*'^ :E>:%yv the  Atlantic  ocean;  finth.  byr 
Ihe  Giiir  of  lyfesico^  ivea,  >;  tbe  MiOiftplri  j  lyif^  in: 
tbeforfti  of^an /i^  ^» 

:  .A^tn,  iii^irxi/fiu^'^irJi^f.T'  Among  tlitt-Htrer^ 46(t' 
•JMl  Into  the  Atlantie,  Sts  J[onnV  and  Indian  rifers  are- 
^e  pf  inci|»I. '  ^  ^  U 

bfem^jA^palMhicf^  Chata^ht^  Efc^^ 

Witi  JPMb^idsb  ^  B^l  riirerfrfiU  rift  in t G^ngia* . 
^andrutt  lottiiifFly  iniatbeGtdf  of  MH^^ 

-(2fei^}^  iVlttiy. littleciiibreitt lh>tfl  that  of  G<|09|jii 
M>iM^  i?lr««4^NMii.}    The>«' ar«»  in  thie  eoiimrf ,  a 
fliM  «4!^.^tosr   IMtiiaeni  palt^  it;  neir^d: 

ilfuflf-^h»^&3m^'^  ^' ^ ^MAcinvMiAia i; fit: 


<N 


tm  w^mvj^mfmm^^ 


bere,  fW9.ero{ti<^i)»<liap^o^si>jrear  are  j^pduced^ 
TIm  banU  of  Ui«  riiNtn  wim^  water  the  Boridat»  an4 
Aie  parts  conttgiioWr«r«  o^ftibpciior^oallnh  and  well 
gdbipud  ft)  liie  fviltoceof  rioeaoa  cpriv  wfa^e  the  moit 
int^toc  cosMRrj^  ^h|c)|(9hMEbaiui.l4eafanty  ahoiu^ 
m}^  v<K)df,o£4pipft«ver>ikw4-  |;,pfUtMnilar]gr  whitea&4 
M.da^Uee  mI|(  jauf  fl  m»gim^%  pjde,  l^^ccomcf  prtfs| 
f)e4  a|i4  wliiiie  eedan  Thf  Uve  oaltt,  tfa»ium  nor  ull|, 
iPB^^ififl^jpTpUigipai  qualify,  qf  tln^ci*^  l!artnipk  is 
geQctu^tfom  1^  to  29^£t9i  ia  cHxi^nfcrence^  aiid  nfes 
to  or  1^  feeillom  t|;f  eaitli  an4;tl>en  bmncbeji  iatp 
4*  or  5: great  liinbt»  whicb  grow  in  nearl^  a  horizontal 
jtrcdion^  formthg  a  gentle  curve..  **  t  have  ftepped,'^ 
fkyt  Barbam,^  **  above  co  paces  on,  ft'  ftraighl  Itnei 
lirom  the  trunk  of  one  of  thefe  trees  to  the  extremity  of 
the  limbs."'  They  are  evergreen^  and  thevroodalmoli 
iocorruptibk.-  They  besu^.  a>  great  qitantity>  of  fmall 
dfpfMf;  y^'^eh  Ti^alce  an  agreeable  fpod^.  when  rpaft^d^, 
and  from  which  the  Indians  extras  a. fweet.oily.wbkbi 
they  nie  in  cooking  honrimin]^:^4riee«- 

The  laurel  magnolia  is  the  mpft-beatitifld'among'tlie' 
trees  of  thcforci^,  a^d t»n^aUy  loofee^high  $,thoagb> 
ibme  ar<»  much  htghen.  The  trunk  is  perfe6^  eredt^, 
ftdng  in  the  form  uf  a  beautiful  CQlunm,nand  Aipporting; 
a  he^  Jiillle  an  obtu«*e  cone.  The  fiowersr  aroLcm  the  ex*- 
trsmiti^s  of.  tbebranche»»<^ax:e  large*  whit^  ai](d  expand- 
ed iike.a*  rofe,  and  the  largeft  and  moft  ciMnplete  of  any 
yet,know<».i;  wlien  fully  expanded^  thef  are  ft'pm  6  to  g) 
inches,  in  diameter,  and  havftamoft  dcfieiousflragrance*. 
The  cypr^  i*  tl^e  laijgcltpf  the  ^meriean  trees.  **  I: 
have  feeii  trunks  of  thefe  trees,"  iay^  Bartram»  *^  th»t 
■uouldnitafure  &«  to,  and  il^feei  in  d#ameter»  for  4a) 
s^  50;  ft<t  ftra^ht  fiiaft.'^  The  trunkii  make  excelleiitc 
ibinglcsi  boardsr.aod  otherttimhefs$.an(d;whtn  holloa 
•dt  make  dutablfMWid  conveoitot  caaoefi.  ^  Wheu'  thr 
|Ja«ier$  fi^U  thf^  avghtfttrcesj  tijief  rai£|^0agi».rpuiid 
tnem»  as  high  ts,t<>  teach aheve  this  b«Ht|i«0i|'rPfXthM' 
fiiage  ^  or  iQ  inegrof*  afcefiii  wit]».  ^H^^jsiu^midr  fal^ 
to  w<u^J$  voi3ikd  its  twak."  ,  r-    ^^^  v     ??><• 

Trlie  imerfak^ween  thfi  hiUy  pm  o(  thiii ^<ittat# 

^-' '  .  ^ 


SPAyi^WDdMIl^ndNS  in  l^.  AMEIIICA.  Si 

Chief  h^o^l  St.  AuausTiMs/ ^  capiul  of  Ea^ 
Florida,  is  iHuated  on  the  fca-coaft,  latitude  29^  45*^^ 
ii  of  an  oblong  fi^urei  and  intericded  by  four  i]breets 
wliich  cut  each  oth^r  j^^^^y  pg^^**    l^c  town  i» 

The  pnnfci^  town  in  Weft  IFlori^ts  Pkksacola^ 
latitude  50^  22';  U  Hes  aldbg^  the  beatcKv,  afi4»,fike  Su 
i^ugulline,  is  of  an  oblong  form.  The  JmT|^i|^W^ich 
the  town  tands,  fbribs  a  vtry  colnmoai9t^B|j[9Ur^ 
and  veffpls  may  ride  hfcre  iecure  from  ^crf;: 

/fi^try.J  Thi  Florldas  ha?re  experienced  the  vtci& 
fitudes  of  war».and  frequentl]^  clianged  mafters,  belong* 
ing  akei^nfttely  to  the  French'  and  Spaniards.  Weft 
f1orida>  a$  &r  eaft  as  Berdid(^  nVer,  was  owned  and  oo» 
cupied  by  the  ^ench ;  the  remainder^  and  all  Bad 
Florida»  by  the  Spaniards)  previous  to  their  being  ce-^ 
Qcd  to  the  Ehglifli,  at'the  peace  of  if^^'  '^^  ^M^^ 
divided  this  country  into  Eaftan^  "Weft  Blpriiaa^Tbef 
were  c^ded  by  Spain  to  the  Englifh  at^'the  peace  c« 
»76|.  Bttxittg  the  lail^ar,.  they  were  reduced:  by  th^- 
iirms  of  his  Cathq}ic  Majefty,  aiki  guaranteed  to  tht; 
erown  of  Spain>  by  the  4eBA>tive  treaty  of  17  $3* 


.     t   Q  1P^  I J  I  A  N   A. 

ISimdarhi  1  tioUNBED  by  tfee  Kiffifippi^^aft  %. 
*^  JOihy  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  foulh  ;  by 
Hew  Mexico,  weft  ^  and  runs  inde6nitely  north.  Vti» 
der  the  l^rench,  gdVen^tnent,  Louifiana  included  both 
fides  of  the  Mi9i^ppi»  fi^m  its  mouth  to  the  lUinoiir 
and  back  from  t;he  rlvet>.  eaft  and  weft  indefinitely.. 

Riiiers.^  It  is  intcrfed^ed  by  a  number  of  fine  riv* 
ers,  among.  Vriiich  are  St.  Fxancisi  navigable  about  25p» 
or  500  miles  $  the  liatchkoches,  the  Adayes  or  Mexican 
ho  riT;er,  and  the  river  P^ouge,  oa  wUch,  it  is  well 
known»  are  as  rich  filver  mines  as  any  in  Mexlcd. 
This  is  fuppoioi  to  be  one, principal  reafon,  why  the 
exclu(l?e  navigation  of  the  MlHUfippi  has  been  fo  mucli 
ioiifted  on  by  Spiixu 


# 


m. 


.■*. 


'■>r 


Jta  SPA|«SHIK>MZKIOmiiiN.AMKllCit 

(  €(tfiik^J}  NiwOAi4AMt»  It  ftands  on  the  ctft 
idc  of  the  Mi0i(ippi,  105  mUc»  frofn  its  mnmh,  in  lai. 
kbde  30**  }'  north.     Its  advant:^es  for  trade  are  Ter| 

Jtelij^imf  Oovmnmnt,  tfc."]  The  grester  part  of  the 
vhite  iphttbitant*  are  Roman  C^hoUcs.  Thtj  are 
governed  ^  a.Vtcero)r  frooi  S|>aun»  and  the  number  of 
mhahili^ti  is  unknown. 

SoHy  and  ProJm^J  JLomruna  is  agreeably 
litttipiPbttwecn  ^e  ex^reniea  of  iMat.and  ccnd*  lu 
climate  vliries  as  it  extent  towards  the  nortiu  The 
fouthern  partly  Ijring  #miin  the  reach  pf  the  r«frefliin| 
b^eetes  from^th^^ay^  arf^not  feorched  HVe  tHc»(e  under 
the  fame  latitude^  %n  ^^sfinca;.  and  itsnorthiern  regions 
are  colder  tliantheie  of  Europe;  uxider  the  fame  paral. 
leU^tvith  9^  Avhoteftune  ferene  air.  *'To  -^^jge  of  tfaui 
,|>roduce  to  be^  e»pe^«d  from  the  foil  of  Ijouidansi  let 
tts  ttnm  our  eyes  t^:  £g]fpt,  ./l^abia^eru,  Fferila,  tttdii^ 
Chlna»  and  J^paiH  ^  IrnjS  ^  iforrefponding  latitudes^ 

l^  the  nottLeri^  part  or  J^jmifianat  4|>  roHes  bdof 
the  month  of  the  Ohio  rhrefr-  on  die  we&  bank  of  the 
MiffiiippV-r  a  (ettiement  is  commenbing^.  condu<fte4  bf 
Col.  Morgan,  of  New  Jerfey,  Under  the  pannage  or 
thiP  .SpaQi&  king.  TbP  fppjt  pij  whic^  the  city  is  pro- 
pofedi  to  be  built,  i«  called  New  Madrid,  after  the  cap* 
ital  of  Spain,  and  is^  m  north  latitude  36^30'^ 

The  country  in  the  vicinky  of  this  intendod  city,  k 
reprefented  as  excellent,  in  nMtny  part?  beyond;  defcrip- 
lion.  The  natural  growth  connfti  o^mirlberry,  locutt, 
faflaft^s,.  walnut,  hiccory,  oak,  a(h,  dog  wood,  5ec.  witb^ 
one  or  more  gra^e  vines  running  up  almcft  tvtty  tree ; 
i^c  grapes  yield,  from  experiment,  good  red  wihe  in 
plenty,,  and  with  little  labour.  In  fame  of  the  low 
grounds gro^ lafge  cjrprefs  treds.  'The  cour.trf  is  in- 
terfperfed  wift  priaries,  and  new  and  then  a  cane  patch 
«f  a  himdred,.  and-  feme  of  a  thoufand  acrcsv  Thefc 
priaries  have  no  trees  on  them,  but  are  fertile  in*  grafs,. 
flpurering  pkmts,  ftrawberries,  and>  when  cultivated, 
ivoduce  good  ctops  of  wheat,  barley,  Indian  corn,  iiax,- 
Itia)^^  and  tabaccOi,  and  ace  eaHIj  tifled.    The  climate 

il 


SPANISH  DONmiONSfHlff.  AMHIXCA. 


\iC%td  to  be  Bnronrable  for  healtliy  aott  the  cvltsre  c| 
fruits  of  various  iinds^and  particalarly  for  garden >eg> 

It  is  well  known,  thtt  ttttpUtt  1ms  been  trarelUng 
from  tad  to  weft.  Probably  her  laft  and  broadeft  feat 
will  be  America.  Here,  the  fctences,  and  the  arts  of 
ciyiiized  life  ar6  to  receive  their  btgheft  improTements. 
He?e,  civil  and  retigiotts  liberty  are  to  f}oiir«lh,  whack- 
ed by  the  cruel  hand  of  civil  or  eccleilafticsd  ^llinf* 
Here,  gemus  aided  by  all  the  improvement  of  former  »- 
ges,  is  to  be  exerted  m  humanizing  mankind,  in  expand- 
ing and  enriching  their  ininds  with  religsous  and  f^ilo- 
Ibphical  knowledge,  and  in  planning  and  ezcfcuting  a 
fonn  of  government,  which  (haft  involve  all  the  excel* 
lencies  of  former  governments,  with  as  few  of  their  de- 
feds  as  if  confi((ent  with  the  imperfeAion  of  human  )tf- 
fairs$  and  which  (hall  be  calculated  to  proted  and  unite, 
in  a  manner  conAftent  with  the  natural  rirhts  of  man- 
kind, the  larged  empire  that  ever  exifteX  Elevated 
with  thefe  proi^As,  whtisli  are  not  merely  the  viiions  of 
fancy,  we  cadnot  but  anticipate  the  periodt  as  not  far- 
diftant,  when  the  jimerican  Emj^te  will  comprehend 
millions  of  fouls  weft  of  the  Mimfippi«  Judging  upon 
probable  grounds,  ^e  MiiHApipii  was  never  defigned  as 
the  weftetn  boundary  of  the  American  empire.  The. 
Ood  of  nature  never  intended,  that  fome  of  the  bc^ 
parts  of  his  earili  (hould  be  inhabited  by  the  fubjedts  of  a 
monarch  4000  miles  from  them*  Andjnay  we  not  ven- 
ture to  predi^,  t|iat,  when  the  rights  of  men  fliall  bt 
more  fully  known,  (and  the  knowledge  of  them  is  fad 
increafiBg  both  in  Europe  and  America)  the  power  of 
European  potentates  win  be  confined  to  Europe,  and 
their  prefent  Ainorican  dominions  become,  Uke  tlie 
United  States,  free,  fovereign  and. independent  empires. 

HiJioiy^2  '^^^  B4lSnppi,  on  which  the  fine  country 
of  Louiliana  is  fituated,  was  firft  difcovered  by  Ferdk 
nand  de  ^oto,  in  1541.  Monfienr  d*  h  Satle  was  the 
firft  who  traversed  It.  He^  in  the  year  1682,  having 
pafled  do^wn  the  mout3i  of  the  Miffifippi,  and  furveyea 
the  a^ja/cent  country,  retiumed  to  Canada,^lrom  whenca 
he  toA  paiTage  to  France. 

From 


H: 


-i5 


Sr^A^NpiPpM^D^ONSi^      AMERICA. 

^lE'rom  the  flattering  aceouius  which  he  gave  of  the 
eountrj,  and  the  coiuequential  advantages  that  would 
accrue  fromiettlifig  a,  colony  in  thofe  parts,  Louis  XIV, 
yflW  induQf  d  to  eftablilh  a  company  for  tlie  purpufe. 
Accordingly,  a  fquadron  of  four  ireflfeU,  aniiply  provj. 
4ed  with  men  an^  provifions,  under  the  command  of 
MonHeur  de  la  Salle,  embarked  witli  an  intention  to 
f'ZtU  v^RT  the  mouth  of  the  Miffilippi.  But  he  unin- 
tenuqippy  iailed  a  hundred  leagues  to  the  weftward 
of  .1,  micre  he  attempted  to  et>abUih  a  colony  ;  but 
through  the  unfavourabienefs  of  t'le  climate,  moft  of 
his  1/  en  miferably  perifhed,  and  he  himfetf  was  villain, 
oufly  murdered,  not  long  after,  by  two  of  his  own  men. 
Mon^jeur  Ibberv-ille  fuccceded  him  In  his  laudable  at- 
tempts. He,  after  two  fuccefsful  voyages,  died  while 
preparing  for  a  third.  Crozat  fucceeded  him  ;  and  in 
i'Jjmt  the  king  gave  him  Louifiaiia.  This  grant  con. 
tinucd  but  a  ihort  time  after  the  death  of  Louis  XIV. 
In.  1763,  Louifiana  was  ceded  to  the  king  of  Spain,  to 
whqm  it  now  belongs*  ;. 


MEXICO,  OR  NEW  SPAIN. 


Situation  and  Extent. 


Milc^k 


Length  2too\    i^..^^^  J 9°  and  ^c'^  N.  latitude. 
Breadth  1600  J    ^^^^«^"  ^  18' and  50°  V^.  longitude, 

to     :>   '  0  "O  OUNDED  north,  by  unknown  re« 
Houndanef.]  J^  ^y^^^  .  ^^^^  ^^  Louifiana  and  the 

Gulf  of  Mexico ;  fouth,  by  the  Ifthmus  of  Darien,  which 
feparates  it  from  Terra  Firma  in  Soutii  America  ;  weft, 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Gram!  Di'ojfwns.']    This  vaft   country  ii  divided  as 
follows* 

Ctand 


* 


ICA, 

vc  of  the 
at  would 
mis  XIV, 
purpofe. 
>ly  provj. 
nmand  of 
mention  to 
:  he  unin. 
weftward 
ony  ;  but 
e,  moft  of 
as  villain- 
own  men. 
ndable  Ht- 
iied  while 
n  ;  and  in 
)ran't  con* 
oiiis  XIV. 
■  Spain,  to 


IN. 


latitude. 
.  longitude* 

nknown  re- 
ma  and  the 
arienp  which 
;rica  J  weft, 

ditidcd  as 


Or:uid  XKTifi«M.    Aiidic>ne«g.  ftatiBcct.   Chief T<mM. 

(Galtcta         rrOiMcli^xiii, 
Old  Mexico.     ^  Mexico        9  <  Meicico*  N.Jaft.  t^*  til 

(.Oaatimah    6(^OmtiaaS»^* 
New  M^ico     (  Apachein       Ca.  *_  ^^  1^   \^     «. 

Caiirornia,  pti  the  weft*  « tieoiafula.       St  Jiisui. 


Fa%'  of  tie  Cdwitty,  Rivert,  Lakt,  ami  Fwmilii^.j--  ■ '.The 
l.ind  i';  m  great  pan  abrupt  and  motintainoas^  ea(«ei«|L 
with  thick  woods,  and  watered  with  large  riveri.  Some 
of  ihels  run  into'  the  Galf  of  Mexico,  and  others  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Among  the  firft,  arc  AWanido, 
Cnat/acuako,  andTitbarco.  Among ithe latter,  is  the 
river  Guadalaxara,  or  Great  R^ver. 

There  are  I'cveral  lakes,  which  do  not  lefs  enil 

the  country  than  give  convenience  to  the  commei 

the  people.      The  lakes  of  Nicaragua,  Chi»patt9n>  US' 

1  Paaquaro,  are  among  tl^  largeft .    The  h|kes  t*et%ac<» 

and  Chalco  w^ccupy  a  gre%fepart  of  the  vale  of  Mexico^ 

which  is  the  fir^eft  tradt  of^ltintry  in  New  Spain.    The 

[waters  of  Chalco  are  fweet,  thofc  of  Tetzuco  AT^hrgtik' 

|i:h.    A  canal  unites  theiti.     The  lower  lake  (Tetzuco| 

|w?.s  formerly  as  much  as  20  tniles  long  and  17  broad* 

pd  lying  at  the  bottoip  of  the  vale,  is  tlie  refertoir  of 

|a!l  the  watfeis  from  the  furrounding  moantains.     The 

city  of  Mexico  ftands  on  an  ifland  in  this  lake. 

In  this  country  are  interfperfed  many  fountains  of 
lifFerent  qualities.  There  are  an  infuiity  g£  nitrous, 
fulphureous,  vitriolic,  and  alluminous  mineral  tsratcrs, 
jfome  of  which  fpring  out  fo  hot,  that  in  a  fliort  time 
fny  kind  of  fruit  or  animal  food  is  boiled  in  them. 
["here  are  alfc  petrifying  Waters,  with  which  they  tnake 
|tt!e  white  fmooth  ftonis,  not  difpleafmc  to  the  taifte  1 
papings  from  which,  taken  iirbroth,  or  tn  gry;el,  made 
|f  Indian  coi^'n,  are  moft  powerful  diaj^oretics,  and 
Ire  nkd  with  remarkable  fuccefs  in  various  kinds  of. 


It  CfJmfe.J 

'A       J       I  *  ^^ *  ci^^B^**  f^ alloVv'td  u|>  by  At*  eerthqaake,  June  7 th^  1773 
^i)  inhabited 


# 


•% 


9«^  SP^^H  DOMINIOKSinN.  AMERICA. 

CRmaH.']  The  climate  «f  this  extenfivt  country  ti 
irarioas.  The  maritime  parts  are  hot,  and  for  the  inoft 
part  moift  and  anhealthy.  Cands,  which  are  vex  j  high, 
or  very  near  to  high  mountains,  which  are  perpetu^ly 
covered  with  fnow,  are  cold  ;  there  have  been  white 
ffotii  and  icef  in  the  dog  days.  AU  the  other  inland 
|>arti  which  are  the  mou  populous,  enjoy  a  climate  fo 
inild  ajld  benign,  that  tbej  neither  feel  the  rigours  of 
;w^tei:>  nor  the  heats  of  funimer.  No  other  are  than 
"the  iuii's  rjiys  is  neceflary  to  give  warmth  in  winter 4 
no  other  relief  is  wanted  in  the  feafoos  of  heat,  than 
the  iliade  ;  the  fame  .clothing  which  covers  a  man  in/ 
the  dog  d^ys,  dd(iends  ^m  in  January ;  and  the  anim»ls 
^K^P  sui  the^ear  uiider  the  open  fky.  But  the  agreea- 
1i^^  ,q{  the  climate  is  counterbalanced  by  tender 
fio^m^f  which  are  frequent  in  fummer,  and  b]f  earih^ 
cf^pM,  which  at  all  feafonsitre  felt,  although  with  1«£; 
,4a^ger  than  terror. 

MinertJs,']  The  mountaiins^  .Me]^ico,at)Ound  in  ores 
.of' every  kind  of  meul,  anJv?  great  variety  of  foffils. 
The  Mexican^'foundeold  in  various  parts  of  their  coun. 
try.  They  gathered  mis  precious  metal  chiefly  in  grains 
among  theiand  of  the  xiver.  Silver  wss  dug  out  of  the 
minei^  of  Ilachcp,  and  others }  but  it  was  not  fo  much 
prized  by  them  as  it  it  by  other  nations.  Since  the  coD' 
<^ueft,  fo  m?ny  filver  mines  have  been  diicovcred  in  that 
icountry,  efpeciaUy  in  the  provinc/;s  which  ace  to  the 
northweft  of  the  capital,  that  it  is  quite  impoflSble  to  enu- 
merate them.  There  are  entire  mountains  of  loadftone, 
^nd  among  others,  vne  very  confiderable,  between 
T9oiltylan  Jind  Chllapan,  in  ^  country  of  the  Co* 
.httixcaai.  '^ 

Produ^imt.'^  However  -plentiftil  and  rich  the  mineral 
kingdom  of  Mexico  may  be,  the  vegetable  kingdom  is 
j^ill  more  vWious  and  abundant.  The  celebrated  Dr. 
Hernandez  defcribes,  in  his  natural  hiftory,  .about  uoo 
plants,  natives  of  that  country  {  but  ^s  his  defcription 
Is  con^ned  to  medicinal  plants,  he  has  hardly  compri- 
jfed  one  half  of  what  provident  nature  has  produced 
there  for  the  benefit  oi  mankind.  With  re^€t  to  the 
0^fsf  yegetahles,  fome  are  eHeemied  for  thdr*^  lowers,  | 

ibiRC 


Sf'ANlSiT  DdMINIOMS  ra  N.  AMERICA.  %€r 


r 


fome  £oT  their  fruits,  fome  for  their  leaves^  ibxne  for  tlieir 
roots,  foine  for  their  trunk  or  their  wood,  and  oJicrs 
for  their  gmn,  refln,  oil,  or  juice. 

The  fruits,  which  ate  original  in  Meiieo,  are,  pfrje^ 
apples,  plum$,datei,and  a  greai  variety  of  others.  There 
are  alfo  many  othenth«t  are  not  original  in  the  coun- 
try, viz.  ti'ater-melonsr  apples,,  peaches,  qui(\ees,  apri'r 
cots,  pears,  pomegranates,  Bgs>  black  cherries,  walnutSr 
almonds,  olives,  chefnuts,  and  grr.pes. 

The  cocoa  nut,,  vanilla,  chia,  great  pepper,  toixtsiti, 
the  pepper  of  Tobafco,  and  cottour  are  very  common^ 
with  the  Mexicaiis:  WheaC,  barley,  peas,  beans  ;l^d 
rice  have  been  fuccefsfuUy  cultivated  in  this  country. 

Wiih  refpcA  to  plants  which  yieM  profitable  refin?,, 
^ums,  oils  orjiiices,  tlie  country  of  Mexico  is  Angular >^ 
ly  fertile;.  \A:-  . 

AnimaLJ  Of  the  q"}adrQpedes>  fbme  are  anirien^and' 
feme  are  modem.  Thofe  are  called  modem,  which 
wert  transported  from  the  Canaries  and  Europe  into  that 
country  in  the  fixteenth%entury.  Such  are,  horfeSj  affe 
Bulls,  (iieep,  goats,  ho^s,  dogs  and  cats,- which  have  ali 
multiplied.  Of  the  ancient  quadrupedes,  by  which  is 
meant  thofe  that  frbm  time  immemoMal  h»vc  been  in 
that  country,  fome  are  comtnon  to  both  the  contiuei^is 
of  Europe  and  America,  forrie.  peculiar  to  thcne\v'w<iiid, 
others-nativ^  only  of  the  l?ingdom  of  Mexico..  Thran* 
GJent  quadrupedes  common  to  I*lexko  at^d  ihe  did  con- 
tinents are,  tigers,  wild  c;ijg,.. bears,  wolves,  foxes,  the 
common  (lags  and  white  ftags,  bucks,  wild  goal;, 
badgers,  pole-cats,  weafek,.  marufiS,  iqiiirreU». rabbi?:-, 
hares,  otters- and  rats.. 

BinUof  Mtxico."]  Their  prodigious  number,  their  v.i- 
riety,.and  many  valuable  qualities,  have  occafioried  dintf. 
authors  to  obfcrve,  that,  as  Africa  is  the  coimtry  of 
beaftj,  fo  Mexico  is  the  countiv  of  birds,  k  'v.  faid  ti  ere 
are  two  hundred  fpecies  peculiar  to  that  kingdoii ; 
fome  of  which  a rie  valuable  o^i  account  of  their  flefh, 
fome  for  their  plumage,  and  fome  for  their  for.g  i  wliih*, 
others  engage  car  attention  by  their  extraordinary  in- 
ftind  or  fome  other  remarkable  quality.  Of  birds  which 
afford  a  wbol«fonic  and  agrecabls  food,  there  are  more 

.  than 


^t  SPANISH  DOMINIONS  IN  N.  AMERICA. 

tftaa  70  fptcict.  There  are  35  fpedes  of  Mexict^ 
birds  that  are  fuperlativelf  beautiful.  The  talLini; 
birds,  or  thofe  which  imitate  the  humac  ircicc,  are  tob: 
Ibond  in  equal  abundance  in  this  coantry  *.  of  thefe,  tls 
jarrot  holds  the  firft  place. 

Cowrnmeni  and  Rehpou.']  The  civil  gorerbment  of 
Mexico  u  adminiftered  by  tribunals  called  ^Audiences. 
In  theft  courts,  the  Viceroy  of  the  king  of  Spain  prefidcs. 
His  employment  is  the  greateft  truft  and  power  his 
Catholic  majzily  has  at  his  difpofal,  and  is  perhaps  the 
richcfl  government  entrufted  to  any  Cubje^  in  the 
world.     The  Viceroy  continues  in  ftf?ice  three  years. 

The  clergy  are  extremely  numerous  in  Mexico, 
The  priefts,  monks  and  nuns  of  all  orders,  make  a  fifth 
of  the  white  inhabitants,  both  here  and  in  oiher  parts  01 
Spaitiih  America. 

Chief  Tff'wm  and  Commerce.']  Mexico  is  the  oldeft  city 
in  America  of  wlisch  we  have  any  accoiint ;  its  foun< 
dati6:it  being  dated  as  far  backas  1 32^.  It  is  fituated 
id  tne  charming  vale  of  MexicWo^  feveral  fmall  iilands, 
iolake  Tetzttco,  in  N.  lat,  19°  26' and  103**  35' W. 
long,  from  Perto*  This  Tale  is  furrounded  with  lofty 
and  verdant  mountains,  and  formerly  contained  no  lets 
^an  40  eminent  cities,  befides  villages  and  hamlets. 

Concerning  the  ancient  population  ^i  this  city,  there 
are  various  opinions.  The  hiftorians  ihoft  to  be  relied 
on  fay,  that  it  was  nearly  nine  miles  in  circumference, 
and  contained  upwards  of  6o;ooo  houfes,  having 
each  fiom  4  to  10  inhabitants.  By  a  late  accurate 
enumeration,  made  by  the  magiftrates  and  priefls,  it  ap« 
pears  tliat  the  prefent  number  of  inhabitants  exceeds 

100,000. 

The  greateft' curiofity  In  the  city  of  Mexico,  is  their 
floating  gardens.  When  tbe  Mexicans,  about  the  year 
13  25,  were  fubdued  by  the  Colhuaft  and  Tepanecan 
iiations,  ^nd  coD^ined  10  the  fmall  iftnds  in  the  lake, 
having  no  land  to  cultivate,  they  ilKre  taught  by  iie. 
ceffity  to  form  moveable  gardens,  which  floated  on  the 
lake.  Tbf  ir  conftruftion  is  very  fmiple.  They  take 
willows  and  the  roots  of  marfh  plants,  and  other  mate- 
rials whkh  are  Hght,  and  twiii  t^em  together,  and  fo 

firiniy 


SPANISIf  DOMINIONS  inN;  AMERICA.  ^9 

firmly  uoite  them  as  to  form  a  fort  of  platform,  which 
is  capable  of  fupporting  the  earth  oi  the  garden.  Upon 
this  foundation  they  lay  the  h'ght  hu(he«  which  float  oa 
the  lake,  and  over  them  fpread  the  mud  and  dirt  which 
they  draw  up  from  the  bottom  of  the  lake.  Their  r^«  - 
ular  figure  is  quadrangular }  their  length  and  breadth 
various,  but  generally  about  B  rodt  long  and  3  wide  ; 
and  their  elevation  from  the  furface  of  the  water  is  lefii 
than  a  foot..  Thcfe  were  the  firi'l  lields  tliat  lite  Mexi- 
cans owned,  after  the  foundation  of  Mexico ;  there  they 
firft  cultivated  the  maize,  great  pepper,  and  other  plants 
necclTary  for  their  fupport..  From  the  induftry  of  ths 
people,  thefe  fields  foon  became  numerous.  At  prefent 
they  cultivate  flowers  and  every  fort  of  garden  herbs 
upon  them*  Every  day  of  the  year,  at  funrifc  innume-- 
rable  veffels  or  boats,  loaded  with  various  kiiids  of  flow 
ers  and  herbs,  which  are  cultivated  in  thefe  i^ardens,  are 
feen  aniving  by  the  canal,  al^  the  great  market  place  of 
Mexico.  All  plants  thrive,  in.  them  furprifingly  j  the 
mud  of  the  lake  makej  2  very  rich  foil,  \s  liich  re<Juires 
BO  water  from  the  clouds.-  In  the  largeft  gardens  there 
is  commonly  a  lit'.le  tree  and  a  little  hat,  to  ilielter  the 
ciiUivator,  and  defend  him. from  the  rain  or  the  fun. 
When  the  owner  of  a  garden,  or  the  Chinampa,  as  hifHs 
called,  wiihc*  to  change  his  fituation,  to  get  out  of  a  bad 
neighbourhood,  or  to  come  nearer  to  his  family,  he  gets 
into,  his  little  boat,  and  by  his  own  llrength  alon^,if 
the  garden  is  fmall,  or  with  the  afliftance  of  others,  if 
it  be  large,  conduits  it  wherever  he  pleaies,  with  the 
Utile  tree  and  hut  upon  it.  That  part  of  the  ifland 
where  thefe  Seating  gardens  are,  is  a  place  of  delightful 
recreation,  where  the  fenfis.  receive,  the:  higheft  peffibie; 
gratification. 

The  building?  which  are  of  ftone,  are  convenient, 
.  and  the  public  edifices,  eP^ecially  the  churclies,  a»e  magn 
niiicent  ;.and  the  ciiy  has^.th3  appearance  of  immcnle 
wealth.  i  • 

The  trade  of  Meiicaconfifls  r,f three  great  branches,. 
wHidi  extend  over  the  whole  world.     It  carries  on  a* 
tmffic  wrJi  Europe,  by  La  V^ra  Cruz,  fituated  on  the 
4truX  of  Mexico,  or  Njrth  S^a  ;  witli  the  £aft  Indien,, 

y  2-  H 


ato 


8  0UTH    Alf«nrA. 


by  Acapulcoy  ov  the  South  Sea*  t\o  miles  S.  W.  o# 
Mexico ;  and  with  So.  h  America,  hj  the  Tame  port; 
Tbefe  two  fe«^poru»  Vera  Craz  and  Acapulco,  are  sc 
mirably  well  fituated  for  the  commerciiU  purpolet  i;> 
which  they  are  appKed. 

hj/lciy.^  The  empire  of  Mexico  was  fubdaed  b7 
Cortez,  in  the  year  xsti*  See  Kobertfon's  Hi(io(y  o£ 
Ameiica. 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


'3fe 


WJ?  now  ent.*?"  wpon  the  defcriptvon  of  that  part  of 
the  gk>Kr,  vvl;vere  the  human  mind  will  be  fuc- 
ccflively  furprir  1  ¥ .  th  the  fublime  and  ailonllhing 
woiks  of  Latnti^  i  where  rivers  of  amazing  bread ch  flow 
^Oi^h  beautiful  ; Jid  widely  extended  pJlains,  and 
where  lofty  mounts^ns,  whofe  fummits  ai«  covered  with 
eternal  fnov,  intercept  the  courfe  of  the  clouds,  and  hide 
iheir  beads  from  the  view  of  mortals.  In  fome  parts  of 
this  estcnfive  regioh,  nature  hath  bonntifully  beftowed 
her  treafuresy  and  given  every  thing  ncceffary  for  the 
conveoieftce  and  happincis  of  ^.r-n.  We  liave  only  to> 
regtety  ijiat  a  fet  of  auaricious  men  haye  fucceinvely 
drenched  with  innocent  blood  thele  plains,  which  are 
To  beautifully  formed^  and  enriched  by  the  hand  of  na- 
ture ;  and  that  '^s  wd  of  Spanilh  defpotiTm  has  pre- 
vented the  popul4t)fnf  of  a  country^  which  might  have 
fvpported  mil^Qi^^^|»etiigs,  in  ajfiluence.. 

hi'ijfiotU''^  ^  S^St  America*  like  Africa,  is  an  extsn< 
livepehinfulg^'CQitiie^ed  with  Horth  America  by  th^ 
KHimu$  of  il^rien,  and  divided  between  Spain,  Portii< 
^ai,  fraoce|.|iQl|aad;^  alid  the  Aborigines,  as  follows  ^. 


-f-*' 


g.       /.  fTcrra  Firma, 
8pan>fli  J  p,,„^ 

nions.    (^p^r;»gtta, 

gucfe  ^ 
French.  I  Ca]rcRse» 

Dutch,  i  S.irnn3m> 


facama  and  Canhai;ena» 
Lima. 
St.  Jrtgo. 
Bueaos  Afret* 

St  Salvador* 

Caen. 

Puamaribo. 


Aborig-  J  Amazonia, 
incs.    (^  Patagonia. 

0:  thefc  countries  we  (kail  U'cat  in  thtir'order> 

t  : 

*  Fortfk:  befl  Kiftory  of  SoutJi  Aincricaand  Mexico,  the  rcad^ 
«f  !5  referred  tqi^SobtrtfonV  Hiftory  of  Amczica  ;  the  Abbe  Chi* 
vi^T'o's  Hifi-ory  of  Mtxico,  and  tlic  Abbe  Raynal'*  Hifloxf  of  WlC 
kulicis  tianflated  b^  jufUmoad. 


Spanifh'  Domi-nions  in  S.  American 


an  cxtsn- 


TERRA  FIRMA,  OR  CASTILE  DEL  OR  CX 
Situation  Aim.  IShlteux^ 


MIle9v 


length  1 4QO  7    .   ^  f  The  jBi|iTator,  &  1 2^  N.  lar. 

Breadth  700I   *^*'^^*^  1 60*  lit  j||W.,  longitude. 

D     J   .    TlnjiaUNDED  nortlflb'f  tiie  Atlantic 
Boundantu^  JQ  Ocean,  here  palled  llic  North  Sea ; 
taft,  by  tlie  fame  ocean  and  Sarrinam  ;  fouth,  by  Amv 
tcaia  aad  ftftt  i  weft,  by  the  Patific  Oceaiw      ^, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


L 
^ 


4^Z<^ 


1.0  Ifi^iss 

^^     Vi  M   |2.2 

!!?  144   ""^ 

1.1  ■  I."*  KS 

1.25  il.4   il.6 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporalion 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  USSO 

(716)872-4503 


9^BtAMm  BcniiNiiiiB  m  sjoiExiea 


v** 


II  ft  divided  intO' 


f  Porto  Belloi, 
Puiama. 


Terra  Firmt  Proper,, 

or  Daricn, 
Carthagena^ 
St.  Martha,, 
Venezcyula,. 
Gomana,, 
Paria,. 

New  Grenada^ 
Bopayan*.  VbpzpLm 

R'tven,]   The  prinGi|9aI  rivers  are  the  Barien>  Chagre^  | 
daiKa  Marta»  Conception,  and  Oronoko. 
\Citm0et  Siilf  md  ProAaioiu.'X    The  dimate  here,  f^\ 
I^cially  in  the  northern  parts,,  is  extremely  hot  andfol. 
try  during  the  whole  year..    From,  thejnontb  of  Miy . 
to  the  endof  ^vember,  the  feafoncalvd  winter  by  ^Ik^ 
uihabitants,  is  almoft  a  continual  fuece^on  of  thunder>, 
rain  and  tempefts  ;   the  douds  precipttating  the  rain 
irith  fuch  impetiK>rity,  that  the  low  Imnd^  exhibit  the  I 
appearances  of  an  ocean. .    Oreat  part  of  th?  country  ij,,| 
of  confequence^  almoft  cnntihually  flooded;  and  thU,,J 
together  with  the  exceffit^  heat,  fo  impregnates  the  air 
with  vapours,  that  in  n^any  provinces)  particularly  about 
Popayan  and  Porto  Bello,,  it  is  extremely^  anwholefoise.. 
The  foil  of  this  country  is  very  differeiiti .  tl^c  inlandl 
parts  being  extr^mdy  rich  and  fertile^  and  th^coaflsj 
fandy  and  barren..   It  is  impoffible  to  view,  without  ad* 
.  miration,  the  perpetual  verdure  of  the  woods»  the  Idx» 
uriftncy  of.  the  plains,  and  the  towerii^  height  of  tk:| 
mountains..  This  country  produces -cpm,  fugar, .tobac- 
co, and  fruits  of  all  kinds.  - 

ClfufjTo'umt^y  Carthagena  is  the  principal  ftiapottl 
towfi  in  Terra.  Fnma.     It  is  fituated  on  Uie  Atlanticf 
Ckean  in  N.lat.  xtf*  »5',  ^d  75**  aj'  W.  long.    The 
hay  on  which  i||ftaBds  is  feven  miles  wide,  from  noi 
to^iputh  ;  aninlli  a  fufficlent  depih  crf'tratcr,  with  g'  od^ 
imchorage;  and  To  fmooth,  that  ihips  are  no  n^orc  agi- 
lated  than  oh  a  livcr.    The  many  fhallows  at  its  c: 
Imnce,  however,  maice  the  help  of  a  good  pilot  rc« 
<MiGlt7.*     The.  town  and  its  fubtu-bs  are  fcniHed  ia 
.     -     **  tbe. 


the  modem  ftvk  ;  the  ftreefs  are  ltr^itthti»  bloM*  ^<^ 
well  pkved.  The  hoafes  are  priacipally  brick,  and  o«e 
gory  liiKl)*  This  city  is  the  rcftdence  of  the  |>overno? 
<f  i^  Mvlnce  pf  Carthagena  >  and  of  a  hilhop,  whoie 
ipirittt3jSnfdi^on  exienus  over  the  whole  protbce* 
There  is  here  alCo  a  court  of  inqaifitton. 

Parama  U  tl^  capital  of  Tena  Kr»a  !*r6pet,  i^d  ii 
fituatcd  iaN.lat.  «*'45',W.  Ion.  79*  55';ttj»ooiiap 
pacious  bay,  to  which  it  givts  its  name,  it  is  the  gTeat 
Tcceptaclf  of  the  vaft  ^uaatktes  of  gold  and  fiivtr,  with 
oih«  ricit  merchandize,,  from  all  parts  of  iPerji  and 
<3iilii  here  they  arc  lodged  in  Aore  houfcs,  till  tho 
proper  feafou  arrives  to  tranfi^ort  ihera  to  Eitrop^. 

Porto  Bello  U  atuatedcbfe  to  the  Iba,  on  the  declfr- 

ity  ef  a  iBOsntatn  which  iurromnds  the  whole  h»rbo«ir* 

*rhe  conveniwte  and  fa&iy  of  thii  harbour  W  fucht  thut 

Columbuti  mh-  Bfft  di^overed  it,  gave,  k  the  name  of 

!*orto  Bello,  fr  the  Fine  Uaibouci^iiiN^lat.  9P  }/»W« 

ibng.  79*'45^ 
ffl/hry»J  ilii?  pa»t  of  South  America  was  ^©fored 

by  Colu«Bbii«»  in  his  third  voyage  to  fclu^contittefit.  v  It 

was  fttbdued  and  £s«ded  by  the  $paAiard«  about  the 

year  1514,  after  defttoyiiig,  inth  great  inhumanity^  fet- 

cral  ttitttOAS  ^^e  nattvei.    This  country  ws^s^jalled 

Terra  Fintia»  toi^  aecoitol  of  iu  being  the  firft  part  of 

the  c0itt)itea£  w>ich  wt$  dtfcovered  1  ail  the  lands  dif* 

oOnited  ^evjLoa&  to  thtf*  being  i£«u»ds. 


«#. 


•f^ 


u. 


BlTOATIOK  ANfi   EJCTiNt . 


-   I^»les» 

length  1800I  i,"^l^rh»mmf,^Mf^^- 

Breadth  5q6J  ^**^^  l6a«  ai^l  W.  longittide. 

p^juj    -I   130UHOE0  n«^l>r  Tert*  Rr^ 

^0iiMfiin«O    jy  «a  J  weft,  by  die  FW^fie  6MiMri 
^ttth,  hfWa  i  itt4  ttft^  by  th«  aoiptiiUtf  cnlMte 


K»J 


rj4   SPANISH  DOMTmOM6iKB.AMCttlCA. 

'     DkffJmtJl    Pem  it  divided  into  the  fsllowing  pro?. 

iocct :  '^-^  " 

FMncoK.  Chieir  Towns. 

C^ito,  Quito,  Payta. 

Ctma*  Liina,1at.t2*»  ii'S. 

X^&Cbarcos,  Potofi,  Forco. 

Rhftrt,"]  There  Jire  fcvcral  rivers  #hich  fife  in  iht 
Jtmlef )  but  mad  of  them  run  to  the  eaftiward.  Amon^ 
tbefe  ure  the  Griinde»  Oronotco,  Amazon,  and  La  Ha. 
ti.  The  Amazon  rifes  in  PerUr-  but  diredi  its  courfe 
•ftftward,  and' after  running  between  5  and  4000  miles, 
^Usjnto  the  Atlantic  Ocean  under  the  equator.,  Thit 
river,  like  others  between  the  tropics,,  annually  over. 
ifljTs  ii«  Banlcs,  at  which  time  it  is  15a  miles  wide  at 
fvs  monthv  It  is  fuppofed  to  be  the  iargefl  river  in  th: 
iNTOrid,  whether  we  confider  the  length  ^w its. courfc,  i^e 
Jepth  o£  fts  waters,  or  its  aftoniihi'ng-.  bmdih.' 
:  CSmate^  Ahr  mid  Soil* }}  Jx^  one^  part  ace  motintams  ot  | 
stupendous. height  and  jnagpitttdei  having  their  fum. 
mits  covered  wi£  fa^vr ;  Qii«Uie  othdi*,  volcanoes  flam- 
iiig  within,  while  their  iummit»  and'  chaftns  are  in- 
voiyed  in  ice.  The  plains  are  teniperate^  the  benches 
and  vallies  are  hot  ^  and  laftly,  acecKrding  tothe  difpo* 
iition  of  the  coui)tF]f^^  its  high. or  low  fituation,,  we  find 
all  the  variety  of  gradations  of  temperamre,. between  | 
the  two  4>xtremes^  of  heat  and-  coldi  It  i  markablc, 
y  that  in  (omt  plaees:  it  neV«r  rains  ;^  which  c6t  is  fup- 1 
plied  by  a  dew,  that^fiUs  every  night;  and  fufHciently 
vefrefties  the  vegetable  creation  ;.  but  in  Quito  they  hj.'vc 
prodigious  rains,,  attended  by  drcadiul  llorms-of  thun- 
;der  and  lightning.,  ki  the  inland  parts  of  Peru,'  and  bf 
the  banks  of  the  river,,  the  foil  is  very,  feztile  i,  but  alotog 
tlie  fea^oaft  it  is  a  barren  land«^. 

jlhtmet^ami  l^^tM  £roduaiem,1  Vkft  numbers  of 
cattit  were  imported  by  the  3paniafds  into  Peru,  when 
>lhey  took  pofiij0^  of  that  cotiiitry  ;  thefearenow  fo 
iimazingly  iilcreml^^  that  they  run  wild,  and  sh«  hunt- 
ed like  gs^me.  The  mbft  remarkable  animals  in  this 
«^nl^yaw  Uie  Peruviaii  fheepi  called  lamas  and  vi* 
cuanai*  Thejpma,  in  fevend  particulars  refeinbles  the 
OAMditM  io^che  lha£e  of,  the  neck,  heacjli  and  fome  otb*^ 


SPANISH  BplipONS  in  S.  AMERICA.  275 

<r  parts }  but  has  no  bunch,  if  iniicb  fmaUer,  md  it  clo- 
ven footed.  Its  upper  Up  Is  deft  lika  that  of  a  hare» 
through  which*  when  enraged,  it  A>its  a  Yenofflons  jaiaa» 
that  it\&smt9  Che  part  on  which  it  talls^  T^t  wool*  with 
irhich  it  IS  coveted,  is  of  different  etAoani  but  genc- 
xAly  brof|!|. '  Thefe  animals  are  gen^rallx  tioctle,  fo 
that  the,  f Hdiani  uTe  them  as  beafts  cf  bonien.  The-if 
left  is  efteemed  preferable  to  imitton*  The  vtciinna 
tefembles  the  knla  in  ihape,  but  is  mudi  fmatter,  a&4 
iu  wod  fborler  and  finer. 

This  country  produces  fraiuipecnliar  to  the  ^iBiat«» 
tnd  xnoft  of  thoie  in  Earope^  The  culture  X)f  maiae, 
cf  phnento  and  cotton,  which  was  found  eftabli^ed 
thsre^'has  not4yeen  neglected  $  and  that  •of  wheat,  bar* 
ley,  caiTava,  poutoes,  tugar,  and  of  the  olive  and  iflb#,> 
is  attended  to.  The  goat  has  ihrtven  very  ^dl  i  but 
tlie  fheep  hav^tfegenerated,  and  their  vtotA  haa  bf  conk 
extremclf -coarft. 

Minet.  ]  In  die  nordiem  parts  ^  l^em,  are  Icnrcral 
gold  jnines  ;  but  thofe  of  filver  are  found  aUxnrer  the 
country,  Parlicnlafly  in  the -nei^bourhood  of  Potoit. 
Nature  never  offered  to  the  avidtty  of  ttankitid,.  in  any 
tountry  on  the  globe,  fuch  rich  mines  as  thofe  of  IPbtofi. 
Thefe  famous  nrines  were  acoicently  xlifcovered  in  the 
year  1545,  in  this  manner :  an  Indian  named  Hualpa, 
one  dayi  Ibfiowtng  fome  deer,  thelyxmade  direAly  up  the 
hill  of  Potofi ;  he  came  to  a  fteep,  craggy  pait  of  the 
Lill,  and  the  better  to  enable  him  to  climb  upv  Jaid  hol4 
of  a  (hrub,  which  came  up  by  the  roots,  and  kid  open- 
a  iniUs  of  fiver  ore.  He  for  fome  lime  kept  it  a  ftcret^ 
but  afterwards  revealed  it  to  his  friend  Cuanca,  "wiko^ 
becaufe  he  wouM  not  diicoVer  to  him  the  sne^hod  of 
refining  it,  acquainted  l3ie  "Spaniard,  his  iiiafter,  named 
Vahtroel,  with  the  di&overy.  Valaroel  regtftered  die 
mind  in  1545;  and  from  that  ttoie,  tiR^  1658,  thefe 
mines  of  Potofi  had  yidded  395,6#9,goo  pieces  of  eighty 
which  is  about4,a55#3eo  pieces  a  year*  Potofi  is  abou^ 
so  or  2$  leagues  from  the  city  of  jyi  Hata.  The  |iill, 
andalfo  tlie  codntry  fytn.  conAderable  dtftance  roiitld> 
is  quite  barren  and-dtfert,  and  prodaces  neither  ente» 
plant  norhferb  i  fo  that  the  inhabitants  of  Potofi,  which 
is  fituated  at  the  foot  «fitic  hilh  on  thefouth  fide,  art 

•bUged 


obliged  to  procure  all  the  neccflaries  of  l/fe  from  P  rr 

CWifcl    TIM  eitf  tC  Liiiria  is  thfe  capital  df  l»cta,  an4 

of  the  wiMieB|ttntft  empire  ;  Its  fiVuati'^ny  in  tf^Wid 

dkof»^^ciity|ipd-deHgKtfrfV%an^  up«n 

l>7  Uk  hanemlMitr^i  ts  ili^  mnft  J^optfi*  f6t  z  cry, 

whteiilui «kfila«^d  wemkl'  pt?.{cYf6  hi^^mmorj.    h  h 

fomtXi  wmsnd  bf  ttte Rimte,  that  iWe  fnhah^tirits  com. 

iwtnd  a  ftre«499,ieiich  f^r  hh  ctirif  n  fd    11  itfv  afc  many 

very  magmKeent  iiru^reW  fitiikiihrly  churches,  i.i 

this;  citj^.  .  Lmkh  abi^m  t^^^a  le^gi:el  fr^'i^  the  fea,  ex- 

tei^s  in  lengcb  twa*n^If^a*kJ  in  hrea^h  one  and  a  quaf- 

ter;>:?  One  temarfeaW*  fia  is  •^flrffi^^teisi  to  demonftrate 

tb^i|tealtl)<jGltKet'<;i^.^  W^    the  Vicerov,  the  (f  ike 

'  deJa  JP;rt*da,ma<felii*ien^ymtr  Ltrtjfil,  in  i6«2,th^  i:i. 

nfl|i!t|ot»i>t^;do  hitn  hwl^  to  hi 

v^f$$,^th  ingpts af  filfe*^ amowrtttng  to fRrcmtcnitiili 

licwji  fterUi^.    iAtH  tmiKelkniljpeak  witti A|»a7.ement  of 

the  dfeoorations  ©f^  the  chiusches  Trith  g>i(^,  f^ver,  apd 

precious  (Wne«,i«?hicii  load  and  ornament  even  tjhe  walls. 

The  on^jMiig  that  ctmld  jt*(Hfy  tlt^fe  accounts,  ig  the 

inntienTe  tiches  apd  extenfive  convnierce  of  the  inhabit. 

arm*    The^inerehaiitt>dr  £4]na  may  b^aid  to  deal  with 

all  the  quartfrs  of  tW^orld,  at»d  that  both  on  their  own 

accotintv  iM^s  faAdse  for  Oiiiers.    Here,  alt  the  pro- 

diiiSs  of  ^(outhern  provinces  arc  conveyed,  in  order 

to  Be  e«chan^ed  at  the  harbourdf  Lim^^  for  fuch  articles 

as  il^e  tfkhidiit|u«liMj^ro  ftiin^  %%iM  0     the  fleet 

froa)  )^trofe  <uid  the  Baft  loditt  lind  itt  the  famie  hS- 

boiir^an^|jtc<onjiiK*dities  f^  M^Elxtdpt,^d  A^ieri- 

cav«|!l^iji|i«  bartet«d  for  e^ch  o^ri    Butill  the  wealth 

of  the  y^b^ijy»tp*  aU  the*be»iitf  of  ttie  Jituatron,  and 

t^MnmfMtkm^immt^'i^  Atffift^nt  to 

ct^mp^^tf  %r  ^  difi^i^  i«hidl  4iiiiy4  tb^ateiis,  and 

ImJtnMii^etafsillr  be&Ue«rtlit»l^'  In theyeif  1 747, 

^  m6k  ^^tiii»«%^^  ttrteelbtirtl»s^  of 

^^fpn\w^$l^i6^l^^^  dcttiolmied 

Call|p,  tbc  pqrt  ^vm  l|flor*^iig  tO  it.    Never  wa»  any 

d«ii|ia^  ^BiMre^l^ea,  oat  nwpi^^iif  o^»  of  tkite 

■Ac. '  V      ■  .  '         - 


SPANISH  DOMtNIOKS  imS.  AMERICA.  277* 

tkouiaod  inhabiuuiu  being  left  to  record  tlu*  dreadful 
c!ilainity»  and  he  farjr  a  providence  the  mod  fincolat  and 
estraordinatjr  imaginable.  This  man,  ^pi^  ha|>pened 
to  be  «Mfort  which  overlooked  the  hatfaoor,  peredved* 
iQ  oDcdbitey  the  inhabitants  running^jGrom  their  hou- 
fei  in  ^ntmoA  terror  and  confufioi  1  ^iie  fet,  at'ir 
ofaal  on  fuch  occadons,  receding  to  a  ooniiderable  dii^ 
tftiice,  remmed  in  mouotainouf  waves,,  foaming  with 
the  violence  of  the  agitation,  buried  the.  inhabitants  for- 
ever in  its  bofi)n^  and  immediately  all  was  (ilent>i  bnC 
the  fame  wave  which  deftrojred  the  town,  drove  a  litUe 
boat  by  the  place  where  the  man  ftood,  into  which  he 
threw  himi'elf,  and.  was  faved. 

Cusco,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Peruvian  emphre, 
lies  in  the  mountainous  country,  at  a  diftance  from  the 
(ea,  and  has  long  been  on  the  decline,  but  is  yet  averf 
confiderable  place.  Quito  is  nect  tn  Lima  in  pppula- 
tion,  if  not.(upeTior  to  ir.  It  fs,  like  Cufeo^  an  icJand 
cit<y»  and  having  no  mines  hi  its  neighbourhood,  is  chief* 
I  iy  timous  for  its  manufadures  of  cotton,  wool,  and  flax, 
which  fupply  the  conlUmption  oVer  all  the  kingdom  of 
iPeru.  .      •  :         - 

Iv.hafnttmtSf  Manners^  and  Gowrmiuiif.l   It  is  impoflibU  - 
I  to  afcertain,  )K-tth  any  degree  of  preciOon,  the  number 
of  iuhabiuntf  in  Pf  rds    The  city  oif-  Lima  is  ^id  to  con* 
tain  54,000 ;  Guasaquill,  20,600 ;.  Potofi,  £5,000 ;  La 
I  Paz,  20,000,  and  Cufco,  t^fioo. 

The  Indip.ns  and  Negroes  are  forbidden,^  nnder  die 
Ifevereft  penalties,  to  intermarry ;  for  divtfion  betweea^ 
Ithefe  two  elates,  is  the  gr«9t  inftrn^ienl.  in  tH^cli.  tM 
Spaniards  t;uft  ;for  the  pre^nqkiioflh,  CHt  ^  c<^imi||k 
iPcru  is  governed  by  a  Viceroy,  who  k  jhgiWite  |  IgmX  it 
(being  impoffibie  for  him  to  fuperinten4  tfet^viiiiolfi  tx- 
Itent  of  his  government,,  he  d^e^gaifes  a  pa^ bf^liiinv. 
^rity  to  the  ie  vend  audiences  and  courts,  eftijp^flwi^ 
It  iliferent  places  tfaronghout  his  teiritories.  '  ^ 

Nahtral  Hiflory,]   There  ilt  certain  wateri  m  thii^ 
^ouotry^  which,  in  their  course,  tii:?l>i«to  ftoneiaa|L 
[ountatos  of  liquid  nutter,,  catted  tiM^$  refenmog^. 
^tch  and  tari  and  ufcd  by  io^iMiA^  Ae  iia^^^ 


Z^Z  SPAMfilfDOMlMIONSfNS.AMEl.ICA. 

.On  the  eotft  of  GuagaquiU  aAd  Guatimala,  are  found 
a  ccrtiin  i|pe4it$  of  inads,  w^tch  yield  ike  jmirple  dye 
fo  celebrated  <bf  ihe  aaeieolt,  and  which  the  moderni 
have  Stippedbi  to  have  been  loft.  The  ftell  j|i|^eoxi. 
Uins  tham  It4lil^  fodcti  watered  hf  the  ||||!^t  It  is 
of  the  fiu  of  %Sfgt  tnit.  VarioBt  methods  #(e  ufcd 
to  eitraA  th«  pt^c  maittr  from  the  antmiL  'There 
if  nocokfar  that  can  be  fowpared  to  t|iu#  tidutt  m  luf. 
Ire  or  perinancnoa*  ■    •  ..j- 

'Geimnal  Qifii'waiioM*^  '  In  trcatinf  of  fStia  covntry, 
the  miad  it  nlmindlT  led  back  to  the  barbaronf  and 
cruel  conqueror!  of  it«  rAiOf  eomiag  €ram  the  old  world 
in  queft  of  gold,  to  fatisfy  their  aTarice#  Splayed  fccnet 
ihodeing  to  humanity^  AAerthe.conqneilt  the  eoun- 
trf  fotrcelypxefeirved  asf  l^ing  but  its  name^  every 
wing'aflumtng  a  pew  face.  There  were  other  edtfica, 
/dUier  inhabitants,  other  occupations,  other  prejudices, 
and  another  ireli|;toxu    ^e  J&obex^Gnk'f  Hiftory   of 


I  «    .  »n'  ifc 


H       I 


I. 


V  . 


i 
} 


r<j6tTVAtio«  AM*  ExTjiar. 

length  i2f6o1   j,,^^^  5  aj**  and  44^S.  l«t. 
Bf<m  s8o  J  •^•*'*  lUK^m^is''  W.  long. 


£o4&h^miy  tYOUlfiDED  hy  P^nii  on  the 
CWftb4m.\  Xi^«*A  J  by  Paraguay,  or  La 
I^lata,  on  the  calt  f  by  Fatagoniar<»tfiefouth  j  and  by 
the  iPacific  Ocean,  oti  the  weft,  tt  lies  on  bodi  fides  of 
the  Aifdcss  CbtH  Proper  ]»H  on  the  weft  ;  andCuyoor 
OiUo^.on  the  diSt.  ilie  prhtotpaV  towns  in  tlteformer, 
at»  St  |ago  find  Baldjffa  i  kkm^l^r  &«'>)»  dc 


^ 


*«  .;>*? 


^»i    *. 


UFAimff  OQUKIONS  fM  S.  AMERICA,  f^ 


The  climate  of  Chili  it  om  of  die 
noft  dcKghtliil  im  the  world,  being  a  medium  between 
the  inceiM  beats  V  the  tonrtdf  antf  the  piercinp^  colds  of 
the  fri^  aooai..  >Aloagthc  coaA  of  the  PacUic  Oceafr^ 
they  ei^of  a  fine  tdmperate  air»  andj^ckar  ferene  tkf, 
mott  pari  of  die  year  i  bwt  foiiitiifne».lSc  wilult  that  blow 
from  die  mooatafM,  in  wiAterr  art  eiceedingly  fliar|K, 
There «^ few |iUce&  inthie  eitenfive-  coantry,  whera 
the  foil  it  not  exuberantly  riolk  i  and  were  its  nftnral  ad- 
vastagis  feconded  by  the  indiiftry  of  the  inhabttantt^ 
Chili  woi^  be  the  moft  opulent  kingdom  ia  America. 

Jiiimal  tmd  Vesdahk  Pnduaiom.'y  The  horfet  and 
mules  of  Chili  are  in  great  eftecm>  particukirly  the  for* 
merr  Frodi^us  numbers  of  oxen,  goats  and  fiieep, 
tre  fattened  m  the'  ioxuriant  paftiires  «f  Chiliy  and  in- 
deed this  ia  the  only  piitrt  of  huibdndry  vto.whioh  tb« 
.inhabitants  pay  any  eonfiderHble  attention.  An  ox, 
well  tatteQcdk  may  be  purchased  for  fpvr  dotiar$.  Tvr- 
iiies,  geeie,  and  all  kinds  of  poultry,  are  found  here  in 
llie  lame  p:  ofulicn*^ 

The  coafts  abound  with  many  excellent  fifh ;  ^.ttt 
aretdfo  vaft  numbers-  of  whales,  and  fea  wolves.  The 
foil  produces  Indian  and  European  corn,  hemp,  c^rapes, 
and allotlier  fr uit?«  The Europear^  fruk  uees -ax  obii}^ 
ed  to  be  propped,  to  enable  them  to  iuHaiin  the  weight 
of  the  fruit.  Of  jnge  trees  are  in  bloom,  and  beai  fivtt 
throughout  the  year.  Olives  alfo,  and  almond  trees, 
thrive  exceedinglT  w^Uf  and  the  inhabitants  pie^  ^ 
kini  of  muicadine  i^-ine  from  the  grapes,  Vr'hich  iaV 
c{ceed&  any  of  the  kind  made  in  Spain.- 

M'meti'\  Mines  of  gold,  filver,  copper,  Vit^-qmckAl. 
fcr,  iron  and  lead,  aboa'nd  io  liits  couniry,  .  \fsiil  quan- 
tities of  gold  arewafhcd  dowu  ^om  the  mounuins  bf 
brooks  .#Bd  torrwl#  ;  the  »nnuuKamou'i\t  of  w'htcb, 
when  manuf»ftured,  i;^  edimatlrdatno  lefs.ihan^CQif}00 
dollars^-        ..       ^ ..  -  ■•  .-V..-  "  j^^T 

Contmnt,']  Chili  has  always  had ^ctmmft«»l  vCon- 
aexioiis  with  the  neighbouring  Indians  en  itjsirOi  tkrft* 
with  ?erti  and  :^tiiifttuaf .  Xiyt  Indaijis  iath^i^^iraniae- 
tionsi  are  founCf  Ttobe  pe>feftly  honell,      Cliili  fujiplies 


^ 


^'I^*'- 


ftfto  SPANISH  OOMINIOMK  IN  S.  AMERICA. 

^tnt  with  bicletf  dried  Ihiit,  copper,  fiiU  meat*  hnrfc*, 
henipy  and  com ;  and  rcceivet  in  exchange,  tobacco, 
fugar*  cocoa,  earthen  ware,  fo^e  nanttfaAures  made 
at  Quito,  and  fome  articln jaf  luxvnv  brought  from  Eu. 
rope.         "  "      ' 

Chili  ^nds  to  |*araguaf  wine*,  Ivandy,  olU  and  chief. 
1/  gold )  and  receives  in  payment}  Qiulet,  wax,  cotton, 
'the  herb  of  Paraguay,  Negroes,  l^c.  The  commerce  be-. 
tween  the  two  colonies  is  not  carried  on  bj  Tea  i  it  haih 
been  found  more  expeditious,  (afert  and  eten  lefs  expcn. 
five,  to  go  by  land,  though  it  h  554  leagues  from  St. 
Jago  to  Buenos  Ay  res,  and  more  than  40  leagues  of 
the  way  are  lunid'  tha  Ihowi  and  precipices  cf  die 
Cordeleirlas. 

>  I»bdbUants  iimi  ManntN."^  The  Indians  in  this  cotm. 
try  ire  ftlU  in  a  sr^t  meafure  unconquered ;  they  liye 
icattered  in  the  dderts  and  forefts,  and  it  is  iapoflible  U 
aicertain  their  numbers.  ThoTe  Indians^  which  are  not 
fubje^  to  the  S^anifh  yoke,  are  rcrjr  honeft  in  their  com- 
mercial tranfadions  1  but^  like  almod  all  other  Indians, 
they  are  .very  fond  of  fpiripious  liquors.  They  live  in 
imall  hutfir  which  they  bijld  in  the  courfe  of  a  day  or 
two  at  furtheft,  and  which  they  abandon  when  hard 
pulhec^by  an  enemy.  ,,  They  are  brivire  and  warlike,  and 
til  the  attempts  of  thel^antatdk  to  fubdue  them,  have 
jproved  tneffeS^ttal^  It  ts  ahnoft  equally  difficult  to  ai'. 
ceitain  the  number  of  Spaniards  in  Chili.  The  Abbe 
Raynal,  (ays,  there  are  4p^oco  in  the  city  of  St.  Jago. 
If  this  be  true,  the  aggregate  number  in  all  the  provin- 
C«i  of  Chill  mu^  be'moie  coniideruUe  than  has  been 
.|;cnen^  fiippofed. 

C3b«rr»iur»f.  j  St.  jfago  it  die  capital^  of  this  country, 
Ittid  the  feat  of  government.  The  commandant  there,  is 
fudordinate-  to  the  Viceroy  of  Peru,  in  aU  mafXevs  rela* 
ttn|^  to  the  goveminent,  to  the  finances^  and  rx>  war ;  but 
lie  lijndep^ent  of  lUm  as  chief  adminiiUator  of  juf* 
tice>  and  prefident  of  the  rpyal  amdience.  £)eten  infe* 
rior  olBooVf  diftributed  in  the  province,  are  charged » 
uiiileclui  or^k(r%  with  the  dctaiU oC^ciminJAratidn. 


tAilAGUAY, 


W' 


H- 


ttAKiSHpOMIKlONSiNa.JJERlCA.  iff 


I^ARAGUAY,  OR  LA  PLATA. 


8iTt74TS0N  Aku  ErrfcNT. 

Length  SfSOoT  i..^^..„  C it*  and  37*  S.  latitude. 
Bieadtd  i,ooo  J  «^^*^*"  ||o*  »od  75«  W.  longituder 

B9imttartet.j  ^  ^^  Bruil.*»a  j  by  Fiugoaia,  ibmh; 
and  by  ?eru  and  Chili,  ive(^. 
It  ccMftaini  the  foUowtnp  proYincei  : 
Paragnafy  Ouirat«  Ttrcuman, 

Parana,  tJragua,         Rio  de  h  Plata. 

Rtver/,"]  BeHdes  a  vat\  r.uniber  of  fmall  riven  which 
water  ihU  country,  there  is  the  grand  river  La  Plittat 
which  delerves  a  pai^icuUr  defcription.  A  Modenel'e 
Jefuit,  by  the  name  of  P.  Cn'tanr^t  yfho  {ailed  up  this 
river,  fpeaktr  in  the  toUowing  language  concerninjyr  it : 
**  While  I  refided  in  Europe,  and  te;id  tn  books  ot  htf> 
lory  of  geography,  that  the  river  La  Plata  was  150 
miles  in  oreadth,  I  conhdered.  it  as  mi  e;!aggeratinn>  be> 
caufe  in  this  hemifphere  we  have  no  example  of  fuch 
vail  rivers.  When  I  approached  its  mouth,  I  had  the 
moft  vehement  defiie  to  nicer tkln  the  breadth  with  my 
ffv.'n  eyes,  and  I  have  found  the  matter  to  be  exactly  as 
it  was  reprefented.  This  I  deduce  paiticnUriy  iwm  one 
circumitance.  When-  w^e  took  our  departure  frorti 
Monte  Viedo,  a  fort  fitu^iited  more  than  rco  miies  froih 
the  mouth  of  ihc  river,  and  where  iKs  bic^dtb  is  confido 
trably  dlmini^h^  we  failed  a  coTm/iete  day:  before  we 
difcovered  the  lahd  on  the  oppoiite  bank  of  the  river ;. 
and  when  we  wer«i  in  the  middle  cf  the  channel  we 
could  not  diA:over  land  on  either  ride,and  ikw.  ^'othirg 
but  the'fky  and  waterr  &«  if  we  had  been  in  ibme  ^leat 
Dcean.  Indeed  we  Ihould  have  ta^sn  it  to  be  fea^  tf 
the  freOi  TWAter  of  .the  river,  which  was  turbid  Irke^  tbt 
Po,  had  not  fadsfied  us  that  if  was  a  river.'*  i  ' 
CSmateprSoUt  tmd  Protlupr 


if*r.].   From  ihe  iituatidn  0/  thi#|. 
f^  it  muft.be  entreinefy  hot,  feom  ■% 


•ouotry» '  fom«  patfi^  of 

Ihealmoft  Tenicalinfiuence  of  the  la^rs  of  the  Ain  1^  whild 
other  paits  mufttbt  pieafaT^it  and  delighthil.  But  the 
heat  tc  in  fome  jiiami<»«<iAted  by  die  gentle  bree«et*r 
which  genttaUy  begin  ibout  iu^e  Of  t«a9f«Iock  ia  th^ 


ait  SPANISH  DOMmiONB  mS.  AMUtlOL 


-^■^ 


flMrniivgt  and  coptinuc  the  gM»uA  pait  <ii  dk  daf. 
Some  parte  of  tbe  cQaotry  arc  very  monnUinous  ;  but, 
in  mMif  othen,  |ou  find  etuafWe  and  bcatttiliil  plaint, 
where  the  toil  is  tery  rien,  producing  cottcm«  tobacco, 
and  the  ral^able  herb  eaued  I^tfagaay,  togeUier  with  a 
variety  offrilits.  There  are  akb  prod^gioofly  rich  ptf. 
iurei.  Ml  which  arc  hred  filch  herds  of  cattle»  that  it  is 
iaid,  the  hides  are  the  only  part  eiported  i  w^  the  flc(K 
is  left  to  be  dcvouttd  by  the  ravenoiH  beafts  of  the  wil. 
derncGr, 

ComHurfe,  mid  Cbkf  Cltr^]  Biraguay  fends  ammally  in. 
lothe  kingdom  of  Pens  a^  manjF  as  i»5oaor  %ooo  aniiles. 
They  tvmvcl  over  dreary  defiMts  fcr  the  diflioce  nf  8  or 
ooo  lengues.  The  province  df  Tucaman  fumtfhes  to 
rotofi  annuaUy,  1 6  or  1 8,oc6.oien^d  4  or  5,000  hories» 
broagbt  Ibrth  and  rehired  upon  its  own  lerriiory. 

BuiNos  Atrbs  is  tlie  capital  of  this  conntry.  Its  (xi^ 
nation,  on  tlie  river  La  Plau,is  healthy  and  pkaiknt,an(^ 
the  air  untipeiatCk  it  is  tegukirly  bttitt.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  is  aboul  50,000.  One  lide  of  the  town 
is  deeded  by  a  fortrefs,  with  a  ganifon  of  &  or  700 
men.  The  townllands  1 80.  miles  from  ihe  fea.  The 
accefs  to  the  towni  up  the  river,  is  very  difficult. 
.  InMkanU,^  From  \kB  bo()  information  that -can  be 
obtaineda'  thete  are  not  more  than  fcoo,ooo  fouls  in  this 
country,  includiag  Spaniards,  Indians,  Negroes,  and  the 
mtied  blqpd,  or  Creoles*  The  &,)anii<Tds  exhibit  much 
the  fame  character  here  as  in  the  other  kingdoms  al- 
ready clefcribed. 

.  Htfiory  and  Rei^imJ  *th9'  Spaniards  fiifft  discovered 
tbis  cotintry  in  the  year  tsiSt  and  founded  the  town  of 
^uenos  Ayres  in  153^.  Moft  of  the  country  is  ftitt  in- 
llahited  by  the  native  Americans^'  The  jefuiis  have  been 
^idefaugable  in  their  endeavours  t»  convert  the  Indians 
io  the  belief  of  their  religion,,  and  to  iotrodtice  ataonii 
them  the  arts  of  civilized  life*  and4iave  met  witb.lbrprii- 
ing  Aicoefs.  It  is  faid  that  al>ove  34P.060  famifies,  fev- 
em  years  a^,  were  {ub^&  to  the  Jefuits,  Uving  in  obe< 
dicQce,  and  an  awe  bordering  on  adoiation,  yet  pfocnt- 
f  d  without  atiy  violence  or  confiraint  In  176^,^^  Jef- 
tti|8  were  fent  out  of  America,  by  rayal  authority,  aad 
their  fubje^  were  put  opon  th^  ^ube  footing  with  the 
Ipeft  of  tie  coUatry*^^ 

/*^  .        t*twiugtcrc 


«»s 


II »'JJi 


■OB 


Portuguefe  America*. 


B    H    A    z    I  .t. 


Situation  anp  £itimt. 


fttV>«. 


length  ^500*)  Ug.«.-«   Ilhe  Equator  and  3  j»  S.  iM. 
flrwJth  7C0  J  '»"^««^  |s3^o  ^^  ^0  w.  longitude. 

o      /   •    1  T>  OUNDED  north,  hj  th«  mooth  cfi 
BoumUnis,J  Jj^  ^^  ^^^  Anww>n  and  the  Atliintrc 

Ocean )  eaft,  by  the  fviw  ocean ;  roitth,,by  ihe  river  Ljk 
FUta  ;  ^Reft,  by  niot%(re&,  lukes,  torr«ncs,  rivers,  ^nd^ 
mountains  }  which  fepamte  it  from  Amazonia,  and  the 
Spanifh  poifelTions.  On  the  coaft  are  three  fmaiU  iflandv 
where  (hips  toucb^for  provifioni  on  their  voyage  to  the 
Sourh  Seas,  vi».  Ferdinarido,^t.  Btib^ro*  and  St.  Clth< 
arine's, 

fitly t,  Harhmrt  md  Rh^tTf.']  •  Tlieft  are,  ^e  harbotift^ 
of  Penambuco,  All  Snifliil,  lUo  Janeiro, 'the  port  of  Sr. 
Vincent,  the  hat  Hour  of  Gaitricl,  and  the  port  of  dr. 
Salvador.  There  is  a  great  number  of  noble  Areamt, 
which  unite  witirthe  river  Amalicn  and.La  FiaSsg  befide 
others  which  fall  into  ijie  AtlafUic  Ocean*. 

Crmtf,  StUakd  Proihm^ut.J  Th^oKmate  of  Brazil' 
is  temperate^md  mildi  Mvhen  compared  with  that  of  Af- 
lica. ;  owifi{(  chieftf  t»tl)e  rcfreihing  nirind,  which  blows 
eontimial]^  fr^m  tlie  fea.  Tht  air  ia  not  only  cool  b^^ 
chilly  thfoligh  the  night*  fo  thiK  the  iiat(vet  kindle  a  fire 
every  evening  in  their  hiUl.  As  Mm  'ivei t  in  this  oouN- 
tty  ann«aHy  overflflW^ their  banlcs^  ind  kft^  a  foit  of 
iliaM  upon  the  lan(ll«,  the  foil  in  many  piftcet  it  mmatiiigl  jr 
lich.  The  vegetable  prodii^onliire»  lndi^cOllk,rt^at 
eanet,  tobacco;  tndigO|.  hides,  ipiBcAtftutnhtti  lMdi«iii»,bira- 
%it  woodi.  thelaft  tt<>f  aitcd  colour,  ha»d.«Bd  dryii^d  it 
Hchicfly  Hftd  in  dyii%i  but  ftet  the  l^d  (nf  the  bed  Hal. 
Hel«|irifeUK;r«U0»(ttlUc»  of  «ift.i|i<lrui|[yelle#|)Mi41 


-A,- 


ftl4 


POftTUGUESE    AMERICA, 


l#". 


^beamiful  kind  c£  fpeckled  wood,  made  ofe  of  in  cabU 
net  work.  Here  are  five  different  forts  of  palm  trees^ 
(ome  curious  ebonyi  and  a  great  variety  of  cotton  trces^ 
This  country  abotinds  in  horned  e<*ttle,  which  are  hunt- 
ed for  their  hides  only,'  2o,oco  bsins  Tent  annually  in* 
to  £virope»  There  is.  alfo  peltry  of  deers,  hares,  and 
other  game.  Amoiigft  the  wild  beafti  found  here, 
arq  tygers,  porcupines,  janoitveras,  and  a  fierce  anim^ 
fomev^hat  like  the  greyhound  i  monkieS,  floths,  and 
the  topira(fou,  a  creature  between  a  bull  and  an  afs, 
but  widiout  horns,  and  entirely  harnnlels  ;  the  fleih  is 
very  good,  and  has  the  Havoux  of  beef.  The/e  is  a  num> 
berlefs  variety  of  fowl,  wild  and  tame»  m  this  country. 

Commerce,  tmd  Chiff  Towtu^']  The  trade  of  Brazil  » 
rery  great,  and  increaics  evefy  year.  They  import  as 
many  as  40,000  Negroes  annually,  ^e  exports  ^f 
Bra7.il  are  diamonds,  fugar»  tobacco,  hides*  dfugs  and 
nneUicines ;  and  they  rvceive,  in  return,  vtrooUen  goods 
of  all  kinds,  linens,  laces,  filks,  hats»  lead,  tin,  pewter,^ 
copper,  iron*  beef  and  cheefe.  They  alfo  receive  from 
Madeira  a  great  quantity  of  wine,  vinegar  and  brandy; 
and  from  the  Azores,  /"i  5,000  worth  of  other  liquots. 

Sr^^aLVAUoa  is  the  capital  of  Brazil.  This  city,^ 
which  hi|8  »  npl^le,  fpacious  and  commodious  harbour, 
i«  built  .on  a  high  and  fteepHiOck,  havirg  the  fea  upon 
one  fide,  a  lake  forming  a  crefcent  on  the  other.  The 
Htuaticn  maikes  it  in  u  manner  impregnable  by  nature; 
afid  tliey  have  be^des  added  tp.it  very  ftrong  fbrtiHca- 
tions.  *  I-t  is  populous,  ma^ificenl,  and,  btyond  com** 
pariibn,  the  mo(b  gay  and.  opulent  in  aU  Bra^iL- 

AT/Htv.},  There  axe  gold  mines  in  many  paHs  of 
tiiif  country,  which  have  been  wrought  with  confidera^ 
^le  profit  to  government.  There  are  alio  many  diamond 
Inines  which  have  been  di^ovetvd  in  this  country  ;  they 
lire  of  all  colours,  and  almoil  0^  every  ihade. 

Nativa.)  The  native  Bratiltaot  are  about  the  Azeof 
ti:e  Europeans,  but  not  fo  ftout*.  They  are  fobjedl  to 
|iE;wer  diftempers^  and  l6ng  ^If  ed.  They  wear  tu>  clcih- 
ing ;  the  women  :wetf  their  hair  extremely  long,  the 
teen  cut  th^r'i^jRiort ;  the  women  %veir  bfaceletk  of 
%oaes  oC  a  beautify  wj^iie^  Uie  irikii».  neckUcet  of  the 

^ ,  .   ^^1.  ...    5w»>' 


FRENCH    AMERICA. 


*«$ 


fame ;  the  women  paint  their  faoes,  aad  the  men  their 
bodies.- 

Re/igi0nA  Th«ngh.the  king  of  Portugal,  as  GraDft 
Mailer  of  the  order-of  Christ  be  fol«|y  m  poHedlon  of^ 
theTtlleSy  and^though  the  produce  of  the  cniiade  be- 
longs  entirely  to  hita;  yet»  inthi&^eitenfive  country,  (be 
bilhoprics  hate  been  faccefirvely  f^nd#d,  which  ac- 
knowledji^  for  their  iuperior,  the  archbiihopric.  of  Bo-- 
hia, eftabliHied  in  the  year  1552* 

Gwermnent,^  The  govemmesit  ef  Bhizil  is  in  the 
Viceroy,  who  has  two  councils  ;  one  for  ciitainaly  the 
gther  for  civil  affairs^  in  both  which  he  prefides. ' 

Only  half  oCthe  16  Captainries,  into  whicK  this  coun> 
try  is  divided,  belong  to  th^  crown  {  the  r«ft  bein^  fiefi; 
made  over  to  fome  of  the  nobiI«ty>  in  rciiRard  of  their 
extraordinary  fervices,  who  do  little  snore  than  ac« 
Inowiedge  the  favereigcty  of  the  fcii^  «f  F6ftugal. 

H'ifiiryy  isfcy  fhe  Portuguefc  di£overed  this  cona* 
try  in  the  year  150a,  but  d^  not  p^9nt  at  tiU  the  yeaf 
1549,  when  they  took^poiTtiffioQ-  of  Ail  $liints>Bay,  and 
built  the  city  of  St.  Salvador,  whtcllis  now  the  refidenct 
of  the  Viceroy  and  Archbiih<f)p.     The  X>utch  invaded . 
Brazil  in  1623,  and  fubdued  Che  northern  provinces; 
but  the  Portugjuefe  agreed,  in  1661,  to  pay  the  Dutch 
eight  tons  of  gold  to  celin;:)ui(K  thoir  intereftiii-this  coun- 
try, which,  was  accepted*  ^ndthe  Portuguefe  remained 
in  peaceable  po&flion  ofall  Brazil,  liU  about  the  end  cif> 
1 762,  whim  the  Spaniikg^vemor  of' Buenos  Ayres,  hear- 
ing of  a  war  between  Portugal  and  Spain,  toof^  after  a . 
month's  fiege,  the  Portugueie  frontier  fortrefs,  called  Su. 
Sacrament  $  but  by  the  treaty  of  peace,  it  was  reilofcd«. 


French  America*. 


e   A    Y    E    N    N    E.. 

a  s^       1  TlOUNDED  north  and  caft,  hfAtt 

aoum/anss.2  JfJ  Atlantic  Ocean ;  fouth,  by  Ama- 

tonia  i  and  weil»  by  Guiana,  or  Surrinam.    U  es^unds 


286 


DUTC»    AMERICi^ 


.2AO  miles  along  the  ooaA  ef  G^tiaoa,  and  nearly  t^oq 
mtles  within  land  ;  lying  between  the  equator  and  the 
jllth  degree  of  north  latitude.. 

Ciimate^Sei/,  and  Produce,']  The  liind  along  the  ooafl 
is  lewt  marihy,  and  very  (ubjeCl  to  inundations  during 
the  rainy  ieafons,  .irom^he  multitude  6£  rivers  which 
vuih  down  fVom  the  mountains  with  great  impetuofity. 
Here  the  atmorpliese  19  v<ery  hot>  moilVi  and  unwhole- 
fome,  efpecially  where  the  woods  are  not  cleared  away ; 
but  on.  the  higher  parts>  where  the  trees  are  cut  down, 
;  and*  .the  ground  laid  out  in  plantations,  the  air  i^more 
healthy».  and  the  heai  greatly  mitigated  by  the  fca 
.breezes.  The  foil,  in  many  partsi  is  very  fertile,  pro- 
ducing fugor*  tobaccCf  Indian  corxii.  fruits,  and  other 
aecellaries  of  li£e.   V   . 


-HU'u.  .JLiuwat  ".ji  '.",[> 


»-M 


Dutch  America^ 


'.-  y 


MPRRTNAM,  OR  BUTGH  GUMNAv 

THIS  province,  die  otXf  one  l^longing  to  the  Dutcht^ 
on  the  eontinent  of  Americdr  is  iltuated  between 
5*  anJ"^**  R.lat.  having  die  Atlantic  and  the  mouth 
•f  the  Oroneko  en  the  north  \  Cayenne  eall ;.  Amaze- 
itt»  fouth  ;  and-  Terra  Firma  wed. 

The  Dutch  claim  the  whole  coaft  frcm  the  mouth  of 
tfee  Onuntiioo,  to  the  riveit-Marov^yne,  on  which  are  fitu- 
ated  their  colonies  of  Eifequebo,  Demarara»  Berbice, 
and  Surrinanu  The  latter  begins  with  the  river  Sara- 
macha,  and  ends  with  the  ^farowyno,  including  a  length 
ff  coaft  of  120  miles. 

Rivert,'^    A  number  of  fine  rivers  pafs  through  this 
eountry^  the  prinaipal'  of  which  are,/Effequcbo,  Sun 
Haiii^.  I)cmaraxa»  Berbice  and  Con*ya* ' 

'■■v.''      ;    ,■'  -■  .     ' 

Ciimate.1 


i" 


DUTCH    AMERICA. 


7ty 


Chmatt,']  In  the  mor  ^7  xf  ^September,  Odoi^  tni 
ICovember,  the  climate  h  jnliealtky,  paittcuhirlf  to 
ibrangers.  The  common  diicafes  sre«  putrid  and  other 
fevers,  the  dry  belly  ache,  and  the  drofify.  An  hundred  * 
sntles  back  'Stam  the  fea»  you  come  to  quite  a  diierent 
foil,  a  hilly  country,  a  pure,  dry,  wholefome  air,  where 
a  fire  fomedmes  would  net^be  dilagreeable.  Along  tlie 
fea-coaft,  the  water  is  brackini  and  ''nwholdbme,  the  air 
damp  and  fottry.  The  ^nnometer  ranges  from  750 
to  90^  throughout  the  year.  The  feafons  were  former- 
ly divided  into  rainy  and  dry ;  but  of  late  years,  ib  much 
dependence  cannot  be  placed  upon  theih,  owing  proba- 
bly to  the  country's  being  more  cleared  \  by  which  . 
jBcans  a  free  paflage  ts  q>ened  for  the  air  and  vapours. . 

Chief  To'VJHt  and  Pofufathai'}  Paramahiio,  iituated 
on  Surrinam  river,  4  leaigues  from  the  CcRy  N.  lat.  6^j 
W.  long.  55 ^firom  London,  is  the  pripcipal  town  in  Sur- 
rlnam.  It  contains  about  3QC|P  whites,  one  half  of 
whom  are  Jews,  and  8000  flaves.  The  houfes  are  prin;* 
cipally  of  wood  i  fyrae  few  have  glafs  windows,  but  , 
generally  they  have  wooden  fliutters.  The  ftreets  are 
ipacious  and  ftraight*  and  planted  on  each  fide  witli 
orange  and  tamarind  tree$.  '         . 

About  7p  miles  from  the  iea,  «n  the  iame  river,  is  a 
tillage  of  aboi|t  40  or  50  houfes,  inhabited  by  jews. 
This  village  and  the  town  above  mentioned,  with  the 
interv^ng  plantations,  contain  aJl  the  .  inhabnants  of 
this  colony,  which  amonnt  to  5»aoo  whites^  and  43,000 
flaves.  '  .  .        '  - 

Soili  Produ£iioMSi  Tffdetr  ^«*]  On  each,  fide  of  the  - 
rivers  and  creeks  are  iituated  the  pUntations,  contain- 
ing  from  500  to  2000  acres  each,  in  nqmber  about  550 
in  the  whole  colony,  producing  at  prefentf  annually^ 
about  16,000  hhds.  of  fugar*  1 2,ooc^ooolb.  of  coffee, 
7oo,ooolhi  of  oocoa,  85b,ooolb.  of  cotton :  all  which 
articles  ^cotton,  excepted).  h'<ife  fallen^  off  within  15 
yeHr<:,  at  leail  one-third,  owing  to  bad  management* 
both  here  and  in  HoUand,  and  to,  other  coufes.  Of  the 
proprietors  of  thefe  plantations*  not.  above  80  refid^  on 
them.  Indigo,  ginger,  rice,  tobacco,  .have  been,  ^jl 
may  be  farmer  cuhivated.  In  the  woods  are^fo'l^Ai 
many  hindb  of  good  sod  duraUe  (iJlBbcr^  a^  ^om 


A'%. 


tfS9       D  U  T<:  H    A  M  E  R  I  C  A. 

voo^Ar  onuuncittal  purpofes,  particularly  a  kind  cf 

mahogany  called  eopic.     HiefoH  arperh^ps  as^  rich  and 

as  luxvriant  at  anv  in  the  %vorld';  it  is  generally  a  rich, 

ifat«  di^ey  earthy  tying  in  fome  places  above  the  level 

of  ihei'ivers,at  high  water,  (which  rifes  about  S  feet) 

'but  in  mod  places  below  it.    This  country  has  never 

experienced  hurricancsy  thofe  dreadful  feourges  of  the 

Weft  Indies ;  and  droughts,  from  the  lowneis  of  the 

land,  it 'has  not  to  fear ;  nor  has  the  produce  ever  been 

•4e(^royed  by  infcds  or  by  the  Waft.    This  colony,  by 

•proper  management,  miglit  become  equal  to  Jamaica. 

Jinitnalsf  Serpentfi  lafc.']  The  woods  abound  with 
.plenty  of  deer,  hares,  and  rabbits,  a  kind  cf  buffaloe, 
'iind  two  fpecles  of  wild  hogs,'one  of  which  (the  peccary ) 
is  remarkable  for  having  iomething  refembling  the  na- 
vel on  its  hack.  1 

The  woods  are  infefted  with  feveral  fpcfles  of  tigersv 
but  with  no  other  ravenpus  or  dangerous  animals.  The 
rivers  are  rendered  dangerous  by  alligator';.  Scorpions 
arid  tsDrantulas  are  found  hore,  of  a  large  fize  and  great 
Tenom,  and  other  infei^s  without  number,  fonie  of  them 
very  dangerous  and  troubleftme.  The  torpciific  tel 
alfo,  the  touch  of  which,  by  means  of  the  bare  hand, 
or  any  conductor,  has  the  effect  of  a  llrong  eledrical 
fliock.  Serpents  aHb*  fome  of  which  are  venomous, 
and  others,  as  has  been  alferted  by  many  credible  per- 
fons,  are  from  25  to  50  feet  long.  In  the  woods  are 
monkies,  the  (loth,  and  parrots  in  all  their  varieties ; 
alfo,  fome  birds  of  beautiful  plumagCt  among  others  the 
flamingo,  but  few  cr  no  fmgin^  birds. 

Governinentf  i^c,"}  This  colony  is  not  immediately 
under  the  ftates  general,  but  under  a  company  in  Hol- 
land, called  the  dire^ors  of  Surrinam,  (a  company  iir ft 
formed  by  the  ftAtes  general,  but  now  fupplying  its 
own  vacancies)  J>y  them  are  appointed  the  governor  and 
aU  the  principal  officers,  both  civil  and  military.  The 
interior  government  cooiifts  of  a  governor,  and  a  fu- 
preme  and  im'erior  council ;  the  members  o£  the  latter 
are  chofcn  by  the  governor  from  a  double  nomination 
o£]^  principal  inhabitants,  and  thofe  of  the  former  in 
tii^iiUBe  maaaer*    By  thde  [powcti»  and  Vy  a  magif* 

trau 


A  BO  mi  GIN  A I^    AMERICA.      2l» 

frate  pr^fidiiig  overall  cHfuUial affair^; jttfttQt jf  eie* 
cuted  and  laws  arf.  cnaded  necioirarf  forth«  tnurior 
govcrmaem  o£thecok>nv J  thoTe  ofaiiior«geiM9iltn4 
public  naciire  nre  en^ta  by  t^e  dire^^ors. 

Th^  cqlpny  i»gusir4ed  by  afiout  t»i$op  regnliu'  tfoppi, 
paid  by  the  dire^ors.  n 

Hiftory,2  .This  cplony  was  fird  poilei&Ki  by  i^e  Ffendi 
as  early  ai^  the  yp9x  163001: -401  9nd  was  abandoned  bf 
them  on,  account  of  its  ui^bealthy  climale.  la  the  year 
1 650  it  vfas  taken  1^  by  fopae  £ngli(Iimcn»  and  in  1 6^ 
acharter  was  granted  by  Cbvles-^^,  In  i667»  it  wat- 
uken  by  the  jbutch  ;  and  the  Euglifli  haying  got  poi^ 
feiSon  about  the  fame  time  of  the  then  Butch  colony  ^ 
New  York,  each  party  retained  its  con^ueft.  ,l7ie£n<, 
gliih  planters  taoQ.  of  them  retired  tp  Jamaica,  leaving 
their  flavls  behind  them,  whofe  language  is  ftill  £nglilh» 
but  fo  corrupted  as  not  to  be  undetftoodl  at  firft  by  an 
Englishman.         ,  .     .   ;  v 


^%:^' 


'iksaarsafgesam 


'Ssismm' 


Aborigiml  Amerii:^^ 

Or  thkt  Part  whkk  the  AioaidiirAL  IiiDUiil  poff^Si 


A.M,  A  ,z"  a'N  MA. 


•^-J,:' 


it^ 


,  .  ■. .  •  v;  ^:  C.V  Si-tW^tK^ll   AW©  EXTBKT. 

Lengtb  i4*>ol  k-*«--«  CThc  Edoatorandae 
Breadtli.  |9g|  ^^"^^  %       SoSth  latitCide. 

by  Paragujny^cf  w^ft»  by  Pern. 

River f.'pr^^l^  riyer  Anmzm  t«  .4ie  Isiigcift  hi-^ 
known  wQiM^vnipsmer,  i»  famonifa  m^iml0M 
i'Tf  '•  Aa  '  ■  ■'^<':       ti$\  : 


.'-''J"-   -. 


spo     ABORldlNAL    AMERICA, 

Hs  eomCtt  tlmt  great  Taflsil  of  the  fem  to  whkh  it  brmgt 
ithe  tribute  it  has  received  from  fo  numy  of  its  own  Tai:> 
/ds,  fctnnsto  be  produced  by  innumerable  torrtnti, 
which  rulh  down  .with  amaxin^  impetuofity  from  the 
eaftetn  declivity  of  the  Andes,' and  unite  in  a  ipacious 
■phiin  to  form  this  immenle  rtFcr.  In  its  prbgcefs  of 
3,^00  miles*  it  receives  the  WRtert  of  a  prodk^ious  num- 
lier  of  riverst  fome  of  which  oome  from  w,  and  arc 
very  broad  and  deep.  It  is  interfperfed  with  an  inH- 
Aite  numHer  of  ifland^  w!iich  are  too  often  overflowed 
to  ladmit  of  culture*  It  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
•under  the  £quator,  and  is  there  I50imiles  bro^id.  f 
CHmate,  SqH  and  Produiihtu,']  The  air  is  cooler  in 
^  this  country  -^n  xopld  l>e  e^e6ted|  confidering  it  is 
fituated  in  the  middle  of  the  torrid  zone.  Thijs.is  part- 
ly Wing  to  the  h«avy  rains  whi<^  occafion  the  rivers' 
to  overflow  their  banks  one  half  of  the  year^.and  partly 
to  the  cloudindti  of  the  -weather,  which  obfcures  the 
fun  great  part  qf  the  time  Jie  is  above  the  horizon. 
Punng  the  jcainy  feafo%  the  .country  is  fubi^e^  to 
drtadrol  ftorms^  thunder  and  lightning. 

The  foil  is  extremely  fertile,  pieducmg  cocoa  nuts, 
pine  applet,  batmnas,  pliintains,  ^nd  a  great  variety  .of 
topical  fruits ;  cedar,  redwood,  pak,  ebony,  logwood, 
^nd  many  ^er  fbrts  of  ^ying  wcloii ;  tt>g«ther  with  to- 
:^acco,  fugar  canes,  cotton,  potatoes,  baUam,  honey,  &c. 
tThe  Foods  abound  with  ty^er?,  wHd  boars,  buffaloes, 
40^9  ^nd  game  0%  various  kinds.  The  rivers  and  lakes 
^abdund  with  fiOi.  Here  are  alfo  fea  cows  and  turtles  ; 
but  the  .crocodiles  aiid  water  ferpents  render  filhing  a 
.d«mgerotts  employment*, 

*  ff^itvesk^  "Qiefi:  n^itives,  like  all  the  other  Ameri- 
cans^ are  of  a  good  ftature,  havchandfome  fe^tures^ 
long  black  hair,  and  copper  coin])lexions.  lliey  are  faid 
to  have  a  tafte  for  thtii  imitative  lairts,  efpeclalljr  j)ainting 
ll^d  fculpture,  and  make  good  mechanics.  They  fpin 
juid  #eavie  cott^  cloth,  and  build  their  houfes  \f^ith 
"^o^d/VodtTafr ^4  thatch  them  with  reeds.  Their 
arms,  in  geaeitpJ, :  are  dairts  and  javelins,  bows  and  ar- 
f&i^  i$im  tof^;^  of  cahe  or  fiih  0cins.  The  feveral 
|i«piqili&'«K  ^vcrncd  by  their  chiefs  or  ckfliques  }  it 
;    .j:  being 


ABORIGINAL   AMERICA.        3^ 

being  c>brenrahlc  tKat  the  monarchical  {tittKi  o£  govern* 
itienc  has  prevailed  almoft  aniverfaUyy  both  arncn:^  tbe 
ancient  and  nUxktn  barbarianst  dmibtkrs  on  i«ccouot 
of  its  rel|Uirtng  a  hmcH  Ufs  refintd  policy  tlum  the 
repablfcan  fytlem.  The  regalia,  iKrhich  ^liiitn^uiih^.liie 
chiefs  are  a  crown  of  parrots'  feathers,  a  chain  of  ty* 
fr€r*s  teeth  or  claws^  which  hang  around  Uie  waiil,  aiid* 
a  wooden  Iword. 


.  <mf0<l<»  >m  iftV;.^      •  «. 


|r    A  T    A    a    ON    I    A. 


SiTVATtOM    ANO  EXTINT. 


Length  I  xooT  u-*«-.«  T35***  *nd  54.®  Sontik: 

Boum/anes.2 1^  Par^uay  |  eai^  by  tht  AtlaiS 
Ocegn  I  (oath  by:  tlie  l^raits  of  Magellan  ;  wefl;>  b^ 
die  Pacific  Ocean. 

C^f^fi,  SoUaad Produce,^  The  cHin^te  is  fa^ to j^ 
much  colder  in  this  country,  than  in  thft  north,  linr* 


.rhe  f^tne  parallels  of  latitude  ;  which  is  i9)puud  to  itp 
hdng  in  the  vicinity  of  t&jC  Andes,  which  pajfs  Uiroii^n 
it,  being  covered  with  eternal  ihow-  It  iiL  .aiiroliii|i|-> 
poHlble  to  fay  what  the  ibil  wouldprodt^e^ras  it  is  not 
at  all  cultivated  by  the  natives,  xheije  arc,  howeye^ 
gQod  paftures,  which  feed  incredible  numbers  of  hom- 
ed cattle  and  hoi^es,firft  carried  there  by  the  Spaniards^ 
and  now  increafed  iiv  an  amazing  degree. 

Inhabitants.^     Patagonia  is  imtabited  by,^  variety  jd^ 
Indian  tribes,  among  which  are  the  Pata^bns,  frcm 
whoni  the  country  takes  its  nalne.    They  are  exceed^ 
ingly  hardy*  brav^,  and  active,/  making  u(e  pf  thel/ 
arms,  which  are  bows  and  anpws  beaded  with  fitnts, 
With  amazing  dexteritf. 


i9a      GENERAL  OBSERVATIONS  oji 

As  to  the  religion  or  government  of  thefe  Tavajves, 
\re  have  no  certain  information.  Some  have  reported 
that  thefe  people  believe  in  invifible  po^jii»  both  e^ood 
and  evil ;  and  that  they  pay  a  tribute  of  gratituas  to 
the  one,  and  deprecate  the  wrath  smd  vengeance  of  tht 
other. 


GENERAL   OBSERVATIONS 
UPON  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

WE  have  now  traVerfed  the  feveral  provinces  of 
that  extenfive  region  which  is  comprehendeil 
between  the  Ifthmus  of  Darien  and  the  fifty-fourth  de- 
gree of  fbuth  latitude.  We  have  takeii  a  curTory  view 
^the  rivers»  the  ibil«  the  clun^e.,  the  produAions,  the 
commerce,  the  inhabitants,  Itc.  It  only  renaains  now, 
that  we  ihould  make  fuch  other  geotral  ob^rvations  as 
aatitrally  o6cur  upon  th^  fttbje^. 

Thib  luftory  of  Columbus,  together  with  his  bold  and 
«dventaroi>s  anions  in  the  dtlcovsry  of  this  country, 
■refiiffici^tly  knovhn,  to  all  who  have  paid  any  atten- 
tion' to  hillory.  His  elevated  1mihd  fuggefted  to  hirh 
id^  ili^penor  to  any  otlier  man  of  his  d^e,  and  his  afil 
jllgrmg  gtnius  pirompted  him  to  make  greater  and  more 
^iitt^  eibrto  for  ne#  difcoverie^  He  croii^d  the  ex- 
tenfive Atlantic;  and  bro>ight  to  view,  a  wai'Id  unheard 
•f  l>y  the  pebpk  of  the  ancient  hemifphere.  This  ex- 
cited an  eiiterpHiii]lg<,  avarfcibus  fpirit  among  the  tnhab- 
StantaW  Eordpe  ;  raid  they  Aocked  to  America,  for  the 
jp^xrpofes  of  caniagC'  and  plunder.  Accordingly,  a  fcene 
of  barbarity  hais  been  aded,  of  which  Soum  Amn-ic^ 
Has  i»e6n  the  principal  theatre,  which  fhocks .  the  hu- 
^anhindf  and>almoli  daggers  belief.  ^  Noibonerhad 
the  Sp^is^rdsiet  foot  upon  the  Ataeriban  continent, 
than  uey  laid  ctaim  to  the  foil,  to  the  mme8»  and  tq  the 
iiirvic^^  the  natives,  wherever  tlieyj  came.  Cburi- 
tn^  mttfi  v^vaded»  kingdoms  were  joyertumed,  inno- 
cence was  attacked,   and  happineis  tad  no  afylum. 

Dcfpottfm 


S  O  t^  i  H     AMERICA. 


2PJ 


Derpotifm  and  crudtyi  with  all  their  terrible  fcoufgct, 
attended  their  advances  in  every  part.  Th^y  we«t 
forth,  they  conquered,  they  ravaged,  they  dcftroyed. 
No  deceit,  no  cruelty  was  too  great  to  be  made  ufe  of, 
to  fatisfy  their  avarice;  Juftice  was  difre^ardeJ,  and 
mercy  formed  no  part  of  the  chara^er  of  thefe  inhu- 
man conquerors.  They  were  intent  only  on  the  proif- 
ecution  ofj  fchemes  moft  degrading  and  raoA  fcanda- 
lous  to  the  human  charadler.  In  South  America,  the 
kingdoms  of  Terra  Firma,  of  Peru,  of  Chiii,  of  Para- 
guay, of  Brazil,  and  of  Guiana  fucccffively  fciLafacri'- 
ficc  to  their  vicious  ambition.  The  hillor/  cf  their 
feveral  reduAions  is  to*  lengthy  to  be  infcrted  in  a 
work  of  thi&  kind.*  Let  us  then  turn  from  thtfc  dlC- 
treiling  fcenes  ;  let  us  leave  the  political  world,  where 
nothing  but  fnoftacles  of  horroi  arc  pr^f.-ntcd  to  our. 
view-^where  Icencs^of  blood  and  carnage  diilrmft  the 
imagination — where  the  avarice,  injuflicc  and  inhu* 
manity  of  men  furnifh  notliing  bat  utieaiy  fcnfations  j 
let  us  leave  thefe,  I'fay,  and  enter  en  the  natural  .world, 
Nvhofp  laws  are  cDnftant  and  uni form,  and  where. beau- 
tiful, grand  and  fublinie  Cibjtifts  cwRttnuoIly  preient; 
themfelves  to  oujr  view. 

We  have  *ilready  given  a  dcXcription  o£thoft'  be^a* 
tiful  and  fpacious^  rivers?,  \vhich  every  where  jnteffe^ 
this  country. ;  the  next  thiYig  th-^t  will  engage  u^t.at'T 
tentioUi  is  thrtt  immsnfe  chuin  cf  ritountains*  which  rua4^ 
from  one  end  of  the  continevit  to  the  ptiier,  '  i^t;iigiil5 
of  thfele  enoriiKriis  maifcs,  which  riie  to  fuoh  prptligiovi 
heights  above  the  humble  furface  of  tlie  earth,  whejfc 
almort  all  miyikiud  have  fixed  their  tefidence  ;  of  tbofft 
mafles,  which  in  one  part  are  crewncd  with  impijnetra* 
ble  and  anciviit  forefts,  that  hiivc  never  refour.ded  wijth 
the  fircke  of  the  hatchet,- and  in  anctber,  >aiTe.  th.-*ir 
to\yering  tops  and.  ftop  the  clouds  in  their  cQU^ilc^t 
V'hUe  in  orhtr  part*  thuy  keep  tb^  traveller  at  a  dil- 
tance  frqm  their  fumniits,  either  by  ramparts  of  i^^^^ 
that  furround  them,  or  Jrciji  vclUcs  of  flanie  HlTuing 
forth  frotii  the  frtghtful  and. yawning  caverns  ;,mafle$ 
giving   rife'  to   iiiipetaoas   torreuis,    defccnding   with 

A  a  2  dscadful  , 

♦  The  reader  will  find  the  be  ft  hiftory  cf  thc(c  tfagic^  jEc(&CI| 
ia  Di>  KcbecUba's  HiAof y  ojt  Svuth  ^cfica,  '    ' 


<m|PT*!*^.*- 


094 


WEST      I  KD  I  E  8. 


dreidful  noife  from  their  open  (idcif  to  rivers,  foumiiin.4 
and  boiling  rprinn :  At  thcle  appearances*  1  fay,  every 
beholder  is  fixed  in  aftoniihxneiit. 

The  height  of  the  mo/l  elevated  point  In  the  Pyre, 
nees  is,  according  to  Mr.  Caflini,  6,646  fe;;t.  The 
height  of  the  mountain  Gemmi,  in  the  canton  of 
Berne,  is  10,110  feet.  The  height  of/ the  Pilce  ot' 
Teneriffe  is  I3»i78  feet.  The  height  of  the  Chimlx). 
razoy  the  moll  elevated  point  of  tlie  Andes,  is  20,280 
feet.  Upon  companion,  tht  hieheil  part  of  the  Aa* 
des  is  7,102  feet  higher  than  the  rike  of  Tencrife,  tho 
moil  elevated  mountain  knuwn  in  ihe  ancieut  hcniiP 
phere.  '      ' 


see 


Hsassrrtass 


T 


Weft  India  Iflands. 


BETWEEN  North  and  South  America,  lie  a  muJd- 
tude  of  iOands,  which  arc  called  the  Weft  Indies ; 
and  whi^h*.  fuch  as  are  worth  eulttvation,  now  belong 
to  fix  European  powers,  rh*  Great  Britain,  Spain^ 
Francef  Sweden^  Holland,  and  I>etiniark,  a&  foUdws  ; 

The  BaiTisH  cia.l'm 
kupnaica,  St.  Vincent, 

Barbadoes^  Ihlevls, 

«t.ehri(|opher^»  Moat(errat« 

;Atitigua»  '     Barbuda, 

Greuada  and  the  Qtena-  Angitilla,* 

diaes,  Bermudas, 

I>ominU}a»  The  Bahama  Ifliuii^ 

Br  Aim  claims 

l^argaretta> 
juah  Fernandds«  in  thi^' 
Pacific  Ocean. ' 
The  Fkk«t.^  claim 
HiTiittikiola  br  St.  Dbmingo«       St.  Lu«ia, 
)vf^rtim6o,  JpeT^a  &M|rigaIsmtt> 

Oandalogpe,  Tobago* 

,  ^  -  Tkt  6s«»«  ^Uim 

St.  9vtholomei^*  That: 


C4ba» 
!^orto  Ricc^A 
T]:ini)(Udj^ 


WEST      INDIES, 


2(>; 


The  Dutch  cUim 
The  Iflands  of  St.  £u-  Curailbu,    or   Curacoa> 

ilatiat  Saba. 

Dkhmakk  cliims 
The  lfkn6s  of  St.  Croi»,  St.  John**. 

St.  T])omas» 

The  clicnate  tn  a))  the  Weft  India  iflands  is  nwvXf 
the  fame,  aUowihs  for  thofe  accidental  differences 
which  the  feveral  ntuations  and  qaalities  of  the  lands 
lliemfelves  produce.  As  they*  lie  within  the  tropics^ 
and  the  fun  goes  quite  over  their  heads,  pafiing  beyond 
them  to  the  north,  and  never  returning  farther  n-om  a^i^y 
of  them  than  about  30  degrees  to^the  fouth^  they  would 
be  continually  fiihjc^ted  to  an  extreme  and  ihtolerHbie 
heat,  if  tlic  trade  winds,  rifmg  gradually  as  the  fun  giith- 
ers  llrength,  did  not  blow  in  upon  them  from  the  fea, 
and  refireHi  the  air  in  fach  a  xi»anner,  as  to-  enable  them 
to  attend  their  concerns  even  under  the  meridian  fui  •. 
On  the  other  hand,  as  the  night  advances,  a  breeze  b«-^ 
gins  to  be  perceived,  which  blows  fmartly  from  the* 
md,  as  it  were  frotn  the  centre^  towards  the  fea*^  to  all 
f  oints  of  the  coHipafs  at  once.  <    , 

By  the  fame  remaHcable 'providence  in  the  difpoliilg 
of  things,  k  isi  that  when  the  fun  has  made  a  great  t>rog- 
refs  towards  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  and  becomes  in  a 
manner  vertical,  he  drkws  after  him  fuch  a  vaft  body  0^ 
clouds,  which  ihield  them  from  his  diredl  beams ;  .aiid» 
diifohrin^  mtof  rain»  cdtl  thjb  atr»  and  refreih  thccous^ 
try,  thirty  with  the  long  drought,  which  common^ 
prevails,  from '^thc  begioning  ot  .January  to  tfa«  latt^ 
end  of  May^ 

The  rains  make  the  only  didtnAlon  of  feafons  in  th« 
Weft  Indies  ;  the  trees  are  green,  the  whole  year  round  j 
they  have  ni^  cold,  np^ofts,  no.inows,  and  but  rare!/ 
feme  hail  j.the  ftorms  of  hail  ar^,  howcvef,  very  vie- 
lent  whe^  they  happeioi»  and  the  hailftonesi  f  ecy  great 
andheavyk  -5*       ^ 

The  ^and  ftai^k  commodity  cf  the  W^ft  tidies  is 
iiigar.  The  Pprtoguefe  were  the  firft  who  cuhiltated  it 
la  Azbentci* '  Ths  juice  of  the  f^gar  cane  is  the  reoft 
lively,  esodlenv  mlhe;l69i^  clo^mg  ivimkk  niatur^ 

Thef 


1^6     BRITISH  WEST  INDIES. 

They  computei  thae,  ,wbeii  tlHngs  mre  well  managed^ 
the  ram  and  molafles  pay  the  charges  of  the  plantation, 
and  the  fogara  are  clear  gain. 

The  quantity  of  rum  and  molafles  exported  fhmi  all 
the  Britifli  Weft  India  iflandiit.  in  I789».  to  all  parts, 
wai,  accurately*  as  follows : 

OallOM.  OattoM. 

Rum  9f49S,i77.of  which  1,485,461  came  to  the  U.  S. 
Molafles  21,19a      do.  -     1,000,000      do. 

The  lilands  of  the  Weft;  Indies  lie  in  the  form  of  a 
bow,  or^femicircle,  ftretching  almoft  from  the  coaft  cjL 
Florida  north,  to  the  mtx  Oronoko»  in  the  main  conti-; 
nem  of  South.  America.. 


••- 


BHITESH   WEST   INDIES;. 


-■«»< 


ty.      .    .|  *nr*^HIS  iiland;  the  moi^-  Taluable  ap« 

Jamaica.^  1  pendige  to  the  britifli  dominions 
in  America*  is  180  miles  long  and  60  broad  ;  of  an  oval 
fbrm,  lyihe  between  iy'^  54  N.  lat.  and  about  the  lon^ 
gitudfc  of  Philadelphia. 

Jamaica  is  divided,  into  the  counties  of  Middlefex,. 
^brry  and  •Cornwall,  which -cont<klh>5,ooo  whites,  and 
i{Oo,oqp  negroes.N 

':^is .  idand  is  interCeifked ..  with  a  ridge  of  deep  rocks, 
from  which  iffue.a  vaft  number  of  fmau  rKc, ;  :  f  p'urc,. 
wholiefome  water^  whieh'fall  down^in  catar  V.t<u  ;n: .'  to- 
gether with  the  ftupendotts  height  of  the  x.ioantains, 
^nd  rhe  bright  verdure  of  thetrees  through- which  they 
flbW)  i^orm  a  inoll  delightful  landicape. 

The  ^geO:  daf  in  fummer  i»  about  1 5  houts^nd  the 
ihort'^^iv  w'«iter  rboct  eleven;  but  the  roofbufual 
divirr  IS  rf  iiie  ieafons  in>the  Weft  Indtes>  arc  into  the 
dry  iwd  >' -'v^  ferfons, . 

Sugar  is  the  erealeft  and  moft  valuablf  prodt^^Iot 
f»ll^iflaiML  'Qfthift  artide  wa;^4orted  to  Great 

Bmain> 


BRITISH  WEST  INDIES.      2iy) 


Britain*  in  ^  )^— 1,185,5 19c wt.  It  projnres  alfo,  co* 
(oa*  ginger, pimento,  or,  us  it  is  caUchU  j<«ni«ui  a  ]><(  per, 
4ind  vulgarly  HlUpiec}  the  wild  cinnumon  i  the  nutci  • 
netl,  wboie  fruit,  thonvh  uncommoni '  dcli^^h.iul  totiic 
eye,  contains  one  of  the  woril  poifuns  hi  natorc  t  the 
cahbage  treei  remurkahle  for  the  hardneis  of  its  wood, 
which,  when  dry,  is  incorruptible,  and  hardly  yicld<^  to 
aiiy  kind  of  tool ;  tKe  palina,  afTwding  oil,  much  eftec. 
eJ  by  ihr  f;. .'  1  j;5,  botir  in  food  and  medicine  ;  thefo:*," 
tree,  w*"o:\  Uwn  .  anfwer  all  pvrpofcs  of  vraOting;  .the 
margio/c  xud  cUn  btfrk,  ufeful  to  tanners ;  the  fuUrc, 
rr.d  reawc  :a,'to  the  dyek-s;  and  hitdiy  the  logwood* 
'^  ^  ndigo  plant  was  formerly  much  cultivated,  and  the  . 
cotton  tree  is  ftill  fo.  They  have  maiae,  or  Indian  corn, 
Guinea  coni,  peat  of  Various  kindsy  with  a  variety  (if 
roots.  Fniits  grow  in  great  plenty;  citrons,  Scvillor 
and  China  oranges,  coitunon  and  fweet  lemons,  iimos» 
Ihadocs,  pomegranates^  mamees,  fourfops,  ^ap^,  pine 
apples,  prickly  pears,  allicada  pears,  melons,  pompions^ 
guavas,  and  feteral  kinds  of  beni«s ;  alfo  garden  Aufis- 

in  great  pldity^vatid  god^  , 

FortRoyil  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Jamaica.  The 
convenience  of  its  harh€|iir  induced  the  inhabitants  to 
build  their  capital  on  this  fpct,  though  the  place  was  a 
hot  dry  fand^  an4  produced  none  ot  the  neceffaries  (^  • 
lite,  not  even  frelh  water.  Bui  the  advantige  of  its  ^ 
harbour,  and  the  refort  of  pirates  made  it  a  place  of 
great  confideration.  lliefe  pirates  were  called  Baccav 
ncers;  they  fought  with  a  defperute  bravery,  and  tliea 
fpent  their  fbrtuiie  in  this  capkal,  with  as  inconfiderate 
diliipatif.M.    About  the  year  r693,  tio  place  of  its  fize 

ald^be  eompared  to  this  town  for  trade,  Wealth,  and 
cntire'corruption  of  manner^.  In  the  month  of  Jane, : 
in  this  year,  an  earthquake,  which  (Hook  the  whole  ifl* 
and  to  its  foundations,  totally  averwhelmed  this  city,  Gy 
as  to  leave  in  tone  quarter,  not  even  the  fmallcft  velUge 
remaining*  In  two  mintites  the  earth  opened  and  f^aU 
lowed  up  nine-tenths  of  the  houfes,  atid  two  thoufand 
people.  The  water  gu^cd  c^ut  from  the  opennig^  of 
the  earth,  and  tmnUed  the  people  on  heaps  ;  but  fome 
9f  them  ^d  the  goiM  fortune  to  caich  the  beams  aa4^ 

rafter* 


:tr* 


ants     B  It  IT!  S  H  W  »6  T  TKl^  I>BS 

rafters  of hcrufcs,  and  werie  afterwards  faTedbj  boats* 
Several  ihips  were  caib  away  in  the  barboor*v  and  tbe 
^wan  frigate,  which* laf  in  the  dock  to  careen,  .wasxar^ 
jiied,  over  tbe  tppjs  of  finking  houfei^  and'did  not  overfet, 
bat  a£^ficd.a  retreat  to  fome  bundreds  of  people*  who 
favcd  thafj lives  upon  ber»  Atr  officer,  who  "Was  in  the 
toWo  r'  this  time,  fays,  the  earth  opened*and  (hut  very- 
quick  .1  ibme  places}  and  he  faw^veralpeoj^efink 
down  to  the  middle,  and  ptbers  appeared  with  their 
heads  ju ft' above  ground,  and  were  fqueezed^to  death. 
At  Savanfiab*  abpve  a  thoufaAd  acres  were  funk,  with 
the  bou|es  and  pegple  in  them  i  the  place  appeared  for 
foane  time  like-dt  lake,,  ivas  afterwards 'dried  uprbut.no 
houfes  we^  faei^  OlA  fo^ie partsy  moui^ns  wetefpUt; 
and  at  one  pl|c^  a  phqit^tieai  w^  remoyed  to  the  |lifH 
tantceef  «mil(l^  Ttiaj  again  rebuilt  tbe  ci^i  but  it 
was  aXectvOfi  tiBie»  ten  yeais  after,  deftroyed  by  a  great 
fire.-  The  eitraovdtnafey  conFenicnce  of  the  ham:, 
tempted  them^^to  bttild  it  once  moie ;  and  once  more» 
•i»:i78t^tt  was^latd  <in>  nibfaHh  bf  af^urrricane  the 
sioft  terrible  on  record.  ,  ^utfa  repeated  calamities' 
ftem^i  to  mark  out  this  placie  at  a  devoted  fpot  t  the 
Inhabitants  therefore  refolved  to  fbirfake  it  forever,  aad 
to  iMMe  lit  tbe^yvwi^  they-bmlt-KiMOSTON,  whid 
tt  now  the  capital  of  tbis4fland;  It  i^fiftsof  upwards 
of  one^ttu^iand  hoiifeSt  Not^  |rom  KiQ|p<^ott  ftands 
6C.  Jago  de  la  Vega,  oi  Spa^  tow*,  which,  though 
at  prefent  inferior  to  Kiagfton,  ^Z9<30k  the  capital  of  I 
Jamaica,  and  is  dill  the  feat*of  goyernmenr,  and  the 
place  where  the  courts  of  iuftiee  are  Jbld. 

This  ifland  was  originally  a  pwrt  o^  the  Spanifh  eft- 
ptre  in  America.  It  was  reduced,  under  the  BritifE 
dominions  in  1656,  and  ever  finee  has  been  fubjeftto 
die  ^ngUlh.  The  government- of  it  Is  one  of  the  rich* 
eft  places  neit  to  that  of  Ireland»  th  the  difpofsd  of  the 
crown,  ttie  ftanding  falary  being  a^ioo/.  per  annum, 
an4  the  aflembly  commonly  voting  the  pernor  as 
much  more;. which,  tvith  the  ot^er  petquifites,  make 
it  on  the  whote  little  inferior  to  10,100/.  per  annum. 

Ji4M4adMi,J  Mhu  Ulandi  tbe  moft  vafterly  of  all  the 
Caribbees,  isiUtvated  in  59.  degrees  weft  loogitudc,  and 

n 


%    • 


sr  annom. 


•B*rtlSH  *^iST  INDIES.        t^ 

13  degrees  north  lalitude.  It  is  i\  miles  in  lengtht 
afl4  14  in  brendth.  Wlien.the  Enelifli,  fome  time  after 
the  year  i625r&A  landed  here,  itiiad  not  the  lead  ap- 
I  pesrance  of  erir  having  been  peai$!ed  e^en  by  ravages* 
lliere  wai  ho  kin^  oHwafts,  no'  fintit;  no  herbs  nor 
lOOts,  fit  for  fiipporting  the  life  df  man.  In  1050,  it 
contained  more  than  50*000  whites,  and  a  much  greater 
nomber  Of  negro  and  Indian  ikves ;  the  latter  they  ac- 
quired 1>y  means  not  at  all  to  their  honour  /  for  they 
feixed  upon  all  thofe  unhappy,  men,  and  tarried  them  in-  I  j 

to  flavery—a  pra^oe  which  has  rendered  the  Caribbee 
I  Indians  irreconcileatfle  to  the  £ngliih  everflnce.  They 
liiad  begun,  a  little  before  Hiis,  to  cultivate  fugar  to  great 
hdvantage.  The  <  number  of  flaves  was,  in  confequence 
[oFtheir  wealth,  ftill  augmented  ^  and,  m  167:6,  it  is  fup- 
pofed  tha^  their  number  amounted  to  iddtooo,  which, 
[together  m'ith  f  0,006  whites^  nulke  150,000  on  this 
[imll  fpot ;  a  degree  of.  population  Unknown  in  Hpl- 
[land,  in  China^  or  any  other  part  of  the  world  moft  re- 
Downed'fisr  nuiidb^ers. 

Their  annual  export^  at  this  time,  in  fugar,  indigo, 
^nger,  cotton,  and  citron  water.  Were  about  350,600/^m 
land  their  dirculattiig  £a(K  at  home  was  200,000/.  Tbil-  ? 
Iillimd  ^n<^e  has  JMs^  much  on  the  decline.  Hieir 
InttmbeFS,.  at'prefeht,  are  faid  to  be  26,000  whttes,  and 
]iOQ,ooo  flaveSk  Their  capital  is  Bridgetown,  where 
Ithfi  governor  reildes,  whofe  employment  isfaid  toibe 
[vorUi  $ooot*  p«r  annum.  They  have  a  college,  found* 
led  and  Well  endowed  by  CoLCodrington,  who  was  a 
ptive  o£  thi#  iflandi  Barbadoes,  as  well  as  Jamaica, 
fuffered  much  Vf  hurricanes,  fires,  and  the  plague. 

St,  Chrifi^pher's.^  This  iflandi  commonly  called  by 
jthe  Tailors^  St.  Kitt^«,  is  fitti^ed  in  62  degrees  weu 
longitude,  and  17  degrees  north  latfitude,  about  14 

tgttes  from  Antigua,  a(nd  is  no  miles  long  and  7  broacU 
It  has  its  name  firOm  the  famous  Chriftopher  CiJ!um<> 
bus,  who  difcOvered  it  for  the  Spaniards.  Hiat  natioii,[ 
however,  abandoned' it  as  unworthy  their  attention;  ^ 
ind,  in  1626,  it  was  fettled  by  the  French  and  Eng^ 
Fonjtitiftly  I  bfit  entirdy  ceded  to  &e  l^ulb  by  the  peat^e 
^Utrecbc*    HkMu  cottott^  ginjgeiv  a^  the  trc^c&l 


3^     PitlTIS^  Wi!|T   INMBfs, 

fr|iits,,it  produced,  m  i787»  iiU397cwt.  of  fugaff.  It 
is  co;n|>uted  that  this  i^nd  ^pntaips  6,009  w)|ites»  and 
36,000  negroes. 

^ntigu/(k%  Situated  ia  .61  dejgpree;&  weft  loBgitudei 
ani  17  dej^ees  north  Jatrtudisy  19  ;of  a  dr^uhir  form, 
lit'dT  2K>0nii^SLOver  ew|y  way,,  it  Jias  onie  of  the  bcft 
harbom-s  in  the  We^lndies ;  ami >t$ •capital*  St.  John's, 
whic^,  before  the  ^  4^  4769»  was  iarge  and  wealthy, 
is  thc'^dmary  feat  ef  the  gf)¥emor..  of  the  Leeward 
jQands.  Antigiaa  isr  fuppofed  tp  contain  about  7000 
whitef » aii4  .^OyQoq  iUveK 

jSrettfJ/tamltlk  Grtifi^aitilu^'l  Ovenada  is  iituated  in 
12^  north  liuitudci^  and  69^  «feft^  ionptode*  ahput  30 
l^aguei  S.  W^pC  Bsirj^adoes.  AThis  iwnd  is  fatd  to  be 
3$^niU^iiV  leng^  and  ijrin  lu?fadUi<  -  It  produces  fu. 
gar,  co$ee^  tqajH^co,  and.  iiidigq,  f  A  lake  on  the  toj^  of 
a  hill  in  thiia  twiddle  of.  the^fland*  fupi^s  it  plentifully 
with  fmall  river»>  whijch  a^om  and  rartili^^  it. 

Domimca*^     Situated  iiif  6*^  N.  Iatitu4e»  and  in  62* 


^.. 


W.;  longitude,  4i6s  about  half , way  between^Caudaloupe 
and  M^inlco.  Ik  i»  9«^?r  aS  iai|es,i&'  length,  ahd  13 
.breadth  ;  It  obtau^d  i^  nsuue^j^om  being  difcovered 
y  Colui^bus  on  a  Sunday.  -  Xh$  ii$i|<if»f  this  ifland  is 
thiut  ana  bjetter  adapted  tothe  reaxing  of  cottooix  than 
fuga*'  I  but  the  fides  of  the  hills  he^  the  fineft  larees  in 
th«  ^eft  iodiest  and  the  J^and  is  wcU  fuppliedwith 
rlVutets  of  good  water.  It  exported  fn  Great  Britain, 
in  1,7^1  .upwards  of  50yOQOcwt»  of  fug^t* 

^'St,  ^incefit.2  Situated  in  ^3°*  H.  ratitu<3c.  and  6i<> 
Wi{  longitude^  50,  miles  northweft  of  Ibrbadoes,  30 
miies  ibuth  of  St,  Lucia,  is  about  24  miles  in  kngtb, 
and  tSin  breadth.  It  is  very  fruitful.  It  ientto  Great 
Britain^;^in  «i  790*.  76»747cwt.  of  fugar.  ' 

^  Nevit,  and  MontferraU'\     Ifwo'  fjnall  iflandsy  lying  I 
between  St.  Chriftof>her's  and  Antigua,  kielth^  of  them  J 
18  miles  in  oircumterence,  and  are  laid  to  contain  5,000 
whites,  and  10,000  ilaves.    They  fcnt  to  Great  Brit- 
ain, in  1787,  io8»324cwt.  of  fugar/  but  much  lefs  ia 

B^t^jmAt).]    Jptiiated^  guiles'  i^oxth  pf  Antigua}  ii 
i^n^^  fiR  i^gth,  smd  ta  in  br^idth^  and  lertllcij 
The  Inhahitiftts  anioiiftt  10  ibottt  liSbb. 


w 


■#■ 


VIST  IKDItS.     391 

iMoHt^mSm  la%i^«Dd  to  l»Nwa»   tlib ii^ 
feaiy  fei»l* 

dai^a  Sp9i^iav«l|.«aa  mtxt  calM  SemnicrtMiliftfid^ 
from  Sir  CM»rg»  Soflntfi^s,  irlw  tris  fliittwi«6M  <iii 
their  ilMifH  in  i^,  \BillM^^^<ffL;S»m!Mk.    Hiey 
are  <itiiat«<l  in  fif ;N;  ktiftulf ,  pA%f  W.  lon^^e, 
diftant  from  chr  llM«inu4  *b(Nft  i»so0  ladgaei  raM 
from  C>arciltQa»  joa   tThe  iilaii^ 'ik'ro«lK7  aiid  tetifvh. 
In  the  in^f^ii^k^jr  inAy  1^^^   tMcvm^^^  fe, 
nam/  p^ic«%ivj|li  «flki(|hf  tlmttiiiiiM4^  1^ 
left,  and  i^  UfMiffiibW  oflf  fc  lK#^lb  /  Tkr  a^r  ir 
beaithj  i  a  «oiilinual  %rn^j^Yaflls    1^  iaKiiiitiiili^ 
Laiemisittoiit  $  if  oV'a^iiOCiiD  afr  it6U«i!^ilfi'th^lii|l 

weft  4««*  ^  IW  extend  «lt%  tl«  toftH  of  Bsm, 
onite  d^wki^fiv  C^i^ftud  i|^«M4to  be  500  ilii  millilitr^ 
lioBie 


and  MU«i  aUI^,  IMi^^W^i  *iiiniiiAii^  Wj(|i£  fW 

lloia^  ol&eii»^«v^^lil8^        1110^  liirtae,  on  wlud^  Se 

^-^t.;  sT%M#l;i  tlie  «r4 1%  mci^imhiitki^ 


ansBJi 


Msap 


PMPMI 


Sp;M»g|,^\^?liai^ 


1   • 


,«Wf^ 


J» 


>t 


•'A. 


'     ,^-».'  *    •,'.   f>*5  ♦ 


.'U    -^ 


.  f-l 


*•>*       » 


1 


1inli<ii'(ii'i^lfilM§ij"itiiii'iiii|(itlir 


Uitt^ 


IM 


Mat^utttti^  ^S^^iMk^ki  ^i^ti^^ 
knd  is  Skbbut  40  RitUs  taiei»^iitta  24itt6reiMJi^i  1^4 


1  -,t 


*-v 


M 


nvlicM  t|i€  Mt  StmM'HkMi^  w^^^  is 


^  i>ii(  bfllVitig  fofne  ^Oi^  J^  it  tt.foiad 

ff  xm^^tkkAt  fm  ck«  lAg&iib  'aif^n*.  to  ^ouch 

fiH  to  the*  cllcka^  pviSttci  Slloyiffiii  CniSx*  It 
{terns,  one  AUauiukf  SMfk*  p  ,0«^ti^h|iiab»yWas  left 
ti&lmM4(^  S0firfi^yM  ¥f  c^pmht  iriltre  he 
Ut^m  iiH^  jr^ui^  ttpl  lie  f  AS  ^eovemdliirj^aftaia 


l^i^i.tfieip»^ 
vovlred  ftrqmi  i 

It  UMiii.l' 


„.,„  ,  -^^tliehi  4<M»»f>»  'Mlife  ibark- 
iiuii&^, yMch  ]>rlet^0«      Some 


V-Vii 


',  «'"i^.  w 


it tte|>9li|lE<i#  Die  &f^^ii(j^  ik 


J..  i^l 


Ji       f'  A 


wmaaam  ,  ..  . 

Doroingo,4u  the  mm  abpdnant  4^a]lfl«ti-'^drHMil^ 

the  Ereneklia^  lhc  rd«  po^ftd^iVi^^MKi^  ^e 

l«'gr,^4iiiipmtamoi)%bililstrtt^^         ;  '  * ''* 

gwes  ofNllat,  and  III  6^  digfeiif  W.  tong,  lyin^(igrtt 
40  dcgBBi*  Ni  W;  of  B«tbadi)«,  is-^^oflt  ^5^«|^^ 


V*  V 


i^ 


•loftg,4uwl?58^|Mki   Its  M  isi  i<^Uy^»^, 

that  k  wSfe4  HI '^^  Weft  Hidie^^itli  tte^d^tfi^^ 

hMhmm^  ■'  '  ■••■  "^"^^^^- :>       '^^ 


and  SuChiitefhifs,      f 


Jputclt- 


■'n'*, 


,-•  .^' 


>^(f**^* 


..vf 
•■'V 


•J:/.- 


p.''' 


.>»  I,'* 


m\''/  riiliiiiT"  Tf  II liijifM' ir   y"Mi"^-Tl 


*p 


.  \ 


t    I 


t 


■u.» 


Dutch 


"    <   .• 


^  1   y, 


tTUATEP.  in  17**  2/ 


good  iccoitt^^  5^Vlijtci, 

1^  bl  li  oen^lvitiorio  hk*  .9  or  10 


iv,^- 


^.„ ^^ ii#ipfirMk;ii«iicsi. 


mmn^ 


JDwiih  Wefi  Indies: 


*  I  »*■ 


•An* 


6.  irJu-  A  Kii»c<nliUcriiMf  merobii'oriliepi^^ 
su  retmntt  j^  bee«i. it  ihtiaieil  1^.64°  wft  loif .  and* 
kS*'  K.  l^,  nboiit  15  isU«s  in  chrcmnfereiice»  and  hm  a 
fafe  and  eoirmbdwilS  ;!|tAr|^our.  It  prodvces-  uptvanii  < 
of  i^odo  Jiogili^tiils  of^lul^i  ij^i<ics  otker  Weft  India  , 
coii*i^ij^tfes;'  '■'■'■/  '  "'  '"  '  ■■■'■"  : 'i'-^  ■ 
St»  Cfiin^  or  $anh(^^,  anotner  fmall  and  ni^akhiF 
SliMf  fci«tf  ab^ttt.  fift  I«%j«i  wft  «fc'  St.  ITio^ai^  ten 
or^iW^W\tmmt«  In  Icti^jiSfe  an4'!*fe!»'orif^  it 


■I' 


K   r 


».,^  i 


f^TJR  >lniwlete  of  I**  glpbem)N^ 

k.  AflBAiA  i^ctfu^  didiijl^! 

Ifc-   '^I^^^^W^^WW     '^l^'^^W^f^r*'   't'^^P^JPI^^R,*' 


f«v^ 


#'# 


K£i|^lVcbVERttS. 


•li  die  ttft  HidE»  'Cdlhpfttr)  Wi  wrtcktd  on  one  of 

fhn;  In  Avfnlft  ijl^s^  '  FfM  <bi  afiiotklb.|iveii  of 
St\0«nAiVf  Ca];^'  WfUbn;  who comma^ed . the 
pnWIr  H  a^()ea^  thatthejr  are  fituatcd  betvrcen  the 
,  S^^  ^tki&fsrttioi  h6f«hl4t{ttt<ft^  irndb^i^lcn  130 
attd  i  56  4fireej|  ,of «&ft  fongito^  ftw  Gr^wlch. 

Ti^  natlvet  of  th^  lAuOt  art  a  ftottt»  ^ell  made 

'(beople.         .  ••'  '. 

^  Th^gdv^iftemUmoiit^hica],  aiiltlic1tiii|^al> 

JHjlite,  but  hit  poWef  is  etdrtWi  i^t  Utith:  the  ii^ild- 

ntfs  of  a  ath^  thiui  dt  ^ip^^. 

'    li;  ip|»eaH  tKat  wh^ii  the  lSgl!(h  were  diro<i«MMm  one 

of  thiefe  iflandl^^tiilt  *»rci^re?tft«d  bf  th^  iilitlres>5th 

the  pt^a  hW^viHitf  likd  h6fptti%f  i  tfnd  tiU  th€it  <ie. 

partutft,  >^en|l|^  the  iitfl^llc<^xt(^  ttitypiatioi. 

¥  They  felt  tfp^dple  #e«e  diftirjeffisdt  andiftCbii^- 

^^etU%»  #fihi»l^tlre]f^oal4:%0^  1^  to 

tt  wan  tidt  that  ^Wf  liitlj^ibt^e.  iwai  he^. 

^d^titaids^fts  fikf 00)^  wiifira  diftaf^  cjf:c  to  #ctn. 

i.  ^  ft  t»aii'  the  pittfic  emo^^^  bi  ixifvrt  :h*^cy.c- 

hiadm    It  was  1^  lo^i^  n^  to  maft^    |«  wasWicene 

ifeitheterrt'!'*''' :''^''^'  \  ■  •■  ^V-/iv'- ■ 

b^  S^*  Jolec^  In^rah^un^  i»fBoft^  <bihmandei>o£ 
thi  bi^aatiiu^  Ho^,  on  the.  1^  of  A|nJ,*  1751. 
11w7  lip  bcti*eett  ««  *^  aod.  a*  «'  S;  lat-i^acd  bMwe^ 
H<^*  «9<'  atid  \^  it  ^.  16^/  fto#:Loiti^  tlfey 
wfitm  111  milil}%r»,  which  CsU>tr  IMiahitaii  BahKd  as 

>  #;ife^^|tiidi^         C^k^^iit^  dii tfaj&  t^ 

0f Jti^r  lf^^  vlt  ^^itwi^  h4tireci)t^  i  t*^  io^fl^ » 7*5l' 
^i.r«»MiiOiMuex  w^  ii£An«erH»^Ea««i&c^#iihmM^ 


•*<'■■ 


-  _f  ■■ 

I,.    (    ,-^'tVv 


i./= 


Hiw  biscfot 


8. 


*,i 


m 


long;  '84iMp«morOulielir«m-f«r^j0pdta|  iiii 
Capt.  CmJk  W91  o#fMHiii«i,  ^lilcKiriHiiBlMVloliiMMm 
*  lit  f»i  tbe  liriiole  ilbiid  MMiiiiitff  to  to4,«i6o,r  inltli- 

tb4ir1rlfiitaiiifeiil  1  fo  b<i|]i'«eiiittd  woncft  r«Mi«»U 

timtt  tTtry  daf;.  Tb^ir kigoagcit-lbft and  ntlodioi»» 
aodabotindi  witli  towfb. 


The  iid^^iiu  ol"  Otahatt»  lyelt<vc  iHjpiil  SnprtiM 
Ddtf  •  b^  at  iU^mt  itme  admowUdga  awi^jr  of  i)i-» 
bordmai^dekift  r  ihey  ofiet  ttfvtiidr  pimf  ciiriiittoM  tlii 
ttTc^f  j4Qlt»  ind'bflimtife  MiAcnctf  of  ilblinii  bi» 
it^amfjh^^  nvlMVtt  thett  ire  tHHb  Ikutttons,  o(4Uftt« 
cot  degreee  of  bap|»iotiil  OHi^te  U^^dd  to  bt  abk  t^ 
iuidoat  i|7to war  (^Mbeti  «nd.(Stioc^f%h|iiig  t^em 

^fiQi^  JUfi^  %  ^ied  U  Iponoti^  itf^*  Kofal  Soct. 

7%  Minify  ^fil^.y^  VwSt  iialMi  ««^<0 
bt  <%t.  W^  ibi.tb»ieit  ttH,  on  a« 
fi'teiidQiw  tmi'tf^pepicd '\<^  fobfift  a«f?(>i% 


\f^r 


and  btat  0^  #ffi^t  ^arU  olTfhttr  bddy  tifl(til»i|i^"^ 
t»  ^l<^  V  i^ibi«^* ^IJii^y  tcUt  a1tt)l#.>f  tb^f  Mi^» 
tnldt  tbeyji^^UlB^^^  eiafe»  they 

A&fi^  ;aMm^  ili^^^         4«^c(]ri|ered  l^^'falnM^  tint 
i)^ic|>:]iHmat<f^fl»  Uw^^  .^i^piibrbSd  dtf- 

comfqs  lil* Ci^'it^MFf  ^MoiM rottiul  itt  k  is lotciadi 
to  coafi^ef  A^  latge  iiljirtrii,  dfiMed  ftrom  eatb  -"^ 
bx  ailra^/4(n;5i#ij^  Ttejj  s^e  0ni;K 

twtf%tli«  I&«ud»3  ^$J^  miiltites  €..i^ 

iwtn  *tbe  iongjtiMJcs  ^t  ij^  f«4  iiP^ipm 
Gieetiipeh,; '-  ■  v '"     ■''  ■  •/•  '■■"■^^:\^^:-  ■ '  ■  ^  '' ':      .: ' . "  ■ 

Vt^es  0^101  cJi^c^m»^viga|ora«id  gcNT^  ' 


doa« 


J»o 


N 


DISCOVBKXIS. 


^1^^' 


3,>i 


il0oclaMD  iholt  9i^m!LC9t^  IiikitArft  voyage 
10  the  S^  6n»r  l^MMicL»ctd  Hw  teiflty  Iflandi ) 

th#  ftniti  wlucMcpaimtv  the  t^Ho  iflaods»  «od  are  ciUkd 
after  ^  fuunt  i  tii,  wdt  »  «0|lDf4tu  Atrf ty  of  botb. 
4ic  vfctnfpnU  efptotid  the  Eaftftn  coa(i  of  Kcw  Ho% 
knd,  Uillifrto  onktiown  i,  an  ixmt  of  27  4«grcei  0$ 
iitittt<iC|  6r  ufwaiids  of  a,ooo^€f»     / 

In  hii  fkcdnd  cjEpeUitkm  he  iolvcd  th€  gtcqK  problem 
of  «  iuuchcro  Contiatot*  havipg  iraFciied  jh»t  hemii- 
phet^^btt^ween/thf  Utiiudt;  of  ^*  alkd,70^  in  fuch  % 
matmet  at  not  to  Uatt  a  poffibility  of  iu  exUlcnce,  ud- 
left'0«urlhepole,,aiid.ouJLdr.  the  reach  oJF  navi^atton.^ 
During  thk  voyage  ha  dncoverfd  N^^*^  Caledoaut^  ihe 
largsU  iflandin  tlie  foaihen^  Pacifici  except  New  Zea* 
Iwnd  ;  the  i^m&  of  Georgia  t  aod  aa  uukaowD  ci$k, 
yirhji^h  he  naaaad  Saadwiehlandf  i^e  7>^^  of  the  fouth* 
eni.h«ll»i4>iiereta2Mi  having  twice  f lilted  the  tropical 
J|^>|mI  fettled  the  fittiali^nref '  the  o|d»  apd  ttuufe  iiev- 
eiailllWsdifeoteries.  :  ^ 

Bn&thelaibroxiigeis  diliuigoHM  ahm  all  the  reft» 
Jiy;  the  eneot  iid  in^rt«nce  of  it*.  difisoTerief .  Be- 
fid^t  ieveri), toller  ilttadaihi-ihe  Soulhera  FicSfic,  be 
diicoveredt  to  the  nonlhof  the  vequmoxial  liaei  tbe 

ftoMjp  taliecl  thte  Saadnridi:  Idandft  which*  'from  their 
taatton  aad  prodiMEiioai,  hid  faiwr  forbeooming  an  ob- 
Je4l  pf  confeqiiei^^  io  th<ef]r^un4)f  Europeaa^aaWn., 
tion;  than  any  other  ;difcovery  in  the  S^^uthSta.  He 
af^er^ardft  explore  Vh^c*had  JiitheK«  remaiiied  uiw 
hoowo  of  tiie  wellertt  coall  of  A)merica»>  from  Che  lat.  of 
41^  |o  70^  Aonhr  coQtaiaiiie  an  eiteutof  5*500  iniles ; 
a&ertaioedjheiptoziftiity  of  the  two  gttait  t^ntioeats  of 
Afsi  and  iM»et4^  i  l^ed  the  Oiaitl  beiweei^  them, 
and  Xorteyed  thi^  co^  our  ea<^  fide, ,  to  fuch  a  height,  ct 
^^U^^tttdei  at^  <|emonOi;rate  th<  iiiipx^icahility 
^A  i^ti^e  in  that  hemtfpheriit  Yrom  the  AiSand«  intc^ 
fkt  ^acifieDeiilfli  cither  hy  all  ealleiii  or  weftertr  courfe. 
Xn  Itotty  if  j|pi  except  the  Seaof  AiiIikv  and^^  Japan- 
ife  Aiftl^peh^o^ :  w^«h  ftiU  remata.  iilifkMxfe^t  hnown 
io,Eim*atov.he  hit^  cjooipleted  ttie-lidrokc^y  o( 

WSKWegWKw  W  ^ - 

.    ;  ,    As 


M*-^ 


V 


HEW  mscovii^fBs. 


3«t 


ThcnMiiiod  'Mtk  he  ^Ceam^  utA  h  iascMitUf 
miribc4|4)f  prcifanpiiig  ilie  ImiIA  of  ftamtii*  fprmi  a 
iit«  en  in  imilgiiiMt  M^viivitt^  tANTfliit  liU  Minctto 
^ture  igep»  ««io«g  dlt/H«4i  and  bMMfiiaoii  of  naft. 

nov*  ^^ 

TtioA'-wko  iff  ceAfcttet  ia  naval  hiftpryt  l^ed  not  ^fp" 
^t6l4atlMW  dcaraiaUtlM  adv^astagti  wludi.have 
been  ibogii^  tkiw^  jthe  madtum  of  ioo^  ▼oTaMt jt  Tea, 
We  Always  be#ii  porchafed..  That  «!readfiil  4ifiM^9 
LirUlih  4t  peculiirto  tfae.lirricc.  And  whoie  nra^t 
'  hvrt  nai^kejl  thoi  tM^  of  difcorereri  with  circomflwi- 
cH#lm(ift,too  flKickinji  to  ftlat9»  ciuft*  w^oot-tier- 
cHing^an  .nawinantal^  tmnAy  o«t*  the  livei  of  our 
feament  Ji^^e  slaved  an  intoftralile  obllado  v>  the  f^roi^  - 
ecotioiit)0^tt(»  «nt^»ptketi   <Iai>|im  fdkr^  for  C^ft 
Cookrtc^ir  cli«>milrW,  by^wpeatad  tHa^ib  iM  f*!*" 
ages  iniffktjk  pcotnidfd  to  tiw  iiuiriuikqg^  of'mm-' 
or  ^?eaTottr  ylwf,  in  uakoown  tegtfi|f/  and  nn^  t«^ 
Ay  cb«iigeti|!i<itt«l^  i^  ihe  oKniiiB,  iioi  onlrwUbont 
aileaif^^  Wi#;  vM>eA  f^o^  dimil^lhh^  tha 
trrobah%  of  H^^  tM  ihiiiiiid  d^rlt. 
••    •^:■  ■  ''■  .n-  :  •■-■•■ 


M 


^^1 


'lB$iSt^  M|tT 


I' 


!»?■;-!•%•  "«iij,_ 


r 


-"-■4       ■';  •  ''^  <, 


R 

PSWI, 


E    U    R    O    P    E. 


3n 


Tbe  chrifttaa  religion  is  tftaUiilied  tkroBi^ottt  erci^ 
part  of  Europe,  except  Ttnrkcf  i  knt  from  the  Tariont 
capacities  of  the  htunan  miail,  and  the  different  lightf 
ia  vihkk  fpeciiktiTe  opinions  are  apt  to  a|^»ear,  iSien 
▼iewed  hf  perfons  of  dilimnt  edwnttiont  and  paffionsb 
that  religion  is  dirided  into  n  naniber  of  diffwent  fed«» 
bat  which  naay  be  compirdiended  nnder  three  genend 
denominations f  ift,  tbie  Gteel:  church;  24  the  Ro» 
man  Catholic;  and  $df  mroteftantifin :  which  Uiftjs 
again  divided  into  LuthenToi  and  Calvinifin^  lb  cvl- 
ed  k<m  idither  and  Calyin,,,  the  two  d&ftingttillied  it« 
formers  d*  the  i4S|h  ccnttOT'. 

The  number  of  Roman  Catholics,  before  the  Ercneh 
Revolution,  was  eftimated  at  Qo^opOyOoo;  t^  munVer 
of  Proteftants,  at  al^t  24,000,000. 

The  languages  of  Europe  are  derived  ffotti  t^  Hx 
following;  The  Greek,  Ladn,  Tentomc  or  old  G«rn 
man,  the  Celtic,  Sclavonic,  and  Gothic.     » 

The  armies  of  all  the  counties  in  Smttpc  anoiuil  ti 
about  two  millions  of  n^en ;  fo  that  i^iijppi&fi§^  t^iuU* 
lions  qf  inliabitants  in  Europe,  no  «|or&  tim  ^ff  |||9 
whole  population  are  lbldier$.    ;  :'^''r^'X'W^-':'y'^'^'^'-    -^ 

The  greateft  part  of  £t^^  beiiig  £mateilnhoi|re  iSkt 
45th  degree  of  northern  li^ude»  tfnd  ev«n  its  ttoft 
louthem  provinces  being  f{ijt.diaant  from  the  tonwl 
zone,  the^ecies  of  organized  hodies  are  ijemck  I16  JM^!- 
merous  in  Europe  than  in  the  other  parts  of  the  sidbe. 
I'hus,  for  imftance,  upon  an  equal  number^  iquan 
miles,  the  number  of'fpecics  of  quadmpedes  m  Europe^ 
is  to  the  nomber  (rf"  them  in  Afia,  as  i  to  if,  t»  thiit  m 
America,  is  t  to'ZjJ-, and  to  that  in  Africa,  ar  t  to  t% 
and  the  iftinmber  of  the  vegetable  |^ies  in  t)ie  oth«r 
three  dsvifions  of  the  jrlobe,  is  jBtiaidr  tlS^ridf  t«  titao 
m  iLurope.  ISut  nature  has  ennched  tie.Etkn^^iHni 
continent  with  ever^fpeciesofminel^^  diamond  ^pi^ 
platina,  pezhaps,  etccptcd.  Gold,  »  irftof  tt«la|^ 
IS  not  found  in  Europe  fo  plentifull^is  iil  tl»  othe^^ 
coittincnifc  Tloweter,  «s  the  Europiatt  nl^ntjiafve 
the  ^tdf  dl^a&i^ihc  heft  uie  of  fMr  ii^r|||li^ 
tiom,  iMfiave  ta^Nn^a^  tP>iipirfl^  tn|o^r  cnift 
foil  is  m^X  cf  th<i  '£mgn  produaions  ds.  dirar  nati^ 
will  ptfpti^J^ope,  hpon  i^e  whole,  mnft  W  aUowed 
to^  ^  mlliii n«hcft  paruof dte  g^.  *,    ' 


.-■S.»w-. 


3# 


EURO    IP    ^E. 


^k<  great^ft  part  of  Europe  is  under  the  inf!ttence  of 
a  climate,  whkb*  being  .tempered  with  a  moderate  de- 
t^nce  of  cold»  ioTRis  a  race  of  men,  ftrohg,  boldy  a^v« 
Ln4  iogcxviouf  3  forced  by  necieflltf  to^makt.  the  beil  ule 
they  can  of  the  fmaller  ihare  of  te^ible  juid'aiikiinal 
tr^uures,  which  their  foil  f^rj^^M*' 


X}  R  AN  B     D  i  VIS  IONS. 


i 


:  a 


S 


II 


lUng||onit« 

England 
.  Ireland 


Ung- 


Mof;way 
tknii^^k 


ri***: 


Sweden 

muca 


Polaad 


IfOMaiicc  Mid 


3801300 

aoo 

a8j 


IJO 

160 


I^ondon 

Edinburg 

DubHn 


ipo^t  300 
a4aI..»8o 

gooijpo 

jipQ-ijtoo 


BeFgea 
Copcohag. 


Germany 


11 -.-^-,- 


■  !   5  r — — -1 

FriiQce 


30^ 
*60 


StocklioiRr 


peterfc^rg 


WarSw 

ox, ' 


Berlin 


600 1  5.06  ■  Viipaiwi^^'V  ^^ea  C 


Spain 

iftif tugal    ijisfeo   xoo  LUbbn 

Swftks^Uni  liSp  1  too  .tenIc5SrJ, 


¥•*« 


•  ■'■•  '• 


170  N.  "^^ 


J49W- 
500  HJE^ 


7jOvN.  E. 


1x40  N.  E. 


7^1^ 


III  iiiiim  «•»» 


[¥»■»*» 


i8ogi   - 
tSb  s.  C 


tl'l  i    'III* 


r.    «cw 


■aodS..J^, 

lo£a 

850S.  w. 


4*9  5.  e;. 


tcligioat. 


'^•«»1*» 


Lniii.  Calv.  &c, 
Calvinia>»  &c. 
LaCaL&R.C. 


Lvtberaha 
Lothcfaot 


4>ptheraa» 


Greek  Church 


tctWi  |i  Ca). 


lt.C.Lw.&Cal 

RoihiiiCiithoiic^ 


^^TCT^ 


Homan  Catholics 


tJakaotm 


Romi^n  Catholic;.! 
Kuman  Catholics! 


|lli  I  n   II       fHi   nnp  I 


— llw^ 


'■•'  fH' 


Several AaHStat*t^  Vft*  tlitir'CtHe/Citkt.  .,  v*  -:> 


(N  VFroYtttcer*, 


li 


reece 


380 


•40 


400   #40  Athena 


KN*^ll>2pkI'^"«%!»t4p.;=. 


|?tcoop 


**■ 


t 


anixni 
1500  B.  ^':*pO*e(|t'«*urch. 


-*»-*- 


ExcMye 


•  ThU  iocladet  Csam  .faft^ry,  wm  utAtdxo  M^i, 


E    Cr    }l    Q    P    E. 


•  ^VS 


'^-'^tum^tn  'i^  ^dyi 


fec%)l- 


h- 


la  the  North 
trnOcean 


*->^ 

:? 


Icdatid 


fp^>)i,ti>aca,A\tcn.  Sill-  ;•(,—  i  — 


U 


Sicalhoit.       Denmark 


Dmrnark 


nd 


.,     *' .,  .\  fJothlitld,  Aland.  8,ucei|i     ,    -  -,  ^  -^    ^  w^ 

.,.«,--«-.-  -    -  Mvica,.  .  '  >*     .••    -^^     ••' 


■  "♦> 


Ivica,"  ppam 


•crctf't  Sic- 

V'eai/cc 


V"      1  ',;    t!Saf«l!)Bia,    -  ■    -      -     >' ;      Cadiari, 

AaHSt5«»,V   f  2Luficrta,<Cor;fi4.CfphaiOni<^»'>  . 

Guile* VcjBlet,ti3&s*t,ii*€ii«4aia,  "j     j".  T  "^*^. 

Archipdifio.  It  iT^^'rWlMl^^^^'^'rl 


r 


5  ^'^tw^te*  wati;taJt«o  from  Spaii>.  tiy  Oett.^tinhoj?^^  i^o8»  a?Jd 
cvrnfirmM  toM^reat  Britain,  by  thu  Treaty  of  Urrecht,  1713,  true 


)0flketanian( 


.. ,     T^" 


I 

'    ft 


■  f  '^J^ 


,'-.■  \'^  .zJ,-::-^%^.^' 


To 


t-tztiiom 


,viju*i' 


■/  - 


.^  .*4  y*'  €.* 


'      ■» 


^V-'.,^ 

,,i''^- 


3id 


':  r. 


i%. 


jPossESioKs  OP  BENMARK, :.ih  £urof£. 

/^      •  ■  .        •       ,«.-'■»>.      ,  -  ■ 

ji-  ti' the  t>atoi/h  prtfmce«  eontain  182,400  ftjuarc 
XjL  xnflcs,  and»  including  the  colome^  2,j;oo^qco  la- 


er,  on  the  Bal-  >   ijjPOf  1  l.Mj;^ 
'  tie  S<^  J^ 

Atift  lb    Gtr-> 


'hi»f  the  Atlml*^tSSi«Oe 
tic  we<l,  J 


■  n 


3id»eci0 


4^df 


Clakfbifii        ;  »48j 


^r 


■•41 


tSfOOtf 


i 


flulholt, 

^k1^  x^  earldon»»  t^bfronieif  93»cilRtesof  thein- 
fertolnobilitf,  aiid'7,00©^^ipi.  "  ; 

l^^vajfcontaini^Hi:^  it  j^^   aaariJoii^  »nd27 

IphI  Bai2^  have  rettlttidftts  at  Coromstlid^]  m  Afia« 
oil  the  «dsit  <i£  Ooinesi  ami  other  places  in  A&i<:a»  ind 
k  6«^fl^<}  in  Amelia*  Greenland  k  diviikd  into 
£^a^  We(^  Gteenknd^  a  very  titenfivc  c6n#y,  bnt 
ti^t  yml^d.  Cr^si  ret'^nd  aid  f  ^$|  Uxt^  and 
^"—  wiadefing tnhaliitaitts  in  Weft  Gteen^n<k  The 
am'^  ^Y  nation  trhb  haye  fet^i»|ica;i^  in 
Gb^i^uBul ;  ^ere^o^^  tlie^  fj^j^btlS^itm,  the 
ilCt:#^^#^t^  late  v;i^tS/uaxie6,  ao^  ir«rf  nfeful 
l^ji^iftiiteiil^.,.r ':u /^'''■,  .  ■  i".  ■/;■;/■■-;•  ^^..r.-:^ 

■  *ldW  **i#Si^   If thet^Atandbi^ f*ig- 

ii^  ^,  Koiriimit  d^  not  Ireciafee'  large  fiq^liet  of  corn 
isionir'ii«l»talE»  il«:  latter  a&iM  ei^oiii  coii^lerable 
liteiii^  df  it;  BtStnek,  Jutland,  Ze|i^da^ifl^eU»id4 
S|^^(^  CQiintfkl,  ^al^«in4.ia|Wtcat- 

"\:p^' ■*■■;*■;-.'"'' -J   ;i^'/'     /■,.;■,.;     ^    ■  .     -  lW« 


/— • 


DENMARK. 


tn 


tie.     The  chief  produce  of  Kon^'ay  is  i|;oo^  timbci'» 
and  a  great  variety  of  pel  try.    'Die  ,inl«lii  of  Norwlj^, 
are  very  vaJuabk, .  ik  Veil  a&  iti^lfiflieiicf-  *    Only- cnfe 
tpurtccnth  part  of  it  is  fit  for  agriculture.    The  balance, 
of  trade  is  in  favoUn  of  Norway^  |it^d  aeajhft.penin<i||yk*;. 
Thie  whole  of  the  exports  of  Prnina'rK  and  J^lftfii^ 
amounted  in  1768,  to  i»38i,68i  rix  dollars  ;  -the  im-t 
portt    to   1,976,^00.  '     The  exports    of  Norway  to 
1V7 1 1 t$6g^     and   the    Impoits  to  t fi^,^^^;  d«Uar$.  • 
Manufadures  do  not  thrive  in  Denmark.- 


ground*  on  the  margin  of  the  Bcdtic  oSea,  an4  liat  a 
heautiful  an4-co'i^'Dodious  harSotir,  wiiiichidiiiitftlKilf* 
one  (hip  to  ehtief  ft  at  a  tinne,  but  4s' capable  of  codtatning'^ 
590.    The  load  for  tl^  thipping.  begins-  at>put  »  ipUesj- 
from  the  town*  aiid  is"dVf4nded  b>;.9)Q  pieces  of  c;<|finoii. 
On  the  land  fide  are  fome  lakes  which  fumiih  the  /in ^ 
habitants  with  pUlitjr  of  frefli  watd-.      Thfr  adjacent 
couoljfcy  is  pljKafanjL  landloffQfite  thecity  li^s  the  iilaiMi^ 
of  ^mac>  which  i»  very  frumuU  and  fotma  the  liarbcwii'. 
It  ft  joindd  <  to  th<e  town  by^two  biidges.    Tiu»  cit^ 
more  tlxaa.  fix  miles  in. ci];cu|pi6:tence»  .ap^ mal^  a  tine* 
^peWanee'aiadillance;  .-     J.        ■ 

';  Me£^un.2    ;Tliie  eftabliilietJ  rellgicn^  U  the  LutHeranw 

Gcvertaiurii:^ '  ^Denmark  is  aji  hereditary  kiiifidoin* 
and'gpvenAed  in  an  abfolute  tnanoer-;  biu^lihe\&anifk 
Kings  ar<  legal  fo^e^^gtisv  and  pei^iap^  ilhe  duly  leg^l^ 
JbVir«i^in  |ije^wBi^d^4  fox-  wc  fcijatiiri^,  nobility ♦t&rf 
g3[  and^QitMiiJt^^^  dWtftcd  Jthemi^!t«ls  of  tli^ir  ri^jm^i 
will  ^s  fo^cf^  in  the  yeat  t^jlSir  aotd  n?adi? ji  ipttnal,  fur# 
rehdefm^^^ijnr  liberties  io^tJie  tb«ft'King  Fredcricic  Jit« 

ffjfioij»%  r  Denmsirk,  .  the  aackai  }iiiig«lotti  l?Ath» 
60&,  <wta£lm  knowatill  Uie'yti^if^..  vImsii  0o>^ 
wasKing.  ttiriftiw VJl^  ^i^tijfis^ipa^Jsmt^ 
he  v^t»3*Ejiteat »  1768.  ;Hi«$iieciu.J^^ 
<aer^<f  taiN»«:in:  too&i^rtaO^ufe  11^ 
dedyll^ll^iMlxfidcm  a  eaftk^a  Cb|^p^ri^Rr,.„^ 
aftetWdt  Vatifliedthe  kiogdpitt.  'Pie  Coiinlt  Serib. 
^e  mi  Braodti  (the  M  ^rime  ti^tmft«r,  and  t% 


Jlt^ 


L-  A^^  %'^/^'  H    D: 


BiMruoUnust  .celebrated  for  hii  knowltdge  Of 'aii^« 
ffi^f,  aii4  Ti^cho  Brahe,  thi  fiuatm  ^onomc^t  were 


:* 


■*  •.II—. 


T 


^y>*»*"  >v^ 


•■  .  ■  Ij  ,  Av    E.:   t,  .-A-'    N,  ■  b'..'  ..' 

f  1  !^'lf  3B  wMecoMtry  of  XApUmd  eztend^i  fo  far  as  it  ^ 
X    ie  known,  from.^  North  Gape  ior  7 1  ®  $0'  N;  lat. . 
to  th^  IWIiite  Set,  ftsder  theAraic  circlf  <  .  Pud  of  4^1^ 
land  6ek>nra  to  the  I>sine8)  aiui  is  included  in  tbe.gov^ 
tfttOifiit  of  WardihiiTK  ^  part  ta  eke  Swe^es^  :^ic!h  is 
1^  far  tlie^moft  iraluable  4  apdjome  pari^  i>)  the  caft, , 
tpthcltlii&xmi^e^lir  Rlnfliiinsi^   h Js'tntpoffible  to  p«»int 
am,  tW  diioetmon»^  of  each^ .    Iff  h*«  lyreti  generally  • 
&0Q|^  dn^t  t|i||^X<i|()axiderfl^  ate  the  defcendants  of 
Fii)}asid«MricdirWffll;t^^  of .  th«iro\ico  cott|:^t^f,  and  that 

loJuapWiidi  ftf  £omt  months  in  ihe  funEini«r»  th^fun 
•|»«i|rilpir  i^  dtffing  winter  it  n?ver  ijfes  :  but  the 
Ihhji^biEilib riit^e  fo  Jwt&  tiWSSttd  by  the.  twiUght,  and  the 
aurora  borealis,  tliat  the7.^sMev«rdif€oatinct^.  their  wor)c 
00  accoutit  of  thb  darllKis. . 

-■-;}. -CiiiwtiiO  0iir  wmctf  here,  »8  m»f  eafily  be  conclud- 
.  ^,  ase^tttmnel;  cold. ;  /  Xkift'i  of  f|iow;  <^!^n  threaten 
to  biHPfihe  tnii^^Uflr^  aiid^i^^^  the  gi;oiuid  lour^ipr  Ave 
-lec(4eep.  ^  AjthvwfoQ^iimer  takes  placffi  a^d  then, 
theit^ft'tl^  fucteeds^  Itrefents-che  l.Apkmd|r  with  a^ 
fiiiOQthierel  of^c(i^^0vef  4R?hj<^'hc  tiiavels  with^a  rein 
deer,  jna>.iledge,.  with  iitaonceivable'  fwiftnefi/  The 
heats  of  fumi»<B(bare  f  Ik^ftfllv^ipr  %^^iifO$i  j^  and  the 
OMtMaae,  wfa^h^«IHItomche  rrft^ttnt^insy^jO^ifetiipcere&t 
to  the  «)Fe  the  r^  piduffftiue  aptfsarfl^t*^     - 

i**^!  <;|foiw*  (^  ^^wi]  >  SJwi  m^9^  f«fc^  the 
Ji^plaiKidtoici  ^g^ns*  ^  f  ^Tbe  nun^|t^CMUi$es  of 
^tiv^  fii^efiUtkMi^  liave  >tr/4ueedthe  n^r^etii-itiw^erj^  to 
Iclimi  ibfet  the>:  art  Jk2^#  1^^ 


'■*.;■ 


.      li*  A    P   LA;  N   13r        . 

^ods  ;  bat  have  ainong  lUm  gr^tt«n«i%tof  the  Sri^^ 
iffal  tnftttuti0tM.  V  They;,  believe  the/traifoigratiog  of 
thtibtili^dliayeMtKaas  i^t  apam jfor  the  worihip  of 
certain  genii,  called  jeuhlesi  who  j^t^thmk  inhabit  Iho 
air,  aha  have  greatpower  over  human  anions  ;  but  be- 
ing withootioFmor  fubftance,  they  afiign  to  them  nei.  : 
ther  image^  nor  ftatues. . 

The  erapioyment  of*  the  vwmeii  conftfts  iblittakrng > 
nets  for  the  fiihery^  in  drying  fi(h  and  meat,  in  tnilking 
the  i«ih>deer.  In  making  ckeefe,  and  in  tannings  hiddi  I ; 
but  ttisn'nderftood  to  be  thebidiaels^f  the  men^olook  . 
after  the  kitcheo,  ,in  i»hich«.  jt.  ir£udy  JdMtwaitiiQn  never  / 
inttrfetet^W^  :--\    ':;  *.i:' v-  '•  "•>  ^'  •  ■  '■s  ■  >^.i^'^  '^■-  '■!.■. 

The»Lapts(nd^l  U«e  in  iiteit  Iirtili6^3m 
2  5  to  30  feet  in  diameter^; ,  and  flDt  'mudi  abovi8^  fix  feet  .: 
is  height;  They  cover  them  •acc^rdhig  ta  the  {etfotf , , 
and  the  means  of  the  poflWi^r  4  feme  withbriarf,^  bark  . 
of  ibSirch,  ^n<f^lineil  i  othtrss  witli  turf,  coarfo  dothrjor 
feh',  ror  t!i^  ifOdikins  of  r ein-deer^  Thte  A<»ft  is, of  .felt, , 
made  Ul^  t^M^  c^iatns^  1/irlki'^eh  o]^  A  Utl^  ^ 

place  fai»oiii)fGbd  ,^h  ftdhe^  is  made  in  the  mld<^<of  \ 
the  huty:^  for  file*'  over  ;vi4ii^*a  obiih  itr  fuJ^ndeP^^  » 
hang  thi^  teble  upoh.  Ih  Wlket,  ;H  .  liig^ti^,  ^^y i>tB(  < 
theh:  ;nakcd.^t  int^  a  Air  bag»i       •  ^ .    ■P-'- :  \  ^     « 

liapland  is  but  poorly  peopled^  j6wi|^*  to  the  ^6Q«hil  I 
banreiinefs  of  its  foilt .  The  v»h0le  imm^  of  its  inhab*> 
itantsthay^ilmoiuitto  iibbut^o^dd..  .B<>th'meiii  sM  i 
vwmen  •are'' iti^eoeral.  con^rablflhita^ 
fouthsni£ard«)eanm  ,  y^feti^mfW^ittM^  ^a  vwoaiiii't 
iK^o  iiral  (ucleitng.hef  chttdit^v^^^  tibtet- 

cesd  fottc  feet:  tv»o  inches^  ;iftd  Itliall ;  Ihey  iHsik^  |l^. . 
everj  .a mtich mof^lte^eable  anpeswcethao theioen, , 
Who iee  ofted  illfli*^d iin<t  t^f  md  Iheir  lt«ads  too 
l^g^i^thiii^«1^iel!^^  ^^lireiitteR^'^ 
chafte,:  efteo  «d||iiii<i,^nd  exu^eio^  nart c^^ ;  #hich 
48  aaib;  obTei^fiil^li^ 

Wto*  IHplaiK^er  Intends  to  tnsrrly^  fc^ile,  H< 
hi|  fi»<^^  cllii^h|F  :&^riN%th'bilidf  i  1 M^^ 

^  Itk  |ptf»^iknttato  litdrJtlf  rose^l^ 


«a  t 


%k[^ 


'*• 


/  ' 


S    W    ED    £    N. 

ht£Qrt,wmp9x^,  iHit  accepts  oi  iA.)n(i. 

cry  adBUttaiv^Vtp  tk/t  fair  -  0ft4:  ii .  puichaled  ffofn  her 
fathiiri  bf  her  loyer,  ^ith  a  bdtUe  4of  ■  brandf ,  uid  this^ 
prc^QiIgs  the  {C^tEir^fhip  foiD^timei  W  thrbe  jei^^*  The 
prie4.G|ffhe  pariihai^^^'Iaft  <4lebraces  the  nuptUls^'but 
the  ta:i)legr0O|i>ji^  obliged  to  fenre  his  father4n4aw  for 
four  years  aftcTf'  He  then  .carries  his  wife  andher  for- 
tune home.  ^ 


S    W    E    D    E    N. 

SiTUATip^^4)|»  Extent. 


VUHeti 


»•  /.'H  »i. 


-    liengdi  SiDoT;  .  , .    f  55*  and  TO*  N.  lat.^ 

/    BrtSi5t>o|:>^ 

»^«-^^-  n1C>  FUNDED  -nttrr^ii^^^b^^  the  Froi^ft 

^'''^'^^'-JJBP-Oeeani  eaft,  by  RtMPa ;  ibuth.  by 

Denmark;  and  thie  v9«ltic  ;  *#ett,  by  litorwAj,    The 

while  Jtii^dom  of  Swedeil:  contains  rQ4rtowas,  96>a5d 

vill^gies*  ai»d  itaoo  eftak^  of,  the  nobility*  ' 


a  Oothbua,         J     .«f»«30 
c  Fmbiidi'   .  48»^8o 


'a.io6.90Q    l?^o<^«»*«'-- 


.vj^fbbo 


'634,000 


J  8a«doiahabi»nt)i- 

•■Abb.'    ;' 
iBergeq.' 


/  JTkSj,  the  t^Uidcdf  Butbc^tiii; 

,  .^:  ■   ■  -.a,->^:''^'  •^--  '■  •  •  \  X  ^    .  .'..--  ••.....':■ 

,  Hi^xt'to  Rnffia»  Sweden  i«  the  t^r^Aateia  Kuxj^|»e.: 
Ottpi^lX  STPCKHwlwr  the,  coital  of  Sweden^  9^' 
We  ]:ffidfOt«  cif  idi<l^kti^^,[  irfiUMt^^iiik  Ut^^pic:!>^^^M 
£<  Icnoir*  1^'  %0r  1p^  >^il<>  ^'  E.  ^om  i^Qd6iw*  ;i^aE(d^ 
•^  atthe^^^^^  Baltic  t^ai^d^^^ 

f  ^  a4rai||aier4^  bi^li  fiik^m^  £^d9k-^elr;  It  it 


*W^%^    .,         -^ 


■*' 


.fv'-  '■ 


SWEDEN.  t%t 

of  the  town  properly  called  the  city,  ire  above  <oo«  > 
koufi;i{  inao^  of thetntokdiftg  Mi  pttes.    They  Mt  toh 
cntlr^  ptilaAi^^fHi  are  foisr  or  r  *  ft6f^  m^  ;  bue 
fome  aft  cete^ed^?lij|ii  topptt  wjiM  plitis%  Aado^eri  •w 

withtUfM.  \  "^,/'  -••...r^i:-v».>.  .•  --.,.:■        _ 

All  part9^ofthis  city  art  etfntieAeiil^y  bridges.    Ita& ' 
fotcfft a l^e proQi^ i» th<fef l^c  Mat^dii'One  fide, and. 
of  the  iMtrbcMar  ml  t}tt  otiier.    Tfiit  Mltioter  <tf  ii^         . 
ants  wYiOpfty  tsttesi  iitMA^oted  «t^^»OQQ.r 

CUmat€t  Stilt  Eit^rts  and  ftkpo^tsJ^  Sweden  hai  a  cold  - 
but  heahhfttl  clianate.     lAanxus  reckims  »300  fpectes  of  . 

?lantS|  and- 1496  fpectes  oC^aimnals  in*  this  kingrdom^ 
'he  indufby  0^  the  inbabiunts,  in  arM.  and  ^grioulture,  . 
has  tai&d  it  to ^  rank  o( ki^dadtr^  £uropeaa.power.  ■ 
Sweden  imports  300,000  ton«>  of  com,  and  4*5  3  ^  ^ogf- 
heads  of  fpTrituous  liquors^^befidef  b^P»  flat,^lt»^%ine» 
beef,  filk)  paptr,  leather,  and  Eaft.andWeft  India  goodl. 
the  eicpOTtaofSvfejieil-  coaiUl  chiefly  pC  lK^o4#^eh,  . 
tar,  fiih,  luin,  eopfflr*  Iroi^  ieme'  gokt  aitd  (jt^e.'4  and 
other  ininsirats,  to  the ;unbiint,ia  ^  yew  4768,  oi* up;  -^ 
wan^s  of  X  3  mijiUons  of  dollars ;  an4thi9ir  imports  in  |he 
facte  yfarioHtiitoiiMtQ  llt^e  more  tb^,  id  lh9$(M!isof ' 
dollars.    Thn^^H»m^tsiik\iT^ik»iiSxifopefto^  . 
Levant^  the  £aft  a|id  lW%lt|jid|eftf4o>Afri«a«nd  Cbiisu 
ReviHui,'] ':  la^ji^4iMi4*M^ of rii^^oikfSk 
Gweftthtm*^.  SJib«e  th^  r^eim)rabl«  teWtitiott  »n 
I7^i,  5w^bj|fiay  bd  cHlcd^  aibfl^chyt, .T^f  f#ate 
ftill  clatsi  foiftielbar^  in  tb$.a4«>Hitftr^io|k«  but itis  um- 
bers ^li^^eik^  bt  the  l^iiig,    Thf  Ki^  bM  ^«  Sibi- 
late difpo&l^  Ihe  irtnyi.ai^  bi»  titfe  ^ifttM  isaUffig 
and  of  ^Sjltin^  the  aiciObly^ijf  thfeitatesi  buthgba^- 
not  i^jpprc  My ;l6«iH|i^.ta*i  with^Vtt.  clM*l5ll^  '0^\^- 
•Hie  f^iiiss  i»  the^M^ft 'Coayrtir^r<^^  «Wg- 

domi  a^td  licompafed  of  r^  fenatorl,  of  fiiptek*  co|». 
fellor$,.  TThe  prpviacw  arc  ijo^ihr  ^iritippi*  «»JJ  0^ 
vincial  capta;tnS»'f  -"  -c-  :  >- v : 

JRxHgio^,']    Th9f«|%ioqeftabltaiq||nSwediii^tbe 

gaged  to  mahitam  itt  the  jcingdptii^,  CiJitii^  iLoa^ 
CkthoU^  jm^  Jews  are  tQl&9X^\::l^Wlmsfp^ 


"^  Ai.j 


,^' 


v«» 


R,  U    »    $    >    A> 


ic  charviliik.:  it  is  cQinpofed^  U^e  ArchbiHiop  o{ 

oft^Bi^Itst  ando#  192  FrttlMehU; 'l^e  jui 

icm  in  ^cl^afftieal'iimtten  is  in  the  hands  of  19 

FTPJ^ndiW^  mi^iitefft  <if  panfticfi»;  rpcc.  .amouato  «]% 

Si.-SSte?'!^  W«  b«Trtii<>«ec^f4lfrof  tluscoiinlryfcfll^IiB 
reign  of  Bornio  Hi.  A4lX.7i;4<r>vMaargaret»';QneciLo£ 
I)enp|^M^,  lUMi  NorwAy^:  rwas  M^Ud  to  tlie>  throat  of 

^M^gP'^M)  w^^f(Mt^^%Wgtmiie^oiAlhtrtdmitiKiti^r 
A.  D.  I38jjr/.,  ]ti.r<m«uikld  united  tojbe^DaiBik  ccvwn. 
tUl  i<|A5Mi^9^cii^0ttS  duftavus  ¥^  «ipdled  the 
^mfft  .994jflfJf1ffif^fit has  renia^Aeiilndepnid^Q^?  bue* 
wasmadi  s|n  ^bfohilt^^imoBafchyfk  b)/:  Gv^avus  I^ 
1 77I;.  ,  IrW  latfsi  I^ing» '  GitiUytts  IV«  waA  aHafiopatod: 
bf  Anl^erttfpiii,  po  the  ,i-6ih  Q£Maurch»i)t79i  4  aiuiAv^s: 
fuccreded  hf  l^s^foni  .the  prd^nt  King,  tlicn  114. years: 
ol4-    The  eatiiuIiiUUc  (lilaain^  i^mkl^tKt.g^eatcft.  M. 
fcrings,  glorjleciin/W*  viUaiiXj*-       ..  .>.?.;  Y.-srjr 'iai'D::,: 

H-'t'»'i"./.i''W.<  r;  .i>^jv.;' 


i*«iritfMliU«iMMiiMM^ 


MUSCOVtt  OK  T^i  litisisiii^'ij^ 


mih; P#5-, K^^.,:  ty*k%.?86fWS.i;»(j; 

np|pg>ii)l)nvn)^e  tmpit*  AfiBtchM.&«ttfth^ 
on^^jm^  t<jk:ms^tt^  4401  d«^.^f 'bfcu«j«.theift>uth, 


o^y^i^  j^  it  is^hopnded  by  B3bSd«;>Ii(^ 


R^  1/  s  It  r*  a: 


3«J 


m-  ^iii  ^::« 


JSoropfaBr^U  of  !»<&#»  30 
AfiacicRuUia,  11 

TI^£9fexiQtiifoithM  Evr^imm.p^  own  dutvdl 
•but  imoiltiYited  psoviaois,  «f  AfliN^'if  IbiMlkJI^'  THil 
provinces  acquired  by  the  diviiioii  of  foknd  vth^/filf 
valmdila  to  Ruffia,  to  Mvhkk  the  ac^HUituiA  aiOtimtsL  is 
l^  oo.iiicaiu.coniparablein  value.^  - 
.  This  immenib  empire  eomprehMuft  u|iiMirds  of  ^m 
different  iuitifins»  and  the  number  bf  laafeuagei  is  fti|pp* 
fed  not  to  be  lefs  than  the  non^bev  of  nations. 

JVioHbaml  Gornmuxe*'}  3«iraiVa%i  tra^  of  cotfntry  ae 
tbe  cmfMre  of  Raffia,  fpr^idlng  anSier  many- degrees  W 

btitple,.wate«edhy  more  than  et^ynnn*  which  ittn 
tbronch  the  fpace  of  aooo  miles,  and  crol&d  by  an  exten- 
five  chain 4>finountaias,. we  ma^r  «ip«a4o  find  an  infi- 
nite member  i^  natural  produ^iont,  t3;iouigh  we  mud 
make  ibme  aUowances  for  the  great  defertt  ^Siberia* 
and  the  many  ps  ts,  not  yei  thoroushlf  Inreft^atdd  by 
naturaJ  hiftomw.,  Tl^fipefjieji  «£|ihuxu,  peculiar  ip  this 
Paft,qf  "thc^lobf^  whigh  h»ye  already  >«ctv  ^ifcioverccL, 
^ttkoka&wvtisivff th(Mifandsi  The IqH (lontains aImoR^aIl 
minerals,  ti%  p|^(i^a  aiHJl  ihme  femi-metals  excepted. 
Ruffia  abounds  with  animals  of  ahnoOii  all  the  vari<iiis 
kinds*  and  has  rtaay  that  naVc  liever  laeen  defcribed.  It 
has  the  zreateft  variety  of  the  iineft  fur.  ,  tii  4^^7^  i^t))0^ 
wire >3^Mirt|5d  «bm  Pctcr(biftg  alone^;4iM7 7  fl^^s^  oi, 
toe«i  3«ipo4  of  go!y  fijuirrcas,  1,354  of  beaiSi  2»6i8cf 
ecmioB,  5|€5f:of  foxes,  §00  ofwUi^  ciits,  b^ridesth^c^ 
of  wc^a^  im^^Q^ptJhc  i(a>beautiful  aaiiiiai  <^)lie  rit 
kind^)>^duJtve  (IT  the  eapQitatibn  of  i^e  iiime  arli'^ 
from  Anhaogel^rlUgai^iiiM^C^^  ikohe  yiar 

there  'w«pe  Oipc^tfett  j£^#^iM^^ 
tai}ow{a|md  iiuqEaaI^IOfc^).«,^o3 1^^ 
J93  3pu4  ai^^aitievi   Jtt  ifSi  Irom  ^<^erlbikt^,  b^S,^ 
pud  of  red  lej^her,  10,885  pud  of  leather  fov.i&||9»v 
53o«%^lwof'fairi|fei  S^iff^e^dof  pm;  :iifiksM, 
pttiijoCo^jbdosiM  g^^tre Jtirts^  •  Hie  fiih^srWf^^^^ 
ing  t!Bi(i$^a^j«», ti^  produaif  e;     The  %eftff  tif  & 
trepKArfci}i«i«iiife%  tnlMiyitv     Oalt  and  M^  do  i|ot 
grow  to  #  ofeltti^Me  ii^^^thli^ikh^i^     «»l  uc^ 

•    -  -^  ■■       --        ^,..^^,'~'   -     -■■■■■  •■•./^ 


M 


'%■ 


liM^e.    Thf r<tp»rt  timkktifU^  HM  tndftttft te  ^ 

.  #ir^  nuvbll»'  fMttt,  ftc*  ■*«  Moag  the  woMliont  of 
ktffta^  ^t^riMltf  of  the  «i^«rtt  ^  Raffia  «iMmited, 
m  1765/ to  tttar  isibiHiMikeCi^kiUwiird<41ai«  i  "^  im. 
jpoitf  did  HOC  wnA  eiMOd  the  Ibin  «f  rs  miUimis.  '  The 
inmoitfl  ceniift  chieAf  df  i#iatff*>^^cff>-ir«itff«  imi^loth, 
Mtf'^Mhit  tnafmAaored  eon|Mo£^fe9«ui^i^ 
.  hfiPQiy.  There  lin  Ihid  te'^  «t^ftllae»  no'  nm  than 
4^1  niMMifa^turers  in  the  whole  empire.    ^^ 

♦7*4»  <w 368.901.  "^      *•  .'•■'" 

^mny.}    Sixty  three  armed  lhf|ii»aiMl  3j6,aoo  failorft. 

Govermmmi^'i    Tile  Eitiperor  et  A'fttgcrator  of  Rtifilfi, 

(the  prelett  Em^rtoTi  ftyUshe^lf  A^t^ati1t>ls^bft>. 

lote.    Hcnmlkhe^ th^  Gt^k church,- hf  tht'anctent 

.  cnftotn  of  the  empire*    iTie  ,dhly-  Witteti  ^ftm€awetital 

law  cxiftin^,  is  «h«l  of  teUtt  I.  }gy  vrhi^h  the  right  df 

.    fucceOioii  to  the  throne  expends  etitirelf  oil  the  enoice 

oftherdgtiliig  tnonardy,  \(^  has  ttxilfmittBli -'aothCTttf 

over  life  Ihrei  «nd  prwert^  of  all  his  fH*>je^,  -^  'The  xndTi" 

agement  of  t>ublie  a^atrs  is  ertt^oifted  to  ^iMeal  ilspart- 

mentf.    At  the  head  tif  all  thofc  cohcerncd^;  Ar  teg- 

ulation  of  int^al  affairs jf  the  cccIefiaftttaK^h^ttS^cXccpt- 

cd)  is  thefenate^  tinder  ttie  prefidency  of  a  chaiKfielloT 

aitd'vUe  cbvnceUor.  The  ibt^erets^ft  libmhiate^themem' 

bcrs  of  this  fHpreine  toon,  which-ts  diTid|diiit;o  -^chaWi. 

hers,  4.(|t  Peter Aiirg' and  9  at  Mojlhw".    ^he  pfCirhfces 

.    ave  r\Ae&hf  gm^mtm  appointed' W  the  fbyer^n,  cbn- 

taining,  oil  an  ateragr»  4bO}bodiQbjeA5. 

ChSf  Cities.^  ?iTf«sti^<5i,thV  capital  ctfliufta, 
lies  at  the  '^tmaion  of  the  tivcr  Neva  iifeh  ih^  Hkf  JLa- 
:^iapkt  in  K.  hit.  59*  57',  and  Ei  l0n^/^5t'*  j  hT?^t  tifc^i- 
dei^ may  have  a  bettier  idea  of  ks  fttttatioir/  \ff:\t)^'\ii' 
f^^rmed  that  it  fbadir  on  binh  ^^  i£e'  |Rhref  Nevi^  ^■ 
twten  diat  lahe  imid  ^%6tttan  df  ^^i^i^'g^-^  tn 
thofiiM^  I76|i  liblnt^tofilbltdor  iT^'ihiSll^fe^ 
h^teit»^  aH|«t  lbliDaT%  that  ttttf^  gn^ttd;''^«^ "Ifeined 
li^hiaeliMHte.  jft'myw  etWQdelj^ll^Mis  ererr 
v^fT't^ai^  eoa«ih»f  ""rrery  Ihwitui^'  Ip>^  ftiagliligace, 
the^iipio#tiMntof>die  am,  rcfvefitte^  tfavi^tiin,  Ifrar 
and  commerce^  diaMtte  iob^h^e  i|hi|i  ilMke  viati  ci^e^- 
tede^<^i&£ttrofe»  '^        .  The 


'.? 


tM 


of  MaMmm  i*.il»o«t  9|Oiboo^  beficlet ,  cH^bdd  ift.4ii 
adjacent  irillage^  ^  ^       . 

Tb|#KW.>f  1]1>I  Molct«r»t  tW  Uittft  m  the  M^lft 
weijli*  445»77*  !»ni«n<l|.  ;. w  .?. . ; 

-^^^wf-l^rag^glnn  ♦l^liWiiW  in  tK«  Rn&H 

Latm cIhwcIw  m  th«  ioMtle,  mt^^i^lMf  Ghoft  pro- 

overlodded  n^  cmiftcpo^  ^n-mtMmi9$  Ci^^ 
Saiuttare  bdi<| in  yenfiratiott»  innd' piinteiJ  iiMgtsof^ 
jii^clitttQi^/lUiiue^.m  ^  diunhtt. 

Tke  cimrch  Imi( Wftt  fo^«nit4  Onto tk^titMv^mtm 

MatviagejiforbltMtntotlit  ^€liiUlK)Mim4  Bi(hfl|M^ 
bat  it  f^M^d  to  ^  it^cam^mm'    Thtfnv^A'm 

70,060  ^eridniu'  Above  feo^ooo  peafiints  Mmurl^  ill 
tftttfB  in  ppflcflSon  oC  ^  clmf . 

i^jlfvfjrj  The  etf^li  iMditii^  9«coiint  we  hnve 
t)f  Ru%,,  Ssr  A.  X>.  S^9,  ^htnv  Rnirte  wm  gMii<i  iU« 
tf  NoVogoro*  in  ^-(^nn^V.  ^  In  the  fear  git, 
Wo^fiBierf  wmt  tih«  firft  Olriftiai^  King.  The  Poki 
eonqg^dii  ^Mit  |^0!|8#i>it  it  h  un<;matn  how 
A^ri^Jt.  ^Bd^I^be^^n  bit  reign  1158 
laid  ih  ft^t^non  of  lilofccxw; .  Aboitt  t»30o  o,.^^ 
Miii(|«|  ^Fartnrii  c<^iiS^naKdlt^»ttd  b^d  klti^  to  cheit 
tffl  iff&t  #fft4<?NnM^<*^?^^^  It  ^  ki^ 
pen^eadj^;  Aliwt  *e  Jiai^iiU  oT^  lM««»^  eWilii 
the  ||ii^Biiiii(cili«k«  «OBj|Kte)fi#i»iB#ii^^^^^^^ 

^^  •*"**i^yt'***  whisn  ^^irtier'I.  njii««ii  the  titif 
f  "'"l^g^piPP'the  Rii$ais,.^»r^it  #tt  adnHtted  h^r 


ir. 


-*^,,' 


,  y    i^fiJV 


^i   .^^ 


"H** 


J^ 


•|^  ii  .yfi     !>>  Ti  i'i*i 


iv(Mv..,d     lif^   ,^  :',4Jrv^-,'7^ 


^4  fotl^e  othtr  forts  there  wvse  ^t^xtiH^,9p^  m 
iflaiid  of  St.  H^ena,  and  tlwiCapc  pt  .Good  Houe. 

ltoehd*^*ti»e'JE#ik  Indj*  feta^»>«»l«.  J^^m^' 
1^  arf  ciiDlifMtod'  to  <io&fis|ii^  io»[^«ysiQQ(>i|^^mtpx^ts, 

i,M^  |«Hkm«itt  oo  the  cpall  rf^  (^ 


*" 


» 


?^-.?li§9-^5*  ,'->*'  -^    _ __         ....,....„.„    __ ,_ 

Wjcilih  and  Comm^cgf]     The  two  dlvifiwlB  of  Cwttii" 
Briiaia,  E^;^lan4  ^'f**^  Scotfenjf,  di%r  widcVV  ■vich  r«-'  ' 
ipgd<o.tI>gii;  natural  fervjyiiti^jind  tO:the  yreait^  of  4:Wf 
inli^)lmant5.     South  Sricai^.,  or  Eiigtandg  akpoundfi  witil> 
all  tj^^a/pfuLprodti^ions  of  thoijs  cciti^ries  of  Euro^^ 

\vi]4  s^iiimals  except^a..  ^g;icpU^^f4K|i§rarai0e^  tl^e 

feeding  cattle^  and  breeding. horfe^  ^xA.  Ihiiep,  are  tari 
rie4Q«^ju  England  to  an^fto^ifHiriglTeight;  Of ahodt 
4a,^j9W'P«^cr|qs,H'hichEng^lfi?d,cont^  • 

ndirf  able  p»t  is  lliU  wafte  land^  Yet  out  of  the  cro|t 
ohUJbe^frpfl»^  fifth,  ■  p^^  »f  4i«  laml«»  there  l^ve 
UfcS^jB^|?<^teiJ,  4^^  fit  $«  fsaiRi  fsop  l^^ 

to  1 7'56«  ql^A^itiei;  <jf  <:ot»  to  the  i^alu^.  of  Xv^^^PP*^^ 
ftcrl^g^*  ^  The  n#>  ^dace  of"  the.  J^riiftk^^^   lai^t  U 
o(U|^d  at  rt»©ofiMaM^  i^e«Wi»gk^^  '^^    of  pa^uif 
grottnd|,mead9ws,  ;^.  «|t  7,ooo,ato/.  *  The,  omober  of  ^ 
p<o^l6lff:iga|^ed  nV  iO^r^m  fttp- 

poredi^%.V4|v24oiC)i,opO.    EfigM^  Jikh^U>4»^i^  ^»<^lie&| 
cat^e  if diWp.   ,liif4Ji4htg»aM»flt P^'tljeii^fen^ 
tttf/i  t^i^  we|!|.f^p|roftd  tq  jbt ,  ^|,QCK^f$>QC>  .of  Jif <^ 
andifkifnoiuher  ha*«^fince  h^  iotCl^aHog. ,  t%Jhf 

e«p#t«JllfNSa  £»sMAj.^nchjH* 
.^^3t«ti*l  t «  «^Wa«di54|f 

fTO«»^^  6d|OCN3  tl^lp^f i^j^  9il^^J<^ji^ 

Umi^bariroiu.  *, 

England  /" 


3*1   0Mm§f^^Mvn^^»XbAMk-     ■ 

j^ixpoi^^y^^  t^€m  «losg  thf 

inSci^,cd|H|-.d^^^^  -(1  ...'•■  ^  •         v  ■■  *  ''-  -' 

iGfcpT^^AfaEr?.  i^        pi'oAilkioni  arc^rcotlf^  inferior 
rtf^MfiStof^^^  refped  toi  ^n»r  »^ 

|l|t|^.  ft^produQcs  cl^fly,  ililx,  hemp»  coalf^  itm^ 
kfi^^xtiiiiiaviii}^^  l^ci^de  of  thk  cootitry  cdtififti 
ctaj^  j|t  litidir  %ead>  soclcoftl^  I  they  b^te  kid;  be 
j^^  i^li^Miillttre  el^tbrcsrj^^^  j'i 

f  J^flrAiib;^  iir.mQU.  of  its  ptovincc^,  not  inMorit^ 
iertltitf  to  pigltlid.  ^e'iphief  anicfesef:it»  pvods^e 
9tfi  .ci^kt ^M^*  b^^).a^<ifl^t  r targe  tfjawaxxikifbftt* 
fellejfkt  i9Red<i]^ri(,,  beef  ali^  biittet  are  amnu^ly  er- 
porie4^\  '-'■■'!:..,:,-.'■'-       :  '  ■    ' 

The  Infli  Vrdoj  ia  yer^  fine.    The  pFiasipftl-  maoO* 

&^Mre  of  1r«^d,  is  thai  i^riinen,  whieb>  at  preftiitif 

ft  vei^  taM^^«Fti^rof  f«p0tiltiOn.    Fiftceir  bihir 

drtd  per^^nt  ili%  efQpb>]F^^iii  tbe  IHk  iMttfa^M^ 

'DnbHn.  ..  •-'  /••■  •-■•'■.'  ink  a.-- ;!■••»?;' -'V;  j;  Bvi^- 

With  tliie  iiiei|ar4.o£  UbtiVjl^  iM^ailJiryftlkb^^^ 
dom  ii^  1(^1^  <o' the  coiwniif^ial  ct^eqiiinteito 
ttisli  lit  it  ^lli^  Igp  i|«;  Ccrtiliif  and  fitd«l$oiw  «  v 

like  lottal  i!iin«  df  the  ejeport*  £rom  ityetidjto  Great 
'  Brite,  ill  it^if  iildvi,70oiat  aii««enig«,%«a^|do:«0o/; 
Thi^btila|Fi  it  gr^iM^  in  f«vo«i^  of  frcl|ti^.    n  /  >^    ; 

'£he  #iatt($i§^ce  in  EugUiid  ire,  «o«ifeMljf^9  %HtIi. 
Ipdyiewixo^^iitiib^  tfaoi^of  IHht^te^mrie^. 

For  ibkf  lltfMtiort^f ,  tb^  ^,  a^J^cooatt^  ti^ebted^to 

to  U)eir  excellent  con(lttatioif< 
'  11^  EfigHUi Jpremmejit,  %oufabl«  to  eWy  exet* 
tioi^agatutiii  i^pcofvidcd^  brf  liUbliftdei^^lent  Ittws, 
fi>r.  Ae  ^eurtfii^pj^em'^.  ^r0peH7^a  hfia-- 

wtp^ffMiiiid  Ib^bcM^y  «0  has  reniov«d((  obiU^letto  in- 
suixfi'hf  ^u^t^mg  tlie  iMf^or^ttoli  of^ich  oticlei, 


tis%aimii^^iiavfi'tQiAW^€'W  , . 

1760,  {24  yi^  b^ore)  -hXnp^mkmiMm^^^x^ 

;^Mdlbr.^ei|i(*  mte  tlii.  i^^  tiowjiri^  of  ' 

the  0)UaRring:}re9Uf;i  i'f%$f}if'^ipmis^<ifyi^btK>iO^ 
fterling. .  Tfat  bdaace  of  t»ftd#%t^¥dltr^^^"E^gtiii^cl . 
iajeftimftted  «t^ioeoiooo/j    -fhe  ifil^d'trad^  hf  titled 
I  ,a(b4iMQqo)Ocb/.fterlki^4  l^'^Oicri«rQf:0'eftt  Britain^ 
I  VQ  Tiomfcrmi      » ^  tery  ^pfedttdifili^ J?  »'!Pi«s  ptfVHegcd : 
Us^ili^flBori  .^^  »^>afwhi«li>,tbe<Ea(l  India  Com]^«^ 
chartered*  fij  the  rcien  of  Queen  Elikabet^    !s  'tu« 

n»t7rM)bidl«feailimittdl  iiioiMiec^      It  Is'a^otnlyihtf^     . 
tion  of  a  monarchical  aikd'popdkBgoferniiieot.    ^TjfieS^ 

feoiatd  ddTeMidaiilsca^e^eattifthlci'b^  fd^^  Th^ 

&^/i^.T  <  l%c  4:ftabliih«dv mlij^W 
O^oit^ritiiii  caUed'^iiglaiitfi;  Is  ^r  EfTiftidiija^ijtiKchn  \ 

itualpotciM^  ii:lii^:li^^r>  Hie  weniirs  o£  the  cMrcn 

ling..  Aliothdr denominatiomi^(2)hHMni|^^ned I^^ 
reBtc|i^«|Myifir%;  aia.  toliffate^-  ^  Fbur^ifni^ldf  t^c  peo- 

qucatly^iwluJtwl"  ii^iiH'  ult^alreg  df  >^it  a^d  frbfit. 
Their  lelilttgr:*^  MllfM^ 


'siji 


%t6ttf , 


v:  \ 


if  Jy^l   Bfi|ii|  vtM  firft  inhabited 'by-  a  tribe  of 
Gioif^  ^llftT^nv^aH^^^^^  of  Chria,  Ju- 

iiuCti^i^iif^'i^  The 

MmamMSmnmnS^fmaliMrs  of  Bi^taiti  500  yearsr  till  lli^y 
' 'Wviii'caSM^kanii^iihM        of  thvir  natii^  copntry 
^pliitfr  the  inva^'  ib^  thff  0oths  ^d  Vandals*     '^lis 

fnd* '  t^>i69|yWilitafii>D»ke  of  Normandy,  obtain* 

v^jijijC^  is  £aUed>  thf  Normatt  Conqueft*    Mafna  Obaria 

itBii^A  liWty;     In  148^,   the  konies  of  York  and 
,ta»e»Sux.  wfii^iittvied  Jn  nenry  V  i^  after,  a  l4»ng  and 
W^J  con»sli.    in.,|6p^JKiii  Jsiimit*.Vlv 
whp  &cca94%Qnfii^  Bi^^  kingdoms, 

Visiter  ilie  |$^^^*^$i»ac^®l!k^  a%<:^^rpation  of 
Ctkimweli4<Mil5|'liee  ki  1647.  I^hirr  Solution  (ibcSall^ 
«di  tn  ^MlMtirf  ,^^  lecoAd  8  abdicatmg  the 
^rbiic»  16  ixdiom  ^iltkin  aiidi  Mary  fiiMo«dc<i)>  hap- 
ped i«PB^/  X^eei&iy^^M^ 
jin  i(7^;^i^^  of  ChxflM  I. 

'  ^i|^:l4  ^  the^h^afe  <l&  iiii«D«M  afcenc^  tho  throne 
^Vimim'^  ^ttCC8ii|iiBr1ia«(^fiHM  been  regulati  in 
WUp.    6^e;iIf^iiAfh«<|>t<ift«lt  lling.  ^  ^e 


4MMI 


illJiiiil   >>|.|^|ini|.it.iiW1|-|^><fHi  j».,i>ii^i4iiii4pii.|,i^.^    yji^ii  I 


ir 


T%iJ>;  eifk  -UT 


©•  w  ii  »ii  \  n  Tf 


37* 


Lpwcf  Saxony. 
Wt.1t>halli 


how  Q<)nnm^h^'m^Mlm^      by  Onilthti^i 
Divifions*'}   iSht  Gctinki^.einpj^'  t«^ijiae44ntor|^ 

1,006/300     . Bivaria    ho rf  jballi Ih6§o,o©o 

G«*iiwn.enipire,>.  .^. ..  .^)  ^: :,,,.;;;'   ^;  v'  ,{^^'  .^^^ 

lli^lCinffdom  or&plie^i&,'divtd^?iMo  iJ6cif^«ati  .^•a66^  > 

The  Mkrqu'ratc  «f  Moravia,  i^^'^^orrlfsi     ^'j-»>,  vj  i,i 37,000 

*>TIk  Marquiiate  08  Uitn^is^,  #:lougJwg <<>  «if  i  ,  i    Aoo.ot^ 

fti^^^ar.ofSaxiJoy:) ,  .  .,    r       ,        .n         >.  *»*'.ww 

SSefia,  (btlqwgiiigto the/Hon»«  <?in|)irt5;  i;8oo^oo 

Aecording,  »*  the  ll^ftyaccpimtSj  ^Gexmanf  contains , 
aS  jfeiliiom  '  of ;  ti^bitanu^r 394  /r^e  mM  fovamfrt 
StatcsiiiWftwiiirfik  ^vi|,3Q«t  ,<^iif»Uj|S^  t^wns* /  ^dl 

no^  lirg^  K^ets  ^^  ^vnoiO)^^    %d^r  beadiWtiJs  • 
tiie;  £Hiai^j4)i:>  DjpsiAvi^t  /  ^  aa]led'Jni»b  the  fim^^^ 

ijaturilly  1^  fins^^f^iA  U«??i»oi^4i     Frolic  Vieofj*. 
to  hAf^ad^tk^^tig!^ff,  ^.iskjf^^^flttfife  th  1  ia  ti}«  mrs  - 
between  d^e  Tiirk«  and  dvi^iiu^,  fi$p«  of '  w«r*h»ve  - 
been  engaged  ontit ;:,  and'  its  cowwiiieiicy'  for  carna|re 
to^att^-Wrwimipear^throoglrwjIkhit  ^ihi,,  U  ioeon-. 
Cdivabk.; .  The  Daiuibe,  ho:me.yer,jContaiiis  a  vaft  num^ 
ber  of  cataradiraiul  whirl^ols  i  <  its  J|rea#  is  rapid,  aiul  ^ 
ctsciOttrfe»  wit^ut reckoning jtarningsaii^vindtaaB^  is 
fiOWttted  ttt b«.  3,^2&  miles. .    Tiie  Q|||«vpriiicf|^  riy- 

jKjEtcnt  of  GerilMflQr»  ilj^  W  va* 

'.  ure '  ihoHii'^  Mr^49|aj|ieai , 
^eii;y»fietjr  ttd-Mlli^^ 


■% 


3^      ■G-z,.-^  ^■■iA<^.,^:<, 


^^^/^M^Memmm^^ 


}^. 


caUed  the  emperor  orGermany,  or  the  Roman  En^i^,. 
All  other  ft  /creigns^Uow  him  the  firft  rank  among  the 
KjMTJOpcaainattiid^  -  Bighq»rmc  calU 

c4  Eledors,  have  tlie  ri^ht  of  elefkjng  the   Emperor.  / 
The.  eleSor$ j^  divj[<le4Ynto^cck$afti#l  a{l|  temporal. 

The  Kitig  ovMle£tor  of  B<k*V 


.:*a 


^^ 


'"A''*-^'  '''    "■ 


TliiArclibiftpfMBtiSiilogiil^) 


-  ''t'f  m 


■•^^yK&:^;h-  in. 


■  Hi  'J. 


Vv 


the  F'  €ti^ofmmdetJmi^  i  ^ 

nm|^^^oWtt,  .A^f^ording  to  ngr^senieiitvtnrr  i^J»  ta 
oli«k^lAithera«^cta8<d^4li6Calii^iiift^  .genegallr «a2M 

|^^/<i/*]  <i  Y||iii««>oti  tfa^pattiite  -istthe  lapitid  of. 
fei9iMi^i»iii9r|ii^  £^ 


P    R    U    S'   *    t    A. 


Sl» 


Jnd  Ills  iUc«to^  Jbte^  II^  Har»5i 

The  OirriiNi^  eili^,>heri  tbiLiltf«tie(l  as  om  mg|i 
power  or  ftaje^  whk  the  effeip<^^t  iTttli^aul,  U'<vw^ 
grc^t  political  ctm^quoiee  hi  £ujrope^bi6«»re:fr6iil  the. 
SiequslHty  and  wekit  coj^e^wt  «  Ics^'naitii  a«4  ihfe 
diiH.leftt  natDM  of  tjieir  £o«emmcnt^  iftnato  tlflib  infig- 
nifieajicy  of  i»^  qotopofedtmny,  ^md  aWe  iiff,  ft^. 
the  different  Views  and  Intercfts  of  its  mafters^  it  isneiet^ 
to  iiiipoflible  it»  fCfkc  fihitlA  b<  ixniteci^  wti^»Jk  atiti 


W|i     I  'l     I     iji 


U'itr^iq?  :'4 


f':   It:    U     S,    &';£ 


'•4 


T^  HE  countries  berongiftg-  to  this  motutrcKyv  ar^ 
*  ifciittciredi;  anti'  tHihotit  anv  natural  60imeiie)|^ 
The  kin|jd9m„ .0f  RtiflkU  tetwViif^  hf  fj^tlfe 
Samo^tia^  i<!nilh)  ht-Pc^aildfropiaranil  M:lfovhl  settl^ 
hj  p^rt of  l^f^tmmiiiwefl',  hy  PQli(h  Pruflli  and i^^: 
Balbe i  |^;fikDd3  jitt  lefigth,  p-.^  1 1  i  miles^  ill  toesitoL 
Pr«fflt«ar|«^  t»  i^r*^  :H.  ht  and  fe^ 


The ccuitifcg  wikfi <>» 4jt^ft^ti   -      ,  Vj??- '^; '•■■f   '>•''•■' 

Pf:i^6iaii:  »»^»ftar£hy^  s(^  %  t»n^ffi^e^l  if<^  dii&iirotlii;  ■ 

produeti '  T%«  htfi^m/^  Wii^^  l)eli)g>thir  iilbflh 
northctin  part  olE^tli^^liii^nareKifr  f^rtfe^lfr.c^fi,  ^bil#/ 
manna,  ^aft,  d:Sxiand  pc)tTJ^  o^  ^jl  fortsi  aiid  ctjpbrt^ 
thefe  (Mti^fes.  illiqfl^er  it  ^otfcd'and^HSM  to  thevldiie 
of  <2<^,ooo  debars;  jPmS&kmkiti /s^^  aatfhaino tit^i^ 
but  ironv  Ilie  nt^ts  of  Its  Hihertesl  u^  ie$i|6der&l3^': 
Other  p^trtsel^  uirino&ansbjr  |>rd^tf^  ^iraribits  iimi^' 
cre^  nahni^  ttfi^  lirecioi^  ftones^  - '^h<^  ftm  iM!^^ 
i0rio  th(^:kii^^otti  the  Mnes*  ;jmtmm  wSoOt^iM 
^ttimtim^^^  }»«^^i^iet$Mr»  lo  ^so^6o0v 

M^«^  /  li^r^  th9tt&iid.haii(b  are  employed' in  ilui^fii. 
'  '"''   '  inan«ia4hirck  >* 


m- 


F.  R   y,   S    S^   I.   A. 


^U<  of  6  wm0i^  oif  ^oDars.   .  i(Jt^r  m;umfa^ur^s  {fi 


cspiul  'of  I>turarTr(j'M^,  and  ^of ^e  K ms  o|.l%ma'!» 
^pitUi" ,don|iiniCfns,'  U^fitJi^jitcd  'on  tlic  river ^rcfeal^  ^cr 
j*J)ic^  ^  lias  fev^n  bridgw,^.  Accoriding  j^p/i^Jv&hing^  it 
^C<^yen(bt1%s1hfircQih&r«^  andcontams  3,8oo)]iouf-.. 
^iiMabbut  6^'»c^  ihha^itan^.  Its  rlv'er  bci^  |^v- 
i^aVle  ^^r  fl^lpW  it  lias  rilaide  a  eon£derable  fig^urp  in  the 
commercfsil  world;.  A  uitivctfity  wasfduiidedlatvKo 

0&at{j^  Is  the  capital  of  th£  Prufliitn  dominions  m 
Q«arfnany[|  filiated)  dn^^e  rtvei.  Spre^  lit  the .  marquis 
-  fjl^ -of  Bf  adenbnrgi- , 

r^mU^  a  Tei7,<K)mx3ic^d  spachlne,  whidi^  by  ^  |n« 
gfii^i^s  ^d  iid[mit^|b^;^oaft]iidi(m|,^^^       tjbc  great- 


pMi^m, jcvetir  bra'i^ of  aclmrmilt^a^^    Aitd^ jifor- 

,  ^ti4^  :^be  nagn  of  die .  Cate  Rmg*  Frederick  the 

bcjMii#ite.<^  is  thn,  reformed, 

i|>0,  |K^F«f  ,t^  p]^|*fir Jh<^  9f  ^MStfft^  |)^riJbiion. 

-ian..C;^olictf^9^;|(Wf.  W^^  l^^umerOUsin  the 

%niJoiniaijms^f  fe  ft«e- 


ed  thge  pedjpU  with  fucc^s,  unfl  after  ^^logiljr, war  <tf 
fifty  je^tvrcduceitKeijti  to  ot>e<fieoce  anil^gfd^'eiil 
to  cp»w;f c<  CJiridii^ltK  ,;^<?jr  i^»?^aained  ff^  ^- 

their  laft .  Grand  Waffer,  K^Vii^  fiiacle  htmfdf  m^fti^  u* 
all  ?ru$a»  ce3ed  the  well^  part  to  tl^^  kiog  9f  fp^ 
lafld,  fWi4  was  af^knowledgSl  d^^^f  the  ca^ni  part, 
but  to  Jbfi  held.as  »  fief  of  that  kingdom,  f  £^:  «1^op» 
Frederick  William,  r<irnamcd  th?  Great,  ^)jr  a  treaty  with 
PoUndi?>  i6f  ^,vobtatned  a  confiirm  ulon  of  iShis  part  of 
l^ruffiatp  hi^  andhis  heirs, free  from  vaffiiiage^  arid,  th 
!$$i,  he  w4s"  d^Iared  independent  and  foverejgn  |)uke, 
Wlt]^  thc^  t|ti&s,  and  s»  Grand  M^fter  of  th«j*TfS60ftk 

«'^4«r^ ^eOS?^?*H?^  ^M^*  f^  Iredcri^,  i|n  m 

Fr?^<^^  W#<^  t|ie  Cf  re^tjand  Grandfethir  tothelaW 
king,  jailed  the  dul^hy  of  phifljato  a  Itwgdom.  an^  cp 
jmnify  |8>  1 7pi,vjn  a  fpjcthn  affembly  of  tli'e  %te5  of 
t|e  §mp|l(^  placed  the  crown,  with  hi»  p^  hands^  apo^ 
his  hcjidijto  ajj^r^hich  ^,  w^^knpwleclgel  a^^ 
King  ^of,  "mms^  hjc  all , the  o^te  jEt|rppieau  powersi 
Frcderipfc  lit,  ^ied^Au0ft  x  yi  i  7$(§,  a^d :\«as  Aicceed^ 
e4  b^  if  ne^ey,  IV^d^^,Il£^i|i^  '^P  ^(^  K^ 
Vho  washora  ^,  tlj^  -^mAm^  i;:^^^:,-  ,;  . ;     '  ■     ^    -  * 


■  ,;'Ji^,  .i.'t? 


-»    !  f- 


"T^ 


-<Hr 


n  ^  t  %-, 


■X 


..i.l^.ijyi'' 


L^'t'^hMf-. 


tati^t'^^i<^  belong  tti^  1^  German  ^liil^-'^ie 

i^ombaitl)^ 


■'''  1 


^ 


A.  O    S    T    R    I    A. 


M 


L^lMirdy  ia  Italy  I 
BuclKMHrliiai  Callfda 


and  Lckbmirb  (  €Oiiiitrici»  wliid^ 
o^  mdependeiit  of  the  Gtnnan  empm^^ 

IPWlirii  C<»i|^  The  fTO^mcet  of  tlie  Attf. 

t^idk'lBii^lhniilitl'arc  not  only  ivroarzhlj  fitiuitei  at  tp 

cUfllatWbii^  iliej  may  "he  rerlu>De4  aoion^  the  mod  fet. 

tiW  in  jSbrope.    T^^ere  is  ff^arcjely  any  raluablc  produ^ 

•ii^mdi  ii^ot  to  be  met  vAAi  in  them.    Bohemia  pro- 

«^ti^ite,  and  Yiports  Bax«  wool,  hides*  (ktfts,  tiop*i  iron, 

jR^el)  tin,  cobalt,  vitriol,  Imittdbne,  allien,  gamels,  and 

Other,  predOus  ftone&;  it  Imports  iait,  ttrhie,  -iflli  cot- 

toil,  ibicetf  &e.   Upon  the  whole,  the  vaHie  of  experts 

tT^cita^  ^at  of  the  imports  by  two  millions  of  florins. 

iSijiefia' exports  large  quantities  of  Hacn,  and  Moravia 

'hat  a  great^number  of  miimtfaAili^es  of  all  (orb,  chitfiy 

ii6f  clotn,  the  produce  of  ^«^ch  amounts  to  the  V;ilue!|  of 

13  miUions.    The  eJiport^  of  Lowet^  Auftria  to  the  Le- 

'vatit,  are  cbn^puted  at  fix  millions ;  but  the  imports, 

^onfifthig  of  the  articles  of  Cotton,  goats  or  camel  hair, 

■ibices  and  coffee,  at  nine  millions.    Hie.dillnd  com* 

|>rehendiag  the  provinces  of  Stiri%  Carinthia,  and  Car- 

tiiohi,  dUled  by  the  Germitn^<tographers  Interior  Auf^ 

trta,  is  fiimoas  for  its  mmerals*     Lombarjdyrthc  popula- 

'iion  of  whkh  is  prodigious,  produces  vaft  quantities 

'Of  &kf  td  the  amount  x>f  4,500,000  florins.    The  value 

ibf  thV'minct  of  the  Auf^rian  monarchy  is  computed  to 

amount  td- 19,006,000  florins.    It  is  weil  known  that 

Hungary  produces  an  incredible  (Quantity  of  excellent 

t«rines  ;  the  moftdeiidous  of  which  is  ishe  famous  Tokay. 

The  Atftftrfan  Netherlands  haye  been  long^  famous  foi 

iheir  iifh^eiKi  corn,  [madj4«;»'k  and  flax  c^a  iCuMrior  fine- 

tkefs,  of  >«^h  the  Brabant  lafde  is  maie^  which  brings 

41  great  deal  of  money  ihto  die  country. 

^iEHii4  is  the  eapital  <:^  the  circle  of  AuQria,  and 
U'tht  t^eifdettce  of  t^e  'Ea)|>';ror  e$  the  Vhole  empiri 
ofGemiitny*  ItisanC^lc  aftdajliong  cky,  and. the 
^^ces  of  the  Hbti^  g^  Attftria  have  qmitf^d  fiothini; 
tl^t  could ticmtribute  to  its grandeurand  riches.  It& iii- 
Wbttaties  ate  reckoned  at  206,0(00.  ,  '  ,« 
.   .fiHom^iii    Thfi^fa^^         the  Afi^aa  moj^arc!)/ 

■,f... ^,  ^^  ^     .   Their 


B   9  ff   ^  II  I  A. 


331? 


4^4»  /O^P  «f4^"  *m*  nccqfdhig  to |lw 
r^i«il>»<MU  of  tg^79»,i|iii<railt.t9  9tjf^ 

i^f^'VllJS'V^'HA  'Hk  *w»w  ftrtliolic  ijOig^  If 
f)%  iteW^W .  ?4fflon  pf  t^^^ 

Jbmf^^,  M  IqUl  9o,opp,  Frqtiftuia  m  tk  prof^ifCf 

>fl^iiff  to  the  GerfliuiQ  doplre*    In  HoMiryt  the 

AmD)]^^^  |»rouft^tt.it  fi>  gFcaiu  |^  /iHcc  9i«  «a  of 

^»br«tiaii  has  been  pu^jflied^  no  Jdt  iluui  abo  cboj^cli* 

esMYC  been  aUiiwed  to  ^lem.    Tbere  ait  bon^  mi* 

nv  qpfpiaiMl  OrecJttf  as^sooq.  Jewt»  «a4  a^oM  501P00 

J^j»tipt  or  Chivuesy  m  the  Avfima  domhikioi*    .4t 

tb«)|f|piiapng  of  t^  diere  yntp  opvaidt 

of  a^)0O  coi|¥aiu  of  aionk«  ana  n«na,  which  m^  now 

wUclyre4iicedtpi«i4|.    Th^am  and^iencc^hither. 

to  grtaw;  ncffkaefjla  ^,kI%{o  na^iE^  conll^fnade,  prof • 

rds.    Too  &y»eror  jfoA^.  awopriatedthtf  g^^to^ 

l>avt  of  the  i^Tcnuf %  anAng  ^ron  thc(  eAatetof  the 

fecaijarize^  conveots,  to  the  improvement  0^  t^yf  lclkO«Is 

and  the  cncooragem^i  of  litenuy  merit. 


,'  hiV-  <'  .  I-     -  'J'.^'^F^i-.  .JM'^j*:. 


I' 


T 


.,'}■.  J  ^-Htd' 


SiTUATIOH  AND  CiCTBNT^. 

•    Bte;5th  s%*l^'^^'^  ti«^  and  V  E-  Ion- 


.Bounifar,es.:i  U  denbttrt.OOthiinordi  j  hrl%huui 
indHungarf  on  the<i({ift  $  1^  Auftrk  andlbi^aiia^oi 
dieibtifhi  and  By  the  Palatraatbof  Bt¥tDiK»  On  thf  «nfi  » 
formerly  ^Oliipt^hafiiiag,  r.  Be^iem^  firop^ )  $w  ifk^ 

fia ;  and  5.  Moravia.  ^^  ^-       -"'>' 

« :  CHhahJ1!%m^4}^-  VaAd«^t^lh«^apita]lof  lklii|oi|b 
t»  oi^e  of  the  teet  eilNi^'i^ 
rflpi^woA  hmmB  (at  «I»1ie%  biilgjl^    It»  cjitumfer. 


■M 


^3» 


ft    O    H    E    M    I    A. 


« 


It 


ence  is  Co  Urge,  thit  the  srand  PrvAisn  army,  in  iuUd 
fiege,  never  could  compietdy  invcfttl.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  c6inplited  at  Bo,o0O.  If  centilni  91  churches 
and  chapclm  and  40  eloiftert.  It  is  a  pkce  of  little  or 
no  trade,  iti^l  therefore  the  middling  inhabitants  are 
not  Wealthy ;  bot^e  J^s  are  iaid  to  cairf  on  a  large 
commerce  in  jewels.  Orniutz  is  the  capital  of  Moravuu 
It  i»  well  foriifted,  and  has  manufadnres  of  wo<^len, 
iron^afi,  paper  ahd  gunpowder.  It  contains  iitooo 
hlhi£lU1lts.    BreflaWTs  the  Capital  of  Silefia. 

C^mixe  and  MathkfiUiurtiA    See  Auftria. 

CmJUhOhk  itkit  (mkiriiniirit.^  Hie  forms,  and  only 
the  fiWnt  of  the  <ild  B6i)emian  cemfUtistien  fttU  fubfift  \ 
but  the  go«'trimiiiht'thidfer''ditt  ^nperor  is  dcfpotic. 
Their  Aktes  are  6W^td  t)f  die  cMigy,  nabihty,  gen- 
try, aiid  r^prcfentatires  of  t«wns.  i 

Hyhry.^  The  Bohetnnm  nobility  ttfed  to  eleA  their 
0Wn  pi^eik,  tho^h  die  Emperors  of  Oernmny  ibme* 
times  jmpbied  a  ^ne  upon  thetn,  and  at  length  ufurp* 
ed  Uiat  dirone  diCRinlv^  In  die  jtor  \X4t8,  Albert 
II.  of  Auftria  received  three  crowns,  that  ot  Hungary, 
the  Empire,  and  Bohemia. 

In  I  ( 14,  John  Hufs  and  Jerome  of  Pi^ague,  two  ofthe 
firft  reformers,  and  Bohemians,  were  burnt  at  the  coun- 
cil ofXonftanee,  though  the  Emperw  of  Germany  had 
giveiith<em  hfs  protection.  This  cjccaftoiied  an-  infur- 
reftioi^  in  Bohemia.  The  peo]^le  of  Prague  threw  the 
Emperor's  officers  out  of  the  windows  of  the  council 
chamber;  and  the  famous  Zifcs,  aHS^ftibling  an  army 
of  40,000  Bohemians,  defeated  the  Emperor's  forces  in 
feveral.eags^ements^  and  drove  the  Imp(|rialiiU  out  of 
the  kinigtdom.  ;The  dtvlfiolis  of  the  Huflites  among 
themfelves,  iaaUed  the-  Emperor  to  keep  poiTcflfOn  of 
Bohemia,  though  an  attempt  was  arade  to  throw  off  the 
littpeial  yoke,  by  ele£^ing^ln  the  year  t5i8,  a  Proteft- 
ant  KifWf  in  the  perfen  of  the  Prince  Palatine,  foQ-ia- 
,  hsm  t9  Jainesr4*  of  England.  He  was  driven  from  Bo- 
iMa^xl^  SHtpe^  gen*:ral8»  and  being.  Gripped  of 
fail  other  4eliiinl<M8,  was  forced  to  d^end  tm  the  court 
.^fttptfi^wt  a^jbfifbpoe.  A&xt  a  war  of  30  fears 
:<litfa<ionr1^>ioh4ofolated  the  whole  ampirey^c  Bohe- 
^iap%.JfoB$e  thiltimr*  lia«e.YeattuMd  iopift  to  the 
mufe^Auf^ia^'   -^  - 

HUNGARY. 


•-•  / 


HUNGARY. 


339 


HUNGARY, 

[BcLOKjpiiro  TO  TH*  Hobit  ^,f  ArtTKi^  ] 


Situation  and  Extent. 


SqMili 


Length  $ool  .  f  i7^&i3''E.lnn.l    ,^^,^ 

Breadth  ioo J  ^•*^**"  14^  &  4^  N.  latj  .3?*^^ 

"^  JLJ  by  TraniylTanta  Rnd  Walachia  } 
foutht  by  Sdayonia  i  wcft^  by  Auftrta  and  NJoravU. 
Dmdod  into  Upficr  Hnngaryf  nojiii  oTthf  Danub(?|  c.;p- 
italf  Pteiburg  ;  and  Lrwer  HuHgary%  rouuh  oi  t.he  Da- 
nube ca]U]Ul|  BiTdia.    N.  lat^ij^  '40',  E.  Ion.  19**  :.;'. 

HivfirJ**]  Thcfe  stfC  the  Danube,  D;-avc,  Save, 
Teylfe,  \jt^ri(b  aod  Temcs.  . 

r^lulfti^iif'l  Hungary  coota'uis  3,170,000  inhabit- 
antf. 

j^»  $^il  dJtJ  PrcJuce,']  The,  air  in  the  foutbcni  part* 
of  H^ngitry  h  very  uuhtaltliy^  owing  to  Q;^nau<d  wa« 
ters  ia  lalqes  aod  mai-ibes.  The  air  in  t)>e  ncirJ^l^er^ 
Pirtf  IS  iflo^  ftip^pe  u^i  healthy.  The  Coil  ia  iposxe 
paru  if  ^^g7  ^t^^%  su^^  prodaciet  aU^pft  every  kiiic^  oiT 
fruiti.  They  have  a  6iie  brieed  of  moifU'f-CQlpived 
horfes,  much  efteemed  by  military  officers. 

Rtiigkn^  Tht  e|labli(Ked  religion  in  H'^n'iry  isi 
the  l^oman  Cathdic,  dimigh  the  greater  part  oi  the  in- 
h^itf^pM  arc  l^roUi^amts  pr  Qi^l^)  and  they  i^oyr  en* 
joy  the  firll  exercife  of  their  religious  liberties. 

Gevkamcnt.^  {^  ^e  conilitittiGih  ^  H^ng^i?)  ^be 
crown  is  (Ull  held  to  be.cle^lvei  This  point  ia  not 
diluted.  All  tl^t  is  )n<\(ipd  pn  i«,  that  the  lieir  of  thf 
Houfe  of  Aui^ria  iball  be  elected  a«  Q\\9fi  a»  a  vac^n^ 
Uapnens.  ^  ^ 

The  reialii^  of  Huirgary,  cohfifting  of  Ui?  cro^  s^jd 
fceptrcofSt.' Stephen,  tbe  firft  ICing,  are  d^pofi^fd  ia 
Prefburg.  Thcfe  are  tareftiiiy  fccured  by'ieven  feH?» 
the  l^yp^l^r  which  are  kept  by  the  fame  number  t)f  Httu- 
garkm  i^emsiu    Kopritfce  is  hvid  by  tUe  i^op^nluca 


34* 


H    U    N  <3    A    R    T. 


•s  legiHj  their  fbreretgnt  till  be  be  cmimeJ  with  the 
diadem  w  Kin^  Stqpbcn  {  and  they  have^a  notion  that 
the  fate  of  then*  nation  dependf  upon  this  otmn't  re* 
jnaining  i^  their  poiTeffion ;  it  has  uierefore  been  alwajrt 
remofcd  in  timei  of  danger^  to  pheet  of  thegteauft 

ftf«tr. 

CSh/T^wniil  pRBtiuaa,  N.  lat  48"  to't  £•  Ion.  1 7* 
$&,  in  Upper  mngarft  is  the  capital  of  the  whole  king, 
don.  It  is  well  built  on  the  Danube,  and»  like  Vien- 
ik:i,  hasfuburbs  more^  magnificent  than  itfdf.  In  this 
citf  the  Sutcs  of  Hungary  hold  their  aflemhiiesy  and 
in  the  cathedral  church  thefovereign  is  crowned. 

N(/hry,^  Thisldngdom  is  the  ancient  Pannonia. 
Julius  C^ar  was  the  firft  Roman  that  attacked  Hunga- 
tjf  and  Tiberius  fubdued  it.  The  Goths  alierwaijds 
took  it  t  and  in  the  year,  376  it  became  a  prey  to' me 
Huns  and  Lombards.  It  was  anneied  to  the  Empire 
of  Germany  under  Charlemagne,  but  became  sn  inde- 
pendent Jpngdom  in  94a  It  war  the  feat  of  bloody 
wars  bf^en  the  Turks  and  Germans,  from  1540  to 
1 750,  when,  by  the  treaty  of  Belgnde,  it  was  ceded  to 
the  utter,  uid  is  now  annexed  to  the  Gerttian  empire. 
Formerly  it  was  anaflembla^  of  different  ^tes»  and 
Stephen  was  the  firft  nho  airamed  the  title  of  King»  in 
the  yettr  997.  He  was  diftinguiihed  with  the  ajMmla- 
tion  of  Saint,  becamie  be  firft  i&trodaced  Chriftumity 
into  this,  country. 


TRANSYLVA^IA,SCLAVONIA^dlU^A. 
TIA,  AND  HUNGARIAN  DALM  ATI  A. 

•  •         ■    -  ■.-         . 

WE  have  thrown  thofe  countries  under  one  dlri- 
fiop,  for  fi;veral  reaibns,  and  particulanjr  becnnfe 
|li-|iaTe  no  accost  iidlciently  exad,  of  iSief  extent 
^imi^Mmdanes.  The  bed  account  of  thtm  foUows ; 
ISnnmfanin  belongs  to  the  Houfe  of  Au^riSm  and  is 
bounosd  ontlienoith,  by  tie  Carpathian  iiiM^taini» 
tidUdi  divide  it  from  Poland ;  on  the  eaft,  byllpdaTia 
ind  Waladibi  I  on  the  fouth,  by  W^lacbta  i  m  on  th* 
•i-'^  welt 


ireft»  by  npber  and  Low6r  Hvtngaay*  It  lies  between 
23  and  15  degnes  of  oift  longitude,  and  45  and  48  of 
north  latitude.  Its  length  is  extended  about  i85»  and 
its  breadth  1 20  miles*  and  contains  iieaily  X4t40o  fquare 
tnilesi  bit  it  is  ihrroiindeid  on  all  fijjitii  by  high  moun- 
tains. Its  produce*  yeg^ts^les  and  aniipals  are  aimoUt 
the  fame  wth  thofc  of  Hungary.  Catholies,  Lutheran?, 
Calviiv(|:s,^ocinians,  Arians,  Greeks,  MEdiometaos,  iind 
other  fedarief  here  enjoy  their  feveral  reltgions«' 

IVc^nMTanta  is  part  of  the  ancient  Dacia,  the  inhab* 
itants  oTvdiich  long  employed  the  Roman  arms,  before  . 
diey  could  be  fubdued.  liie  Tranfykanians  <  can  br in  g 
into  the  field  30,000  troops.  StepliehL  King  of  Hun- 
ffary^  iatrodaced  Chriflianity  there,  about  tlie  yeox 
1Q0O.  * 

Sclavonia  lies  between  the  i6th  and  25d  decrees  ol^ 
eaft  longitude,  and  the  45th  and  47th  of  north  btitude. 
It  is.  thought  to  be  about  200  miles  In  length,  TKnd  60  m 
brpaidth,  ind  contains  about  10,000  fquare  miles.  U  is. 
bounded  by  the  Dra-i|e»  on  the  north  ;  by  Uie  l^cmube  oa 
the  eaft ;  by  the  Save  on  the  fouth  ;  andby  ICtria  in  Auf- 
tria  on  the  weft.  The  Slavonians  are  ze;itlou$»  RomaiL 
Catholics,,  though'  Greeks  and  Jews  are  tolerated.. 
In  1746,  Sclavonia  was' united  to  Himgary,.  and  the 
'  States  fend  reprefentativcsto  the<liet^  Hxxngaty* 

Croati»lies  between*  ^e  15th  and  jyth  .ai:gi:ces  of 
eaft  longitude,,  and^the  45th  ar>d  ^7th  of  north  latityde. 
It  is  80  miUs  in  lengthr^d.  7,0  in  breadth,,  and  con^- 
tains  al^uC  .J^^wo  fquarcmiles*  The  manners,  gdf  crn- 
ment,  i?eligton,,  language  and.cuftoms  of  the  Croats  are 
&(nd?ir,to*ti«ibiof  the  ScbyQmans.3nd  Tranfylvanians,, 
who.aretheir  neighbours*.  Carolftadt  is. a  place  of  fon^e 
note^  but  Zagrab  i^  the  capital  of  Croatia. 

Hun^ian.  Dahoati^  lies  m  the.  upper  part  of  the- 
Adriatic  Sea,  and  confifts  of  5  diftri^s,  ui.whicb.tbe 
Viofti  remarlcable  j^ces  ace  Segng*  w^h  |i»  a  roy^  firee^ 
^wn^  ibrtifiedt  bm  by  nature  and  by  art,  %nd  fituated 
Jiear  the  ieat  in  a^  blieak,  mountainous  and  bai^ren  foil  i 
«nd  Ottq^cbatfi  a  froniier  |bn't%rti(m'^^^e  n^^ 


,p 


Zt% 


^W^ 


s.-- ;    ♦  ■ 


34a        POI^AND  AW»  LFTHUANIA. 


/■ 


POLAND  AKD  LITHUANIA* 

length   ^ool   t^-^,^    f  ij5*  swd  i^P  E.  ion. 
Breadth  680  J  «'^*''^«   t46«5o'and  |7'35'N.Iat. 

BEFORE  the  eztraor<luur)r  partition  of  thif  country 
.by  the  King  of  PruflSat  aided  hjr^ the  Emperor 
an^.B^prefs  Queen,  and  the  Emprm  of  Rnfliat 
whidi  event  happened  fince  the  year  177 1>  the  lungdom 
of  Pohitid,  with  &e  Dutch)[  of  Lithuania  annexed  was 
bounded  north,  by  Livonia*  l^tufcovy  an4  the  Baltic ; 
eaft,  by  Mufcovy  ;  fouUi,  by  Hungary*  Turkey  and 
Little  Tartary  j  weft,  by  Germany.  Containing  230 
•towns.  ._  ,,  ^_ 

In  Poland,  were  villages  3,377,  ^oiivents  of  nuns  86, 
ap^emen's  eftates  23,03a,  abbeys  37,  convents  of  monks 
579,  l)ocde«  b  general  1,674,328,  peafants.  1|243,qoo» 
Jews  500,000.  *, 

PivifonsJl  The  kinj^dom  of  P^and  ^>rm^^  con.- 
tainedj55  towns,  and  Was  divided in^o 

I.  Gfeat  Poland.  5.  Courhmd. 

jt. ,  Little  Poland.  6.  Lithuania. 

5;  Pruffia  Royal.  7.  Mafovia. 

4.  Samogitta.  4.  Podokchia. 

By  a  manifefto  publifhed  March  35,  X793,  ^^'  nnfor« 
tUTipte  country  underwent  another  excifion,  which  left 
to  the  kingdom  of  Poland,  three  <4  its  fihalleft  provinces, 
viz.MaJov.'jfSamt^itiai  zxidPodotachi^t  containing  20,000 
f<|uare  miles,  ont  of  336,000,  which  formerly  belonged 
tathis  kingdom. 

Wealth  and  Commerce^  Poland  is  oiie  of  the  weakeft 
dates  id  Europe,  owing  to  the  opprefllon  of  the  trades 

nle  in  the  towns,  and  the  flavery  of  the  peafantry. 
e  ikill  of  the  natives  in  agriculture  bore  any  propor- 
tion to  the  fertility  c^  the  foil;  Poland  mig^t  be  one 
of  the  richeft  countries  in  the  world ;  for  though  a  large 
pait  of  it  lies  uncultivated,  it  exports  no  hiconfijerame 
fMbputy  of  com.  Want  of  induftry  an#j£|^Etdoni,. 
are  the-  chief  reafons  that  (he  balance  of  tradflPtb  much 
Igainft  Pvland.  The  exporu  m  cocSf  |)^p>  ihx,  horfes, 

"^^  C9Stlc» 


9.  Pbleiia. 
la  Red  Rufllia. 

11.  Podolla. 

12.  Vollunia. 


Fi||LAf&>  <H»  linTClMlOA. 


3^:i- 


cattle*  (abont  100,000  oxen  cyerj  jtat)  pelay,  tim- 
ber»  m^tal%^mkvm^w93h  hoii^  &c.  tlii  liuue  oltheni'i 
in  the  year  i777»  ampiinted  to  ncflij  «o  ilUIUoiit  or 
d«Uan.  The  imports,  conilfting  chieRpJalfriiif,  dodi» 
filk,  hard  waA,  gdd,  filvcr,  Eifiaiid  weft  iiditt  goods, 
wer6  ibppofed  to  amooarto  1^0  left  th«Ei  47  mittioiis  oT 
doMars. 

Googmmeni.'i  What  dieir  more  powerful  and  thrift- 
nical  fleighbottrs  aire  pleaftd  to  appoint.      ^   ^.^ 

ReiMon*"]  The  eftabli(hed  religion  is  the  Romaa 
<^oiic.  Pioteftants,  towhom  the Jiame  of -Diffidenta 
is  now  cdiifined,  are  tolersl^  ^hrpower  of  the  Pope 
and  of  the  Priefts  is  very  great.  ^ 

Population.'^  PteyioQs  to  the  difmemberBient  of 
this  kingdom,  in  1772,  its  iohabitants  amounted  to 
14,000,000}  afterwards  to  9,000,000;  now  to  tela 
thsui  half  the  laft  number.  *    *  ^^^  - 

Caphal.\  W;^aw,  iinjatedtb^l^lliir 
the  ceii&e  of  Pbland,  eontains  70,000  tf&ibitaatst 

ir|^ib^.J  ^^;Polan4  was  itnciently  the  country  of  khe 
Van£^,  4JI^  emig^ted  fro^  it  to  invade  the  RomaA 
cmpird.  It^was  ere^M  into'l  dutchy,  of  which  Jbechua 
was  the  firft  Duke,  A.  JD.  694.  In  his  time  the  ui^of 
gold  and  filver  vHfis  unknown  to  his  fubjedts,  their  com- 
me^e  being  carried  on  only  b|r  exchange  of  goods.  ^  It 
becafne  a  kingdom  in,  dM  year  1000  $  Otho  III.  £mpe^ 
ror  of  Germany,  conferring  thj:  title  of  King  oa  Bolef-- 
lans  I.  Ued  Ruffia  was  added  to  this  king£>m  hj  Bo-^ 
leikus  II.  who  married  the  heirds  of  that  cc^ut^y,. 
A*  D.  iCi$^  Difmembcred  by  the  emperor  of  Ger» 
jbafiy,  the  Emprefs  of  RuflSa,  and  the  King  of  PrttSa» 
who  by  a  partition  treaty,  Icieed  the  moft  valuable  ter- 
ritories, 1772.  Thefe  nations  have  lately  made  another 
partition  of  this  kingdom,  in  confcquence  of  which,  it 
is  faid  Uiat  the  Kins  and  Diet  of  Poland,  have  by  treaty 
formally  r^^ed  their  conntry  into  the  hands  of  their 
•ppreflbrs^^fhis  event  took  place  early  in  the  year 

jKuny  intereftmg  particulars  refpediag  tl^a  country 
mty^fouad  in  the  American  Univeriu  (^ography» 
?ili.|^^  t54.**-|0|.  Edit.  1796.  « 

-\  .  ^  SWITZERLAKlp. 


SVlTZElCtAIWOi 


S  W  ITZR  R  L  A  N  Br. 


{6»  a»d  1 1*  E.  longit«4et 
4S**  and  48<»  1*.  laiitiide. 


BOU^iDED  nm\  by  Germany  ;   Eaft,  by  Tirol, 
Trent  and  Lake  Condance ;  fdudi,  by  Italy  ^  weft„ 
by  Franc<i. 

'  DintifiGmJ]  S^^it^erland  is  divided  into  thirteen  can- 
fon$>  vi^ich  ^ttd  tin  point  of  precedency  as  CdUows: 
i.  Ziisieh  $  a.  Bfrine;  3.  Lnocrne  {  4.  Uri ;  5.  Swttz ; 
6.  Underwald;  7.  Zug  ;.  ^.  Claris  $  9..  Bafil  or  Baflc } 
idi  Friboupg;  It.  3<uoire;  13.  Sca^auTe;  13.  A  p. 
pen7.ell.  .  \ 

CaksJ]  Berne,  on  the  river  Aar,  contains  10,506 
mbabitants.  Bash,  or  BasltB^  on  the  banks  of  ilie 
Rhine,  contains  a^o  (Irtets,  and  by  iomt  is  reckoned 
the  capitil  of  all  Switzerland,  15,000  inhabitants. 

Rhea^  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine  and 
Rhol}e|,^hoth.of'Whichiri4  in  tbe  Alps. 

*JlH^i  ^md  Ptodnahm.^  This  country  is  fall  f>f 
mbuntaiiifrf  on^the  tops  of  fome  of  them^  th^  fnow  re* 
IQainsil^'yc^  ro*ma;  the  air,  pf  confequence, is  keen,, 
and  thcf'^fts  fevere.  In 'the  Airomer  tHe  inequality  of 
the  foU  feftders  the  (ame  ptoviace  vtstj  uxie<{aal  in  its 
f^ons^  On  one  fide  of  the  mountains,  called  the 
Alps»,the  inhabitants  are  often  reaping^  while  they  are 
tibwing  oh  ^the  other*  The  vallics,  hovrevcr,  are  wann». 
fruitftil,  and  well  cultivated.  The  water  of  Switzer* 
laiiais  excellent,  defcending  ftom  the  'mountains  ittt 
iHNHillftll  catarads,  which  have  a  XDoft  pleadiag  and  de- 
lightful effeifV.  Its  produdtioHfr  are  iheep,;Catt|e,/winef< 
flak,  wheat,  bCrley,  tpples,  ^peaches*  cherries^  chefiiuts,, 
'vndplunrM^, 

ftfuhtimMHiamrafkr,^:  The  iMinilMCfif '  inhabits- 
ants^.inJ795,  was  i,oto»ooo< 

Tht  Swifs  are  a  brave,  hardy,  hidttlbtoii*  peopl^  le-- 

imiHiable  ior  their  fidelity,  and  th^r  teahmaattaithinent 

tolhe  liberties  of  their  country.    iA^gcfifial^niF^if^y 

•of  manners,  an  open,  unafibA^d  fhu[Uala&,l||^cthef 

miifa  an  invlxicible  l)>irit  of  fr«edom»  i^e  tbe  mod 


SWltZn^hAflB. 


34f 


diftingniflii^g  icharaAenftics  of  the  inluibftanu  of 
Switxerknd.  On  the  firft  entrance  iato  this  coun- 
try, tiHTeUen  cannot  bu|  obrenrc  the  air  of  content  and 
fatiifaaion,  whkfa  appears  in  the  covotenancesof  tho 
inba^tfwu.  A  tafte  for  literature  it  |n«vaIcot  atoong^ 
them,  fnm  the  higheft  to  the  loweft  rank.  •  Thefe  are 
the  hi^p7  cdi^eqaencei  of  a  mild  TepubUcaa  govern* 
went.  ■:  ^  ■  II 

RfUgtMi,'}  The  eftablifhed  religions  are  CalTinifm 
andPbperyi  though,  in  fome  lod^inal  poinu,  thcf 
dtS&  nanch  from  Calvin.  T^etr  ientiments  on  re- 
ligions, toleration  are  much  kis  liber^  than  upon  civil 
government.  «      ' 

Govemmeto,'}  Switzerland  comprehends  thirteen 
cantons,  that  is,  fo  m^j  different  repubhcs,  all  united  , 
in  one  confedetacyv  for  their  mutual  prefervation.  The 
govefnment  is  partly  ariftocratical,  and  ptti;tly  demo- 
cratieal.  Every  canton  is  abiblnte  bits  own  jttri£iic», 
tjon.  But  whether  th?  government  l>e  arii|0ei>i^cal» 
democraticial,  0-,  mixed,  a  genera)  fpirit  of/jib^ity  per- 
vades and  abates  the  ieveral  eonflntotions*  l^m^ttaH 
iaterdb  of  the  people  appear  to  be  att^edfl^'ni^ 
they  enjoyed  a  great  degrcie  of  happineis,  )&i4!0i[^tii 
revdntton.'    .■       'i^' ./h y /■.-,:.'    ■      -  -  ',  '"M- 

J^ory,'}    The  old  inbsbttants  of  ^6  comkttji^me. 
c^led  Helvetii ;  thqr  were,  defeated  hy  |uli«ui  CMir* 
57  yicars  before  Chrift,  and  the  teniitory  remained  iiib. 
jea^tq  the  Roaians,  till  it  was  conquered  ^yti|ie  Al* 
einaa^  German  emigmilS)  A.D.  595 ;  who  were  ex* 

"  d'  1^  Clovist  Kii^  of  France,  in  496.    I|  nnder- 
y  beinff  made  pa^of 

the^p^o^  of  Burg^nd^;  l0  Conrad ll.  Empc^r  of 
G^^ianyi  fron^  which  t^4t  was  held  as  pa^  of  the  , 
empire^  s*ll  the  year  yQ|j|iir)iei.\  a  very  Angular  revoir 
delivered  the  Swifs  cantons  fioni  the  German  yoie* 
Griiler»  Governor  of  thele  provinces  for  the  EmpeiM' 
Albert,  having  ordered  one  WHliam  Tell,  an  iUnftkona 
SwcTs  patriot,  under  pain  of  death,  to  iboot  at  aa  a^pp|i^» 
pbeed  on  the  head  of  ono  of  his  children^  ^  had  the 
dczterttyi^  though  thf'diftance  was  very  eonfiden^l^   ^ 
to  ftrihf  itHpf  i«tthont  hittNig  th«  chad.    The  tyrant.  % 
V^Hpru^  that  iam,  had  iiM#(r  arrow  under  his  clc4^ 


¥^. 


V5 


34<^ 


N^l  HI  R  LANDS. 


nthed  him  Ibr  what  ytupoCn  he  intenM  k  ^  He  boldtjr 
repliedt  «*  To  h«ve  Ihot  you  to  tb*  heart;  if  I'd  had  thf 
misfortuae  to  kiU  m^  fotk'^  The  enraged  Gi^vcmryt 
•rdered  htm  to  be  banged  |.  but  his  fellow  cittisns,  aai< 
laated  b/  his  ibrtituJe  and  patrtotiihif  Btm  to  4?  2^11,  ai* 
taelMd.^  Ti^^ttilbed  CfiQer,  who  wat  ^ot  4mi  bT 
'  Till,  and  the  indeperuieney  ^>C  tl^  ier«rid  li;itett  &i  tliis 
#luntry,  now  called  rhe  llurttrm  €ant^>{if»  o  vder  a  re- 
.pliblicaft  form  of  go^mmeot  t<?  k  place  fiinfiediately ; 
Wich  waf  nude  pctpeiafll»  by  a  league  amoog  them- 
&lmi  in  ^year  1)15 ;  and.  conltmu  4  b^  trsat^  with 
lie  othiar  pow«ri  of  £ttri»>e»  1640.  StTtn  of  tbdi 
i^antOi3%  s^e  Rdman  Caihi)lief>  and  ux  procdftantH^^ 


«**»- 


$  T  H  £  R  L  A  N  D  & 


t 


ienflttfe  S^r  k-t«e^  1 4??  <¥i^  ffc  J^  UtUu^ 


:l# 


They  are  bowtdt^by  t(e  Cknnan  &a  on  the  i^SI^  v 
by  Germ99y,>a(l;  by  Lofr^iand  France|.rou^h  j  1^^ 

by  tlie  3riti(h  channel,  we^C  '    ^       . 

V^t  (k^l|  for  the  fake  of  p^#i£uity«  and  to  aVoU 
ri^petttiotii Irealof  the  ieYe;nte«n  pf princes  imdertwo 
ffreatt  01? iflptts ;  Brft,  Xhft  Nortbtnif  which  contain  the 
Iev«i|l^;td  Provincef,.  ufutiilly  knpwn  by  the  name  tt 
StpLxaiip :  ^coodly^  t|ie  ^p«^4&«r«i  eontaini^  the  Au& 
«%>^^«?4  French  N^tt^extodi*^        '^ 


'**«;;,<-     ,  * 


H    6    L   h    A   V  ?D. 


347 


HOLLAND,  Oft  the. SEVEN  UNITED 

PROVINCES. 


Mile*. 


^^{'X::^V^L'] 


Sq.'Miklk 


io>ooa 


JengthxSol 
ire]ulthi453 

BOtTNDED  call*  by  Gennany ;  fonth  by  the  AuT* 
trtan  and  French  Nrtherlan^ ;  weft  luid  north* 
by  the  Geonan  ocean.  Coxkauning  1 1  j  toimmf  194^ 
viUagei. 

Dhijcm  ami  Ptjj^MitHcff, 


frovl^Ut 
GeMerland, 
Holland. 
Utrecht,     ^ 
Z«alan4, 
Frieflaad,   ~ 
Oreryflel, 
CrroQomgCB^ 


980,000 

«i.000 

85,000 
14O1POO 

100^000 


Innuflicii, 

AaiAerdaoi, 

Utrecht, 

Leuwirdcn, . 

Deventer, 

OromuttgciL 


ttfioo 
ttt,ooo 


,    Total    %;t5^t63%  in  1785, 

Conniry  €f  Drenthe,  under  the  protedioo  of  t|i« 
United  Proyincei.  w      ' 

Lands  of  the  Generah'ty,  commonly  called  ^fttch 
Brabant,  435,000  inhabltantSi^  Chief  tewn^  $Qis  1e 
Due;  1 2,606  iidiabitaLnts. 

Peffe^om:]  t.  InAfia,  Hie  coaft  of  tl^lfiand  ef 
Java;  the  capital  of  whh^  U  Batavta,  ^teat  of  the 
gyremor-general  of  ail  die -Eaft  India  fettlf|nent9  of  jlie 
&lt!i3h.  2.  Some  fettlemen^  on  the  co^  of  Snma^. 
3!^;^^  ^ateft  part  of  the  mliicea,  or  $ptee  dif^dl  j 
chiefly  Amboyna,  Bsnda,  Qfcmate,  Tid^,  Moftyrt^Jil^ 
chian ;  fettlements  or  f^dkorits  on  tfie  iiiand  of  O^i 
&c.    4.  On  the  coafb^  Malabar  and  Coroput 


Sedratpatauni  Bimltpatan^  Tepatam,  Cpehilk)  andOi* 
nanore ;  faAoKes  «t  Sul^  Pemw  ^*  alfo  iii#|e  0i^ 
of  Fetfla,  M  Gjismm,  ^i[fibra,  &c.  5.  On|M)>tdyd 
ofCeykm*  the  chief,  place  it  GoloBibo  s- they  hairo^be* 
fiAii*  Tnfkpiiialey  Jamap^iijnit  Negamobo^aad  Si^fKat 
""^"^""^of. lodges or^iao^  '   ^ 

.    %•  tm 


\r  t: 


it^^» 


%. 


34« 


O   L   L    A    M   0. 


».  fnJ/rks.  t.  TKt  Cape  of  Good  Hope,*!  hrgt 
fttdcncnk,  of  whi^.llic  CapetowAy  with  iti  fortrcfi.  Is 
the  capital.  There  if  alio  a  French  colony  at  the  Cape, 
called  Noovelle  Rochelle.  The  goTernor  of  the  Cape 
doee  not  ckpeq^  o<^  ^  gotemor  of  Batavia,  but  it 
under  tiM  iinmdiatt  •control  of  the  Statef'of  Holland. 
9.  George  de  la  Mina»  and  s>ther  foTttk(k$  and  faao- 
riea>lo  Guinea. 

5.  /»  America.  I.  The  iflandi  of  St.  Euastia,  Saba, 
Cttiracoa.  a.  The  colonies  of  Eflequiho*  Demarara, 
jBarrioam,  and  Betbice,  on  the  continent  of  Guiana. 
f^fMtimdCmmtm:]  The  Seven  United  Prortnccs 
jftbrd  a  ftriking  proof,  that  unwearied  and  perferering 
indttftiy  is  capable  of  conquering  every  difadvantage 
^^  climate  and  fituation.  The  air  and  water  are  bad : 
thejbil  naturallf  produces  feateely  any  thin^  but  t^if ; 
and  the  pofi*efljon  of  this  foil,  poor  as  it  is,  is  difputed 
hy  the  ocean,  which,  rlfing  confiderably  -above  the  level 
of  the  land,  can  only  be  prevented  by  ftrong  and  ex- 
penftve  dyhes,  from  overfiowi(i|g  a  fpot  which  feems  to 
be  ftolen  froin  its  ^natural  domains^  Notwithftanding 
ll^* difficulties,  which  might  item  mfuimountable  to  a 
left  induftrious  people,  the  pericvering  labours  of  the 
pa^^vt  Dutchmen  have  rendered  this  imalV  and  feem* 
InPl^iniigiilficant  territory,  one  of  the  richeft  fpots  in 
Europe,  Soih  with  refped  to  population  and  property. 

In  other  countries,  which  are  pofTcfled  of  a  variety  of 
naturad'  produdions,  we  are  not  furprifed  to  Bnd  mana* 
fadhires  emi^oyed  in  multiplying  the  riches  which  the 
bouniyof  the  foil  beAows;  but  to  fte,  in  a  country 
like  Holland;  large  woollen  manufadures,.  wbere^tlpre 
iure  (cicely  any  Socks  (  numberit  ,  artifts  employlw  iri 
metal  V#her%there  is  no  mine  1  thoufands  of  £iw  mills, 
where' there  is  fcarcely  any  forcfls  ;  an  immenre<)uantity 
of  corn  exported  from  a  country  where  there  is  nut 
agHieultt%  enough  to  fupport  one  half  of  iu  Inhabitants, 
;  molt  %ike  evjsry  obCerver  witb  adnairarion.  Among 
lmi|i<i^  valuable  produ^c^s  of  tliiscpimtry  may  be  I 
rpckdfied  ^fii*  excellent  cattle.  They  expoit  large  | 
quHuttties  pf '  madder,  a  Vegetabki  much  ufed  in  dying. 
Their  fi&eries  yicild  a  clear  profit  of  many  ^l^onsofj 

florins. 

^  Tin*  place  ba»Wea  eafta^ed  by  die  EiigMdIlb 


O    L    Ii    A    N    D. 


U9 


Aortnt.  The  trade  of  HoHan^  eiteiidt  to  almoft  every 
part  of  the  world,  to  the  exclufioii,  in  fome  iiranche^y 
of  all  their  European  competitors. 

CafUat.']  Amsterdam,  which  is  built  on  piles  of 
wooa,  and  is  one  of  the  moil  comrnercial  cities  in  -th<ii 
world,  hats  more  than  one  hairthe  trad^  of  HoUaad  i 
and,  in  this  /celebrated  centre  of  an  immenfe  cotnmeree* 
a  banlc  is  eftablilhad  of  that  fpecies,  caQed  a  Giro  Bamk| 
of  very  great  wealth  and  j^eHer  ecedit* 

GvwrtifMnt»1  Sinee  the  ^"eat  confederation  of  IT- 
trecht,  made  u\  the  year  1579,  the  Seven  United  Prov- 
inces m^Il  "be  looked  upon  as  one  political  body,  united 
for  the/ prefer vation  of  the  whole,  of  Ivhieh  each  Angle 
province  rs  governed  by  it:  jwn  laws,  and  exercifes  moll 
of  the  rights  cf  a  fmrereign  ftate»  In  eoniequence  of 
the  union,  the  Seven  Provinces  guaranteed  each  other's 
rights,  they  made  war  and  peteie,  t.hey  levied  taxes,  ftfri 
in  their  joint  capscity* ;  but  as  to  internal  govemmeift, 
eath  province  was  irtdependeht  of  the  other  provinces, 
and  cf  tht  fupreme  power  of  the  repiiUic.  The  prov- 
inces rank  in  the  tfrdtr  they  s^e  mentioned.  They  feat 
deputies  chofsn  out  of  the  provincial  ftates,  to  the,gen- 
eral  aifembty,  called  the  States  Grwr/r/,' which  tnls  inveft- 
ed  #(tli  the  ru|9r^e  legiHatiVe  power  oftl^  cont|i|rf- 
tion.  iBach  province  might  khd  as  ihany  miinattbeivjii  k 
pieafedi  but  it  had  only  tone  voice  in  tl^^  aHelibl jr  «f  the 
ftates.  Before  the  late  tevol'utiod,  Halt  ^Bsfttmlf  was 
compofed  of  58  deputies.  At  the  head  of  thir^gbveriS* 
mentwststhe  Stadcholdery  who  exerc^fed  avcry  cori- 
iideraMe  part  of  the  otectitive  power  of  jtbe  {Uttf,  At 
prefent  tjie  government  is  unfettled.  \ 

-^  %W.]  TheCalvtriia  or  Ref^m^ed  teltgfci^  ii^Sf. 
tahittiied  in  Holland^  bat  others  Ire  toii»ate^ 

None  \mt  Calvfniib  tan  ho)  \^ny  einploymen^of, 
Irufl  oi'  profit.  The  dmrdi  is  gdvierti^by  Pteftfyfe- 
ries  and  Synods.  Of  the  latter,  there  are^nfiie  for  j^n-^ 
gle  provinces,  and  one  national  %nQd,iubjed»h<^w^ 
ever,  te  tiie  cdatrol  oT  the  Sffites'd^eneraL  1«ie  French 
and  WaUoon  CahriajAs  have  Synodsftf^^iroNwi.  fft. 
the  Seven.  Provinces  are,  i»n9  tninifters  of  theeila^ 
liftied"(rhtirch,  90  of  tlie  Walioori  church,  80a  Roman 
F  f  -       .  Catholic, 


.  ' 


v^ 


AHSTRIAK  And  FRENCH 


Catholic.  53  Luthenin,  43  Armenian,  and  51a  Baptir; 
minitlers.'  In  the  Eaifl  lodte*  there  are  46  and  in  the 
Well  Indies  9  mintftcrs  of  the  eftabliflted  church. 

ffjfion.'}  TheTe  provinces  v/ere  originally  an  aflem. 
blage  of  fevenil  Lordihips,  dependent  upon  the  Kingi 
of  Spain  $  from  whofe^  yoke  they  withdrew  themfelves 
during  the  reim  of  Philip  IL  in  the  year  1579,  under 
the  conduA  oT  the  Prince  of  Orange*  and  formed  the 
republic,  now  called  the  Seven  tmited  Provinces,  or 
Hottand,  that  being  the  moft  remarkable  province. 
The  office  of  dtadtnolder,  or  Captain  General  of  the 
United  Provineef^  was  made  hereditary  in  the  Prince 
of  Orange'*  family,  not  excepting  females,  in  1 747. 

f— —— ^M^—i — —      I      I        I    I      III    I  <ilH  l».l  I  I       I     '   I  I     ———1^ 

The    AUSTRIAN   and    FRENCH 
»  .NETHERLANDS. 

^     •        MUcs.  , 

21.ength  aool  .  ^i^^    f4<)°  and  51®  north  latitude. 

BwadiiiaooJ  °*^^«*"   \  a*  g^a  7"  e^ft  longitude. 

BOUNDED  nprtli,  by  HoHahd  and  the  German 
ocean  r.caft,  by  Germany ;  fouth'ahd  wtft,  by 
France  .and  the  iiidm,  channel:  '^ 

.   DhHjSm^J  This  cpuntry  is  divided  Into.,  ten,  prov- J 
Alices,  via.^  ^  . 

'Br*baot,bel(^ging  to 'he  Dutch  W  A«(Utant.'   {b[^|J^ 

42j^if«hj<a  to  the  Ho4re  of  Auftrii,  Antwerp. 

Xiniibtfr^,  wtongiiMf  Co  tue  Dutch  and  Auftri^iis,      .Lijiibui^.^ 
liPieimrgi  Attftftao  «nd  Freochi  .^  Lux«^|}|U|. 

^amur. 

Moos. 

CaAbtey. 

Arfis. 


Mnmr, middle  Ittrtsbclongins;  tq  Aiiftriai 

Hainautt,  Auftrian  aod  f renc^ 

<>mbrefi8.  rabicd  to^I'irance, 

'Art^  fabjea  to  Fr;^ce, 

— Jjj^^ibeloog^tothel>uteb,AuftrIan«,and  ("Otticii. 

f*^**'*^J     |¥cn<h,  *  \0^xfA,, 

..         ■  ■■'''■-  ,' 

,}'  ^i  couni^  »  diicliibcd  as  it  eiifced  before  the  late  reyolu 
tioTii  1  ii  now  (n  »  rcv6lBti«aary  (iste,  irtd  the  feat  of  war. 


NETHERLANDS. 


3St 


TaiHthUanit  ami  Rrrtpon,"]    The  NetUcTlands  are  inJub- 
ited  by  about  1,500,000  foul».     The   Roman  Catholic . 
is  the  e(Ublilhed  religion,  but  ProtelUnts  and  Jews  are 
not  moleded. 

MlfUtwfaSuret^  Their  principal  manufH^urei  ar^« 
fine  lawns,  ciuubiies,  hce^  ancf  tapeftry,  with  which 
thejr  civcy  05  a  very  advuuageoiiH  tratHc,  efpeciiilly 
with  England,  from  whence  it  is  computed  they  re- 
ceive a  b.ilance  oi  half  a  million  annualiy,^  in  time  of 
pcAce.-  ''-^ /'"*''.  '  ■•  *•' 

Chir/  Tcwn."]'  Bbusgels  is  the  chief  town  of  firl^ 
bant,  and  the  capital  of  Flanders.  Here  the  .heft  cam- 
!>lecs  are  made,  and'  moft  of  the  fine  laces,  which  arc 
worn  in  every  part  of  the  world. 

Covtr.vmnf.']  Tlift  Anftrian  Netherlands  are  ftlll 
confidered  as  a  chcle  cf  the  empire,  of  which  the  arch- 
ducal  houfe,  as  bein^  ibvereign  of  the  wholcj  is  the  ff^^Q 
direi^or  arid  fumtnoning  pripce.  This  ctrcU  contrihtl  .s 
its  n>are  to  the  imp(  fts  ot  the  empire»  and  fends  .in  en- 
voy 10  the  diet,  but  is  not  fubje<ft  to  the  judicatories  of 
the  empirt^<  It  is  under  a  governor  general,  appoint* 
fd'by  the  court  of  \ienna..  The  feci- o£  an  af- 
fembly^  or  parltament,  for  each  province  is  ftill 
kept  up,  and  confifts  of  the  clergy^  nobility,  \spd 
(ieputles  of  towns,  who  meet  at  Bruflels.  Each 
provtuce  claims  particular  privileges,  but  they  are 
of  very  little  effe^  ;  arid  the  governor  feldom  or 
never  Eiids<  any  refinance  to  the  will  of  his  court. 
Every*  province  liar  a  particular  governor,  fubje^  to 
the  regent  ;  and  caufes  are  here  decided^  according,  io 
the  civil  and  canon  law. 

H0ory^    Flanders,  originally  the  cctmuj,  of  ili« 

ancient  Belgse,  was  conquered  by  Julius  Csnar,  for^« 

ieven  years  before  Qinft  (    pa0*ed  into  thebandiof 

France,  A^  p.  4.12  ;  and  was  governed  by  its  Earls^ 

■fub^  to  that  crown,  from  864  to  1369,     By  niarti. 

age,  it^;lten  came  into  the  Hou&  of  Aulliria  ;  but  was. 

•yielded  to  Spain,  in  i55$<    Shook  p£F  the/Spani^  yoke 

1572  ;  m  the  year  1725,  by  the  treaty  of  Vtenoa,  wai 

annexed  to  t^e  German  cmpii^e  I,  aJl^d  is  now  (i79(S| 

aimmitp France.  •/'    :  ,  ^<  ^ 

n*     •  FfeANCE. 


35* 


r    R    A    N    C    E. 


N      C      E. 


Milct. 


S^riSS.?:^}'^"! 


45*  and  51*  Ji  lutitm^?. 
S*"  and  80  £.  longiiiidc. 

BOUNDED  north,  by  the  Engllrti  channel  and  the 
Netherlands  ;  caft,  by  Germany,  Swiuerland  and 
Italy ;  fouth,  by  the  Nfediterranean  and  Spain  ;  wc(l, 
by  die  bay  of  Bifcay.  Containing,  before  the  revolu* 
tion»  400  citief ,.  1  ^500  fmaUer  towns,  ^»cop  parilhes,. 
lOQiOOo  villages. 


PoJf>gmx  in  ether  parts  of  the  Olcbe, 


\ 


,  f .  fh  jf/ia,"]  Some  didriftt.  on  the  coaft  of  C&roman- 
del,  oF  which  Pondlcherry  is  the  capital.  Some  hd  con-i 
fi  Jet  able  (ettlenents  on  the  Malabar  coaft,  and  in  Ben*, 
gal,  and  feveral  faAories. 

2.  /a  Jfrka*2  In  Barbary,  B«(lion'de  Franee.  The 
ifland  of  Goree,  part  of  Senegambia,  Fert  Louis  -on  die 
Senegnl,  -aJid  Podar,  Galam,  Portcndic,  Fort  Argain. 
On  the  coaft  of  Guinea,  l^rancols.  In  the  Indian  Sea,, 
the  iflai^ds  of  Bourbon  and  llha  of  Ffance^' 

^  3.  /if  Amfrira.2  The  North  American  iflandt^  of 
St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon.  In  the  Weft  lndict»  the 
ifland  of  St.  Domingo,,  the  iilasd  of  Martinique,  Gua« 
daloupe,  St.  Lucia,  Maiia  Galantc,  St.  Martin  and 
Tobago.  In  South  Amcricai  fome  Icttiements  in.  Qui- 
anaaiid  Cayenne^  '      ' 

All  thefe  pofieffionsi  a^cordhig  to  Neckar,  eontain^ 
libout  600,000  inhabitants^  Some  of  theie  plaees  haTC: 
lately  falleii  into  the  hands  6f  the  firttifh.  >     . 

Sthee '  the  revohition,  a  new  dWifion  of  France 
has  been  niade>  as  follows  t  *<'£ach  diftria  ifo  be  di^ 
i^ided  into  cantons  of  about  four  fquare  kttgkti  eitcfa, 
with  at  leaft  one  primary  a0efttblyin  each  canton.  If 
liie  notnbef  of  citivens  .in  a  canton  do  not  atoonnt  to 
i^i  thtte  isto  be  only  pne  afTembly)  but  if  they 
amount  jtd  that  titi»kber»  there  are  to  be  two^^mblies 
ipf  450  ca^b.  Each  ordinary  a^mbly  to  eoii Jift  i$  near* 
^  iy  as  po^^^  of  6^0t  which  ih^ll  be  the  mean  number) 

the 


r  R    A    N    C    E. 


35} 


the  leaft  to  be  440.  The  number  of  depatkf  fent  to 
the  omtional  a/Tembtf  by  each  diftriA»  to  be  in  propor- 
tion to  the  population,  taxet^  s^nd  ttrritory,  jointly  con* 
fidered," 

This  .new  political  divifinn  of  France  eorrejboodt  ta 
fome  refpedt  with  the  divifions  of  New  England : 
diftridf  in  France,  ani'wer  to  counties  in  New  England, 
cantons  to  townlhips,-  and  aiTembliet  to  town-meet* 
ings. 

CRuuti^Smlf  Rhirtf  Commeretf  Cffc.j  France  is  Citn- 
ated  in  a  rery  mild  climate.  Its  foil  in  moft  parts  is  Yery 
fertile  ;  it  is  bounded  by  high  ridges  of  mountains,  the 
lower  branches  of  which  crofs  the  greater  part  of  the 
kingdom  |  it  abounds  with  latge  rirers,  yiz.  the  Rhone^ 
the  Loire,  the  Garonne,  the  Seme,  8u»  to  the  amount  of 
soo«  many  of  which  are  navigable  {  and  it  is  contiguous 
to  two  oceans.  Thef^  united  advantages  render  t)ii!i 
kingdom  one  o(  the  richeft  conntries  in  Europe,  both 
with  refped  to  natural  produAions  and  commerce. 
Wine  is  the  ftaple  commodity  of  France^  One  million 
fix  hundred  thonfand  a<!res  of  ground  are  laid  ont  in< 
vineyards,  and  the  net  [Profit  iVom  each  acre  is  eAimated 
at  from  four  to  feven  potmds  fterling^.  France  annua!* 
ly  exports  wines  to^theamoufatof  twenty  four  millioni 
^of  livres*  The  fruic»  and  other  produAions  of  France 
do  not  much  differ  from  thofe  of  Spain,  but  are  raifed  in 
much  greater  plenty.  Fjrance  has  very  important  fifliv 
eries,  bothon  her  own. and  on  the  American  eoaft; 

In  vjj^  there  w^e  in  France  1,500  ftlk  mills,  s  i,coo 
looms  for  Alk  fttiffs,  1 2,cx)o  for  ribbons  and  lace,  20,000 
for  filk  ftocking» ;.  and  the  difl^rent  filk.  manufadories 
emi^oyed  a,ooo,ooo  of  people^ 

III  point  of  commerce,  France  before  Her  revolution 
waa  ranked  next  to  England  and  Holland.  The  French 
Had  the  greateft  (bare  in  the  I«evant  trade — they  en* 
joyed' fome  valuable  commercial  privileges  in  Turkey,;, 
but  their  Weft  India  poieffions,  which  were  admirably 
cnltitaud  and  governed,  were  the  richeft.  Before  tli^ 
lite  American  war  the  balance  of  commerce,  in  favouxt 
o£  Francci  was  eftimated  at  70^O0O|COO-livres. 


Ff> 


QmrmcMt,^^ 


2SA' 


F    R    A   N    t  t: 


Gvvtfimimt^y   Revolmionaiiy  and  nniettled* 

In  this  coaotry  t^ere  w«:re  i8  Arclibrfbopt^  ii i  bifrf. 
ops,  166,000.  dtrgymcn,  5^400  convents,  c^rttaining 
200,Q00  perrons  devbted  to  moxuftic  life.  Thefe  were 
all  aboliihed  bythe  revolution. 

Latrni/fgJj  The  feiences  have  arifen  to  a  very  great 
height  iri  this  nation^  whicb.caii  boail  of  having  pro. 
duccd  greitt  mafter-ptfctres  in  almoft  eir^ry  braMtch  of 
Ccientific  knowledge  and  elegax^t  literature.  There  are 
so  univerSttfs  in  France.  The  royal  academies  of 
fciencesy  of  ^e  French  language^. and  of  infcriptions 
and  antf^uitiei  at  Paris^.are  juftly  celebrated.    ^ 

Hf/hry.'}  ^twoJCfi  wsis  originally  the  country  of  the. 
ancteut  Gauls,  arid  wasconqtieredbythe  Romans  tven- 
ty.five  years  btfore  Cbrift.  The  Goths,  Vandals,  Ala^s 
aiHl  Suevi,  and  afterwards  the  Bocgii^di,  divided  it 
amongft  them  frbto  A.  D.«46o  to  476,  v/bcn  the  Franks, 
another  fet  of  Gerni^n  emieranti,  virho  had  fettled  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  the  Maiiie,  completed  the  foun- 
dation of  the  prefcnt  ,kin|f^dom  under  Gtovis. .  It  was 
conquered,  c]£fcept  Paris,  by  Edward  HI.  of  England, 
between  1341  and  1559.  In  2420  an  entire,  conqueft 
was.mad<?  by  Henry  V.  who  viras  appointed  regent,  dur- 
ing &e  life  of  Chat  las  Vl.  ackno^<rled^(ai  heir  to  the 
crown' of  Francejjand  hoitiagt  paid  to  him^ accordingly. . 
The  !]Sngl)(h  crown  iod  all  its  poiSeflions  in  France  dur* 
tngthe  reign  of  Henry  VI.  between  1434  and  1450. 

The  laft lurtg  of  this  potent  empire,  was  Lnuis  X  VL 
the  frienJ  of  America,  and  of  t^t  rights  of  mankind* . 
He  was  born  Auguft  23,  1754;  married  Hkitx^  Anto^ 
uietta  of  Auftria,  May  16, 1770  ^:  acceded  to  the  tHrone 
upon  the  death  of  his  grandfath^  Louis  XV>  May  10, 
1774;  and  was  crowned  at  RHeimt,  June  12,  1775.. 
He  was  beheaded  January  21,1 793,  and  his'  qiie«0  met 
with  the  fame  untimelv  fate,  0(t.  16,  in  the  fiime  year. 

Many  chaozes  in  the  govenameot  of  this  unhappy 
f ountry  have  HtKe  taken  place,  and  it  may  0ill  be  con>- 
ftdcred  MF  ellutflt&^d  OQ  a  .very  ^f^^^^  fQuadttion, 


ilFAlH. 


a    B    A    r  n; 

&       P        A        I        N. 
8iTUAt*ioi<  AND  Extent,. 


m 


Miles. 


N 


Jbength  700!   k^,,„^^    f  36*  and  44°  N.  btitiicfev. 
Breadth  500];  ^^^^'^^  l^o  ^^^  ^^o  £^  ioi,gitade. 

ifc^i*^,^,:]  B-OUNPED  weft,   byPmugal  and 
-^  JLI    tbc  A««»t»c  ;  north,  by  the  Bay 
of  BiTcay  aod  the  P^tenean  mounMnns,  which  divide  it 
irom  Franice  ;   eaft:  and  fouUi,   |>y  tJ;e  Mediterranean  ? 
Sea,  and  the  Straits  of  Gi1»'altar. 

Spain  is  divided  bto  14  di(bri£t$,  in  vfhich  are  13^, 
towits,  ,and  a.j  ,085  villages  and  boroughs.  , 

P^S^ni  in  oiher  ^arlnj/the  Glu^*. 

I.  In  Africa.^  On  the  coaft  of  Barbary,  the  towns  of 
Gsuta,  Oran,  Welilla,  and  Mafalqaiver :  the  Ganary 
Iflands,  viz.  Cauaria,  Ferro,  Tensriffc,  &c.  'JThe  idandj 
of  Annabou  and  Delpo,  under  tlie  equator* 

?.  /«  Afta.')^  ■■  The  PhiU'ppine  Iflands,  the  principal 
6^  which  is  Luzon,  %vhofe  capital  is  Manilla.  ;  Tlie 
Marian,  the  CaroUne»  and  Palabs  iiland^^ 

3.  /h  /America,']  Imthenfe  provinces,  much  larger 
thaki  all.EuTope,  moli  of  which  are  aftonifliingly  fer- 
tile. 

(i*)  In  North  America,  Loulfianav  California,  Old 
Mexico,  or  New  Spain,  New  Mexico,  both  the  Floridas, . 

(^.)  In  the  Weft  Itjdies,  tlie  ifland  of  Cuba,  one 
half  of  St.  Domingo,*'  Porto  Ri6o,  Trinidad,  Marga- 
retjta,  Tortuga,  6cc. 

(3  )  In  South  America,  iTcrra  Fifma^  Pdru,  GhUi,, 
Tucuman,  Paraguay,  Patagonia. 

Thefe  extiCiifive  countries  we  have  akeady  mentioned, 

Hmrt,2    The  Deuro,  the  Tagus,  the  Guadiana,  the 
Caadalquiver,  all  Which  fall  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;: 
ixnd  i^i  £bro,  tl^  aacient  Iberu«i  which  falls  into  tlie 
Mediterranean^ 

Capital'^ 

^HuirliM  bc€tt  €e#<i  10  iraace  by  Treaty. 


ys^ 


s   -p    A    Ir    K, 


Capkai.y  Madrid,  fituated  on  a  branch  of  the  river 
Tagus,  contains  140,000  inhabitants.  Cadiz,  fituated 
on  the  Atlantic,  a  little  to  the  northwatd  of  the  Strains 
of  Gibraltar,  is  the  great  ettiporium  of  Spain,  and  con- 
tains 80,000  inhabitants. 

fVeahh and  Ccmmtne.^  The  advantages  of  Spain  as 
to  climate,  foil,  natural  productions,' rivers,  navigation, 
and  foreign  poireffions,  which  are  iinmcnfely  rich,  ought 
to  raife  this  monarchy  high  above  all  tlie  ether  powers 
of  Burope.  Yet  the  rcv^rfe  is  the  cafe  ;  Spain  is  but 
thu^ly  peopled — has  but  little  commerce— few  manufac- 
tures— and  what  litr^e  commerce  it  has,  is  almoft  entire- 
ly in  the  hands  of  ftranp:ers,  notwithftanding  the  imped- 
iments thrown  in  the  way  by  government- 
Spain  produces  excellent  oranges,  lemons,  almon^?, 
figs,  grapes,  pomegranates, >  dates,  piftaohios,  caper?, 
chefnuts,  tobacco,  foda,  fa^on,  honey,  fait,  faltpetre, 
wines  of  a  rich  and  delicious  flavour^  cotton,  rice,  corn, 
oil,  wool,  filk,  hemp,  flax,&c.  which,.with  proper  induf- 
try,  might  be  exported  to  an  amazing  amount.^-And 
yet  all  the  exports  of  Spain,  moft  articles  of  which  no  oth- 
jr  country  can  fupply,  are  eftii  lated  at  only  31333,333/. 
fterling.  Spain  does  not  produce  com  enough  for  its 
own  confumption,  and  is  under  the  neceflhy  of  import^ 
ing  large  quantities*. 

Govgrnment.y  Spain  is  an  abfolute^ monarchy.  The: 
provinces  of  Navarre,  Bifcay  and  Arragon  have  prc- 
ferved  fome  of  their  ancient  privileges.  The  king's 
edi^s  mud  beregidered  in  the 'court  of  Cadile  before 
they  acquire  the  torte  of  laws.  The  cvown  is  heredita<- 
ry  both  in  the  male  and  female  line.  By  a  law  made 
in  1715^  female  heirs  cannot  fucceed  till  after  the  whole 
male  line  is  extlnd. 

Religion.']  The  Rtman  Catholic  reHgior^  to  the  e^- 
dufion  of  all  others,  h  the  religion  of  the  Spanifh  mon- 
archy 4  and  it  is  iu-thefe  countries  of  the  mod  bigotted, 
fuperditious  and  tyrannical  chara^ler..  All  other  de- 
nominations of  Chriftians,  a»  well  as  Jews,  are  ex- 
pofed  to  all  the  fcvetities  of  perfecution.  The  power 
of  the  Court  of  Inquifttioh,  enablifhed  in  Spain  in  1578, 
Ia»  been  dimioiihed  in  fome  te^z^s^  by  the  inteid- 

1    '  fcrcnc« 

-      -\    . 


P    O    R    T    U    C    A    t. 


iS7 


ference  of  the  civil  power.  It  is  fuppofed  Uiat  the 
clergy  of  this  kingdom  amount  to  2oo,ooo»ha1f  of  whom 
arc  monks  and  mms,  diHributcd  in  3,000  convents. 
The  revenue  of  the  archbiOiop  of  Toledo  is  300,00a' 
ducatc.  There  are,  in  the  kingdom  of  Spain,  8  ar.ch- 
bifhopSi  46bi{liops$  in  America,  6archbithaps  and  28 
bi^ops  ;  in  the  Philippine  IHes,  i  archbifhop  and  3 
bilhops.  Ail  thefe  dignities  are  in  the  gift  of  the  king. 
Fifty-tjvo  irferior  ecdefiaAical  dignities  and  officers  are 
in  the  gif^  of  the  pope. 

HjfloryS^  The  firft  inhabitants  of  ^»m  were  the 
Cehae,  Hk  people  of  Gaul  ;  after  them  the  Phoenicians 
poflcflecl  themfelves  of  the  moft  fauthern  parts  of  tlic 
country,  and  may  well  be  fuppoied  to  have  been  the 
firft  civfiizers  of  thrs  kinq^doin,  .and'tlie  founders  of  the 
moft  ancient  cities.  After  thefe  fol]o\%ed  the  Grerians  ; 
xhcTi  the  Cariliaginians,  on  whofe  departure,  ftjcteen 
years  before  Chrift,  it  became  fubjeft  to  the  Romans, 
till  the  year  400,  when  the  Goths,  Vandals,  Siievi, 
Aiahs,  and  Sillingi,  on  Ccn(lantine'.s  withdrawing  hifr 
forces  from  that  kingdom  to  the  eaft,  invaded  it,  and 
divided  it  anaongil  themfelves  ;  but  the  Goths  in  a  lit» 
tie  lime  were  fole  mailers  of  it,  under  their  king  Alij. 
rick  I.  who  ftmnded  the  SpaniOi  monarchy.  After  a 
regular  fucceflfion  of  monarchs,  we  come'  to  the  prefent 
king  €harle&  iV.  who  afcended  the  throce  in  itv^  year 
178a. 


PORTUGAL. 


S1TUA.TJON    AND    Ext K NT.. 


Breadth  1 00 5   ^"^"'^   |7°artdi 


42"  N.  latitude. 
0°  W.  longitude. 


»     J   '    •,  "DOUNDED    north    and    caft,     by 

aoundanes.^  .t>  Spain  ;     fouth  and   weiV  by   the 

Atlantic   Ocean.     Containing  1,9  towns,    527   villages* 

^  Rtvert.\' 


3S« 


P    O    R    T    U    G    A    t. 


Rhert,']  Every  br»ok  in  Portugal  is  called  a  river; 
Its  rivers  rife  in  Spain,  and  run  weft  through  Portugal, 
into  the  Atlantic.     The  moft  noted  is  die  Tagus. 

Ct/pUaJ.']  Lisbon,  ai  the  month  of  the  Tagus,  con- 
tains  about  1 50,000  inhabitants.  In  1755,  it  was  hid 
level  with  the  ground,  by  a  tremendous  earthquake, 
which  was  facceeded  by  a  general  conflagration,  in 
which  catai^rophe  upwards  of  10,000  people  loft  their 
lives."'  "'"'^ 

Cli/nale,  ProdufHons  and  Commerce  1  Portugal,  fitu- 
ated  in  a  genial  climate,  abounds  in  excellent  natural 
produ<5tions,  and  is.  well  watered.  It  poffcfles  very 
rich  provinces  in  and  upon  the  cbafts  of  Afia,  Africa, 
and  America.  It  isj.however,  not  proportionably  pow- 
erful ;  its  inhabitants  are  indigent,  and  the  balancd^ct 
trade  is  againft  it.  It  is  even  obliged  to  import  the 
rcceiTaries  of  life/  chi-'.fliy  corn  ftom  other  countries. 
Portugal  produces  wine,^  wool,  oil^  honey,  annil'eed, 
fumac,  a  variety  of  fine  fruits,  fome  torn,  flax  and 
cork.  In  i.785,  the  goods  imported  from  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  into  Portugal,  confiftingof  wool- 
leas,'  corn,  fifh,  wood,  and  hard  w4re,  amounted  to 
upwards  of  960,000/.  fterling.  The  En^lifh  took  in 
return,  of  ihe  produce  of  |*ortugal  and  Bra!zil>  to  the 
amount  of  7x8,000/.  fterling.  Only  15  millions  of 
liyres  are  fuppofed  to  circulate  in  a  country  which 
draws  annually  upwards  of  1,500,000/..  fterling,  or  36 
millions  of  livres,.  from  the  mines  of  Brazil.  Since  ]Jie 
difcovery  of  thefe  mines,  that  is,  within  60  years,  Por- 
tugal has  brought  from  Brazil  about  2400,000,000  of 
livres,  or  100,000,000/.  fterling, 

Gbt'!»nmcnt  and  Reiiglon*']  Since  the  council  of  tlie 
three  eiktes,  viz.  the  clergy,  the  nobility,  and  the 
ciUes»  the  members  of  which  are  nominated  by  the 
king,  was  fubftituted  in  the  room  of  the  diets  or  mee* 
ings  of  the  ftates,  (which  event  took  place  the  latter  en^. 
oi  the  iaft  century)  the  government  of  the  kingdom  of 
Portugal  has  been  abfoluttly  monarchical.  The  pro 
eeedtng«  of  the  courts  of  juftice  arc  flow  and  arbitrary, 
and  the  number  of  lawyers  and  law  otR«crs  is  cxteed. 
i«|iy  great. 


1  t   A  1  t; 


3» 


The  (late  of  religion  in  Portugal  is  the  lame  ai  in 
Spain.  The  Portuguefe  clergy  condft  of  one  patriarcht 
a  digniiy  gr:inted  to  the  church  of  Portugal  in  the  year 
1 71 6,  of  3  archbifliops  and  15  birtiops.  The  vtholn 
number  of  ecclefiaftics  is  200,000 ;  30,000  of  whidi« 
and  fome  fay,  60,0OO;  are  monks  and  nuns.  The  mem- 
ber of  convents  is  745.  The  number  of  clerical  pt?- 
fonsto  that  of  the  laymen,  is  as  1  to  11. 

Hifiory.'^  Ponugal  was  anciently  called  Ludtania^ 
and  inhabited  by  tribes  of  wandering  people,  till  it 
became  fibje^  to  the  Carthaginians  and  Phoenicians, 
who  were  difpolfefled  by  the  Romans  250  years  before 
Chrid.  In  the  5th  century,  it  fell  under  the  yoke  of 
the  Suevi  and  V  ndals,  who  were  driven  •ut  by  the 
Goths  <si  Spain,  in  the  year  589  ;  but  when  the  Moors 
of  Africa  made  themfelves  mailers  of  the  greateft  part 
of  Spain,  in  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  century,  they 
penetrated  into  Lufitanta  ;  theri;  they  eftablilhed  Gov- 
ernors,  who  i^ade  themfelves  Kings.  It  became  fub- 
jeit  to  Sp<un  tn^i58o  ;  but  in  1640,  the  people  rebelled^ 
ihook  of  the  Spanifh  yoke,  and  eleAed  for  their  King  the 
Duke  of  Braganza,  who  took  the  name  of  John  IV.  ift 
whofe  family  it  has  ever  Ante  remained,  independent  of 
Spain.  Her  prefenb  majefty's  name  is  Mary  Franci* 
Ilkbella,  who  ace eded  to  the  throne  in  the  year  1777. 


I 


Y. 


Mile*. 


Sf.Mtte*. 


fsS-and  47*^N.  Ut.1     ;     , 
\  7°fthdi9<'E.iong.j7^'^^^ 


?>      j*i  f  between 

iireadtli  40  J  3 

Y  TALV  Is  a  large  penlnfula,  fhap'iid  like  a  boot  and 
'I  fpur'i  and  is  bodaded  N»^rth,  by  the  Alps,  which 
c^ivide  it'  from  France  aad  S.vlf^erland  ;  Eaftby  the 
Gulf  of  Venice,  or  Adriatic  Sea  ;  Seuth  and  ^/eft,  bf 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 


The 


f*# 


1     T 


L     Y. 


Tke  whole  of  the  Italian  dominions,  comprehending 
Corfica  and  Stirdioiai  were  divided  at  foUowg  before  ihc 
kcTolation. 


^o  the  Ving- 
dom  of  Sar- 
dniia,  Ivckm^ 


'Wedmont, 
Savoy, 
Munferrat, 
AlciTHDdrluc, 


Oncplia, 
LSardHiia  Ml 
To  thekingdom  (  Nirplet, 
ofNaplu.      t  Skily  Idimd. 

S  Milan,, 
Mantua, 
Miraiidola. 

Pope's  Xtominiont, 


TotlH:iri*cfpec 

tlvct'rince*,  '' 


fie  publics, 
To  G.  Briuio, 


Tttfcany, 
MaiTa, 
Parnm, 

Modcoa, 
Piombino, 
^MotailOD. 
Lucca,  « 
St.  Marino, 
Genoa. 

Corftca.  I  (laud. 
^Venice, 
T\vthe  R<ipubttc  \  Iftfia, 
of  Venice,      YBalinatia, 

jCU)lci*ofDaima« 
Iflands  in  the  Vencti<iQ  Dcminto\i^. 

*  AtVy  Soitf  and  Pro(tt^'ioHt.'\  Italy  is  the  moft  Ccle- 
bratcd  country  in*  Europe,  having  been  formerly  tlie 
fefit  of  the  Romnn  empire,  and  is  at  nrcfent  of  tlie 
pope.  The  country  is  f(»  fine  and  fruitful,  that  it  is 
commonly  called  the  garden  of  Europe.  The  air  is 
temperate  and  wholefome,  excepting  the  territory  of 
the  church,  where  it  is  very  indifferent.  The  foil  is 
fertile,  and  produces  wheat,  rice,  \\1ne,  oil,  oranges,  and 
all  forts  of  frmts,  Sobers,  honey,  filk  5  ana  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples  are  cotton  and  fugar.  The  forefts 
are  full  of  all  kinds  of  game.  On  the  mountains  are 
fine  padures,  which  feed  great  numbers  of  cattle. 

'^^Inkabiiants.']  ItJily  is  thought  to  contain  tlpwards  of 
fourteen  milho*]*' of  inhabitants.  The  Italians  excel  in  a 
complaifanc,  obliging  ochavionr  to  each  other>  and  aijl^a- 
bitity  to  foreigners.  Mu(ic,  ^oetfy,  painting,  fculpture 
atltiarchitedufe  are  theiJ-Tavoitrit^  ftudies,  and  there  arc 
no  peopl'*' who  iiiiv^  broiidht  thetti  to  greirev  pcrfe<5t:on. 
Rrli^hn.2  The  Italians  arc  zealous  profefTors  of  the 
do»51rine  oi  the  church  of  Rome.  The  Jews,  are  here 
tolerated  in  the  public  exercife  of  their  religion* ,  The 
H'ltiVes,  either  in  reverence  to  the  pope,  or  by  being  in- 
duftrioufly  kept  in  ignorance  of  the  Proteftant  doctrines 
entertain  mc  llrous  notions  of  all  the  difl>;nters  from 
the  Church  cf  Rome.      Tiw  inquifition  here  is  Httk 


1     T 


L     t. 


3«« 


more  than  a  found.  In  Naples,  there  ait  20  archbiihopt, 
107  biihops^  In  Sicily,  3  archbifliopt,  and  8  biihopi. 
In  the  year  1782,  there  were,  in  Naples  alone,  45,525 
priefts,  24,6^4  moiiks)  20,793  nuns»  In  i78jigoTem* 
ment  refolvcd  to  dKTolve  466  convents  of  nuns. 

Chuf  City,']  Rome,  once  the  capital  of  the  world,  hi 
nowihe  chief  city  In  It&!y.  It  contains,  according  Cd 
modem  writers,  170,000  inhabitants,  and  is  fituated 
upon  the  river  Tyber.  It  was  founded  by  Romulus 
750  years  before  Chrift,  and  was  formerly  three  times 
as  large  as  at  prefent  \  and  is  now  one  of  the  largeft 
and  handfonieft  cities  in  Europe. 

Mountains.']  Mount  Vefuvius,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naplesj  and  ^tna,  in  Sicily,  are  remarkable  for  their 
fiery  eruptions,  which  frequently  bury  whole  cities  in 
ruins. 

G(yiK'mmei?t^  The  government  of  Venice  is  arifto- 
cratjical,  under  a  chief  mapjiftrate  called  a  Doge,  who  is 
faid  to  be  a  king  as  to  robes,  a  fenator  in  the  council 
houfe,  a  prisoner  wiihin  the  city,  and  a  private  man  ov\ 
of  it. 

There  are  many  different  fovereignttes  in  Italy.  It 
is  divi^d  in^  little  renublics,  principalities  and  duke- 
doms, which,  in  fpicitual  matters,  are  fubjeA  to  the 
pope,  who,  like  the  ghofl  of  the  deceafed  Roman  em- 
pire, fits  crowned  upon  its  grave. 

Hlftory.l  The  era  of  the  foundation  of  Rome  begins 
April  20,  7^3  years'before  the  birth  of  Chrift.  Authors 
generally  ailign  the  honour  to  Romulus  its  firft  king» 
who  was  but  eighteen  years  old.  He  was  a  wife,  cour- 
ageous and  poUiic  prince. 

St.  Pater  is  placed  at  the  head  of  the  popes  or  bift- 
ops  of  Rome,  in  the  33d  year  of  the  common  era.  Tlw 
prefentpcpc  is  Pius  VII.  elcded  March  u^  i8oOf 


c« 


TURSXt. 


3<J^  t    V    K    %    E    Y, 

T      U      R      K      E      Y. 

^nie  Grand Signior*8  DomiiH^ns are  divlied  into 


Inbabjtanu.      Sq.  Mi!ita.  . 

960,050  -Gtidirie. 


^.Turkey  in  Europci^' 
». Turkey  in  Afia. 
^.Turki^  in  Africa 

V  TORKETiiw  EUROTE, 


a.Turkcyi«Aria.'^   j^^.QOP^ooJj---  ^;^- 


■•/'. 


MHcA. 


.Sq.  Miles, 

length  loooT  t^^„^„  ri7**&4o*E.lon.l  .^^  ^,, 

■'■'  .  -  .       I 

»«w^;/.l  T|  OUNDEB  ?>y  Ruffia,  Poland,  aiid 
Jfmulanef.^  J3  Selai^onia,  on  the  Jforth ;  by 
Circaflla,  the  Black  ^ea,  t^e  iPropontts,  Hellefpont,  and 
Archipelago,  on  the  Eaft  4  .by  the  Mediterranean!  on 
tUe  South  }  byjtjis  iitnae  Sea,,  and  tlie  Vejaetian And  Awf- 
|rian  territories  on  the  Weft* 

Soi/f  Atr  and  ProdMShnS'].  ^Mature  has  "bren  laVtfU  0^ 
her  Ueflings  upQn.ri)e  inhabitants  of  Tuilc^y  WkheO; 
particulars^  - ,  Tlie  foil,  tiiaugh  unimprcveJ  thfongii  tiie 
indolence  of  the  Turks,  ,)is  lumrtart  t>eyona  defcrip- 
tibn.  The  air  is  ialuhri|n:ts,  a^d  friendly  to  the  imagi- 
ination,  unlefs  corrupted  hy  i2t«  reighhouriiig  cOur*tries» 
CI  tharpugh  the  nincles^irlinefs^  cf  its  ItihHfaatants.  The 
feafons  here  are  regular  ami  plsafar.t,  and  ha\'e  been  cel- 
ebrated from  the  remoteft  times  of  antiquity.  Thp  Turks 
are  invited  to  frequent  bathings,  by  the  purity  and 
<^hdiefoTnene^  of  tie  <^atcr  in  every  part  gf  tljeir  do- 
]Mybi|s;  Raw  filk,  cotton,  oil,  leather,  roblceoi^cdce 
%^  honey,  wax,  jnatma,  and  Variouii  fruits  and  drugs, 
iHrt  here  produce^d  in  plenty. 

ClH^Ckks.y  CoiiaTAirviiiQ^l^  Ihe  capital  (^  tkif 
•Otpirc,  ftaikdins  on  the  weft  lide  of  the  Bofphor^ls,  in 
^e  pfovioce  of  Remania,  was^  rebuilt  by  the  Emperor 
Conftantine  inthefourtfewmtiiry^  wlMtransferted  hither 
liie  feat  of  the  RgiiMin  government ;  upon  his  dsath  it 
4PMiicd  tlM  aauM  «f  CouftaAtiaopiti    It  is  of  a  tnan* 

gnl«r 


ISLANDS,  Seas,  &c. 


i^ 


|ular  (Kape,  wiOied  h%tht  Tea  on  iw»  Q<feii  dn^  rUin^ 
gradually  from  tb^  Oiors,  iirtlit  form  of  an  amphithea* 
tre.  Thie  ^iew  of  it,  from  the  harbour,  if  coafelTedly 
the  finef^  ia  the  W(>rkl.  The  Ctty  »  furroiii^4  hy  a 
waiJ  about  12  miles  in  circtunlertnce,  aild  Ibi  lUB* 
urbs  are  very  estcnfive.  It  contains  t, 000,000  IpildSf 
of  which  aoof.ooo  are  Greeks,  40,000  Armei^iacift,  S^ 
4»o,ocojcw8. 

/^«r/r^i0ff.]  the  e(labli(hed  relrgioh  m  thtS  ethptrd,  tl 
the  Mahometan,  of  the  fca  of  the  Sunnites*  All  othc* 
religions  are  tolerated,  on  ^ying  a  obtain  capitatioli. 
Among  the  Chrirtians  refiding  in  Turkey,  thofe  of  the 
orthodox  Oreeks  are  fihemoft  numerous^  and  th(7  enjof » 
among  other  privileges,  thai  of  being  advanced  to  ciUg* 
nitics  and  |)oftft  Of  irtt(l  and  profit;  The  TurkilU  e\df*^ 
p^'  are  numerous,  being  eompofed  of  a!I  the  leathed  id 
the  empire,  and  .ip«  the  only  teachers  of  the  Uw,  and 
aiuil  be  confulted  in  all  ioiportant  caCes. 

Government.  J    See  Titrke?  ia  Afta* 

ifi/lory.J     The  Oftimm  Empire^  ot  ^^reignty^  tf 
the  Tui^kifh  empire,  was  Bunded  at  Conftantihople^y 
Ochman  I.  upon  the  total  definition  of  tlie  ^MipttiA  ^Y 
the  eaftcm  Greeks,  iri  the  jear  1300^  wh6  vras  ftlcceed* 
ed  by  a  race  of  tHe  ,mo({  ".varlike  princiis  th^fc  ird  r^icOtd-*  , 
ed  in  hiAbry*    The  Turkifil  Uiioiie  is  her«ditiry  iil  the  ^ 
family  of  Qfman.    The  prefeht  Ottoiiijln  of  Tilrltiik  k 
Emperor  is  Abdelh&inet  oc  Achmet  il^  Who  had  b^«A    - 
in  confinement.  44^  years.    He  fiiccetd($d  htS  bt-Gth^f 
Mu/laphalll.  January  21,  £^74* 


l^'llfcM      „       — »-« 


l^NDS,  SEAS,  MdONtAt^S,  Us^  %P 

THE  pTlnrip4fikftd4bf  Eued|*e,  art,  G/wt SrItAf ft 
sfnd  Ireland  in  the  n«rtb.  In  thd  Meditertaiittttt 
ki,  %n  Yvlea«  Mijorea,  andMinwca,  fibfeft  le  SpflUk 
Cof-fla^  X\ih\^a4^<^t^\  fifitSLldi  B^rdftfii:;  il^i^  b» 
ti  own  fcing  i  ind  Sicuy  is  ^<im^  07  ft "Vic^  mi% 


■ik 


i64  Ar       B        i        A. 

the  King  of  NapUi ,  to  whom  t|t  iiiiifid  belong.  T}.# 
ifiand*  of  ^he  J'  altic,  the  Adriatic,  s^nd  lonlsiQ  leas  ar« 
not  worthy  of  notice. ' 

The  principal  feat,  gvAk,  and  bays  in  Etirf-fH  ,  are  the 
Adriatic  fta,  between  haly  9fid  Turkey ;  the  .Hahic  Tea, 
between  Demnark,  Poland^  an^  Sweden;  the  B;^t  of 
Bifbay,  between  France  and  Spain  $  the  £ng}i(H.chan* 
nel»  between  England  and  prance ;  the  Euyinf  or  Bil^ck 
^fet,  between  Europe  and  Af^a ;  the  Qerman  ocf  a%  be. 
tween  Oermany  and  Britain ;  apd  the  Mvditerranear> 
fea,  between  Eutope  and  Africai, 

llie  chief  mountains  in  Europet^  aVe,  |he  Alps,  be* 
Wtmx.  France  smd  Italy  ;  ^e  Appennine  hiUs  in  luly  ; 
the  PyrePian  hiHs,  that  divide  France  tVonk  Spain ;  t)ie 
Carpathian  mountains^  in  theihmh  of  Poland  y  the  Peak 
in  Derbyshire ;  the  Plinlimmon  in  Wal^s ;  befides  the 
terrible  volcanoes^  or  burning  mountains  of  ye^uvius 
stnd  Stromholivin  Naples ;  JEtnA  in  Sicily,  and  He«la, 
ta  the  CQld  iflsind  of  (celand. 


.:j  i^JiS, 


>.)■ 


.# 


■^xtmf^vaitmmmetktmffimBmmmeaat- 


■«r 


A 


X       At 


Mf'4 


b.*m 


•mm 


p^jMhAMi^  ittbaiicik 

X ,  iMUit  ftota,  the  frdi^n  ivilds  6f  Siberia^  wherit  the. 
Wdy  ifihstbttantst  cfothtd  In  fuf)  ar^  dtmh  \n(iiigH 
oyer  th<$  fnow*  x6  ^6  Mtty  tkflom  of  !(id$k  and; 
$iata^  where;  feated  oil  ^e.  huge  elepWts*  ^e  |f #1<1 
(halter tB^feWeffrbiti  t!)i^f<occh|A^  ray^  6i^htt0bf 
the  fpreading  umbtella,       "^;        \    \      ;'!*: '   "  .. 

thk  is  flfe^pi^nijipdl  pitief  iif  Ilie  gldbej  fbr  in, 
Afia,  the  AU  Wife  Greaioi;  planted  the  garden  of  Eden, 
in  whfi:h  Adam  and  Eyeyere  formed,  fcom  whom  the 
whok  human  race  have  derived  their  exigence*  Afia. 
became  again  the  nurfery  of  the  wodd  after  the  deluge, 
whence  tlv<?  deicendants  of  Noah  diipurfed  their  variou& 
cokultet  Inta  all  the  other  pax;U'Q£  tile  '^loW*     ]tt  wai, 

i^cre 


m^ 


here  our  finrio^r  was  iKmi,  and  aecomplifhed  the  gpeat 
and  merciful  work  of  our  redemption  ;  and  it  was  hence 
that  the  light  of  his  gloriotts  ffofpel  was  carried  with 
imazin^'^  raptdilyt  into  all  tb6  fiUQrounding  nationi^  by. 
his  difciples  and  followers,  lliis  was,  in  {hoH^.lhe 
tlieatre  of  almoft  evcij  a^ton  recorded  in  the  HH^ 
Scriptiires.  ' 

iTiis  vaft  traa  of  land^  was,  in  the  eaiiieft  aMl»  got* 
emed.bf  the  A(fyrians,  Medes,  ferfian  ndGreekt.^ 
Upon  "the  eatio^ftton  of  thefe  empires.  -nans  catv 

ried  their  arms  even  beyond  the  Gaii.  length 

the  Mahometans,  or  as  they  are  ufually  .racenSf 

fpread  tbtir  devaflations  over  this  country,  deftroying. 
sill  its  ancient  fplendour,  ^nd  rendering  the  mod  popa* 
bus  and  fe^iittle  i||6ts  of  ABsl  wi|d  and  uncultiTated 
deierts*. 

Arxiong  the  remarkable  ipountain^of  ATia^-are,  Arrd^ 
rat,  near  the  Cafpian  fea,  on  ^^hich  the  ark  of  Noah  rett- 
ed, when  the  waters  of  the  deiu^e  fublided ;  and  Horeb 
and  Sin»l,  in  Arabia*. 

Th^  prineipal  languaee^  fpoken  in  Afia,  zxt,  tHd 
modem  Greek,  the  Turkiih,  the  Riiillaa,  the  Tartarian, 
the  Perfian,  the  Arabic,  the  Malayan,  the  Chineie,  and 
the  Japanefe.  Tht  European  languages  are  alfo  fpokeiv 
upon  the  coafts  of  India  and  Qiina. 

The  continent  of  Afia  is  filiated  between  35  and  iBo 
degrees  of  eaft  longitude,  ana  i)^tween  the  equator,  and 
So  degrqes  of  QO^th  latitude*  It  is  about  4, 7,40. miles  in, 
lengths  iind  al^out  4,580  miles  in  breadth.  1 1  is  bounded- 
north^.  by  tJie  frozen  Ocean  }.  weft,  by  the  Red  Sca^ 
Xievantyr  or  Medi^erraneao*-  and  Europe  ;  eaft,  by  thA 
PaciiSc  O^ean,  or  South  S$a,  which  Separates  jl  fro«i 
Aiif^^ca^;'  fouth,  by  the  tndia»  pcean  >  fo  ^t  i%  is  s4p 
«n6f{^1(Urroynded  by^thc  fea; 

•Ehis  11^  .ira^yof  cpun^r^F  is  djyidjjd  as  ^)lpwi,  /^ 

■'  ■•■    -v    ■  .•    „■■  -   .  /  ■■  ■ .- ..-  ^f,'l  4-  .,«  -     ~  -  < 


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(716)«73-4S03 


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Chin* 


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Ind^prfc 


the'  0«>gct, 
rKerfia    ,  . 


PutofArab 


NAtolU 


i^arbeck  of 
Mcfopotain; 


Irtc,  or 
CknUfO 


tf 


CM^CUkj. 


3P5P,ooo  Tobdik 

6oo,o6o^mar> 
caiid 


^^''J^Jt*^ 


800,000  jfo9haa7  Hte'S,  E 


-M 


TttrcovMUMi 
.Of  AtpcpU^ 


CttriUlUa     I 


,5<>AOQ 


SSP^ 


i^^fipoTdH^ 


ai6oM.eiC)ffi£>>  I'agans 


1 


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448oN.EjPag^uu 


atooE. 


!5&46.8:B 


fO^iQOO  Mcioea     4^640^ 


.  i>9jOi>QAIg|tpo 

7,600  Jerufalem 


<hta 


^.i^. 


■}- 


Ml>4<> 


Mtgiont. 


) 


Pagana 


Paghn* 


Maho«9»«&  PaK. 


^iidiom.  &  Pag 


Mahomctaip» 


i8j66ft£t<Ch.lcMaiK>m. 


x^io&B  Cht3cMahi 


t440  S,  k  Mahonvrtana 


<<^»«> 


iffcSE, 


tWPR   . 


toE. 


^4--^ 


Malifmi^. 

t4n|  with 

foliate  few 


<  -  ■•    • 

—  I  ,  '■  «■ 


ofiter^ns 


,  •-■  I 


'iM.- 


1. 6aMiie  hi^  fit&iftl 

Wi-^P*Mi*><»-—      I,   ■       III  t      I         II       - 


a7,7|» 


tftjStf^^l 


>s 


ttJitftE't m  A^SIA. 


J#^ 


■^'■S 


•Jlf^XSX    Ml    ASIA. 


Milted 


-^^tI^^'TJ^  Bkck  S«aa4: 

7<wi««»Ml4 .  JJvlGltcaPi;  dn  t!^  Nbrth  ;  ^y  ■  PtfC  y 
fei^  Mftht  Binli ;  |>f  AtaKa  iiIikI^  th«  Xjc:^iit  Sea;  on^the 
SQUth  ;-  a94  b|r  ^ip  A^chij^keo,  the  HcDt^Qioitt;  and 
ProtK2atii».  which  fep^rate  it  from  Europe,^  oin  the  W^ft*. 
MMA.%  'Hitfe  snie^aiasptii*  hi  facred  «i  wiU  at . 
i»t^f%n6'i^tfaiglr  The  mofk  remsvfcabli  tatt,  Qljinpuf ^ 
Tbtiril^  iitia  Atiritiimis ;  Q»ii«|^^  Jilid  Amr^^^ ;  XkU 

*  tT^^^.] .  The  fame  nMyr-W  obierred  ^/  thfc  n^cwi , 
jn^luch  are  tBe,Ti^,  Profito%  Mea;>4ei:,  S|at»baK/Ka^^ , 

klld'|«fd4&..  ../..■    ;^,,-  .  .       •* 

;    ff^enltb  and  tMwitrii^  llle  t*urki(h  ^0mkli<)nl«  ifi. . 
ieli^4hi^,->e(|de«  the  aboTe^  fp^eified  pofl*efficms,  i»  Evi^ 
l>Qf^,£e  prai^nce»;^Aria  llitidr,  0^rgta,*'^fiii|^^e}iai 
i^iof^iat  Bflt^dat,  jMeppo, vi;)a«Mi!U&,  Btl^ftiifi^,  palrl  of 
Arabia  and  £^ypt,  belong  to  tbofe  parts  of;iiie  #o|rl4l . 
Which^.«njdy  ttie  pn>^^ i^lij^^ttK^      aiii^^r'fiai^  . 
t>iea  fii^tioQ- f or  <6mnEiiri^^  ^1^^ 
Xtsoske    Nat«te.hift  f^fiisediMM^  hiMr^gpfi  0fi'j||^^<9fi^ . 


ntiwr?i»r<iir#%i|i^.Jai^  ■ 

Koftile  to  mdulij  i«d  l^poUnioii^  r«Ddei:«.thi«Mri^(| 
feo)!^  "#t^<l^««iAd  in  X^^ir. 

^rfe^^anditt  tM3AMXo(t|J^    e^l^llMliRf  «foft 

by  th^;wad  beai^^e  iS«fc  xr"""^^^^ 

bfC^intthople,  tori&«Ali%>«i,I^^ 

th  tttety  claimed  iadi^dcQee,  and  Mt  itftlf  aA% 
ofiUi&aiL. 


»wi*J 


3«  t  OtfctT 


4«^  ba  lie  miT  tfc  Solfe?^  ^*c 


t,*^^ 


If  HI  il^SaA. 


'   .<> 


S# 


i^^  gR!|lKfe  ittdalfenciet  are  taMmmei 
fi^.  .B^bfc  IS  wmau4  CHI  a^ 


it94l»)Pak)Ut  5,000.  Gteel^; 


about  &Q^oM|Mm|r(^ 


^ 


W^HS^1^¥r 


4;m,  Cappsulocn^and Fontos  or  Am^G»9teixjnmin,a^ 
hn»d kO^  OtHk and IU^iii£M^ll»<^*t^'to|i^m 


Old  T>df  (^n^li«rdlicOT^ea#  JlicfM^ 
and  the  place  vUrt  k(to6^i§bi&f%mfp)^^^ 

^^^n  the  ^e  i>f  OM'  AH^ind^  ftiid  Ir  illk  T«fl)a1rl:al^ 
four  the  ifiemaliw^^of  attCk|<i%  i^iid Iri  it»Ai^lii^}^ 
TiMikSai  Cot^tMy^  ofibkeh  i.  iSibjf^pliie  per. 

Is  faid  to  l>e  ehie%  Wotifof  l^i^Rytah^^^  j^  I^ine- 
▼^»  the  fi>MHe/i€i^itad^6f  ibis  ^ibtfaff^lrii^intut. 
\y  deftr97dL  an^e^f)^  fituaHon  Wdfl^l^iil    . 

r  Wa  bay  of  t&t  ArcRipela^  l^^li^ft^^iiyd  Ukofihs 
ifieft  poruin  the  LefatiL^    tlii^mis 
N^jispcilMijfeswil^  ahDy,%^^  ittid^tie^%l^btefco£ 

I.&  tnHabitattts^  JAcliimilff  Tiirbi  Ore^i^;  |crwj,  i^nne- 
Rians, and  EttropAi^K £ <^P^t)BMi ttH^^. : ' 

^:   the  heft  tomitioditia  ^  -^fia^'Ectfop«  ^  fcU 

warn  umiu  mMdopM^«fi^ 


4e 


|p<A 


♦    -^ 


*  I 


bjirhood. 
M  Per. 

Tir  entire. 


^e  of  the 


i   ' 

it  ci^  it 
tlid  com- 


3711 


19tTl> 


nr  ASIA. 
■CWI^'*^  «  ctiaetiiiiri 

SWWts  ar e  ewyslbyed.    1%04ile^U«  ataila£iti< 
,^^m^P^  Iff » :«^»<^  fram'tWt  city,:  dbtain. 

fWe?»  »»*  WW^  i^t  ahp^ft.  ««t$rdy  decayed  « 


QfX,f  (;^ii^  but  f|r^  which  it  doiw. called  JBuil 

is,  qoly  iiihai^M.  br  *  l?w  »I»<^W«  ^tibewtoi,  whi 

,JBa«(S^i,^thC;<|ittlt4,  of  ^abylqn,.  |»  fituated  oua  dtf^ 
Jighitul  fil?[Ui,4>tt  Jbe  wflftn  baitks  ^.#ie  Ti^t.         » 

^J«»uiralc^»,|b?w^ct|y  tib?^  tr  JiM^|t|f  f|^?eai  is  no^  c^dl- 
td  by  Uifc  IfarJu^^dfeijcrM^taftdf  <Mither^^  it  li 
B§Out(thi^ec  Jttiles  in.^cnpjifer9fi^:,|T»4s  fitualed  ona^ 
•'^#  ,WW^#»l|».  I^fitb  r«fry  %qE>  afcenU  mM  iid^ 
m^.«?jhf  JW^^liK  i|hejJ??l^»;be1ng^^^  atiftme 
iiftance,  «Q«ir^d  .^^  hi)ls.  Froan  4ji^  owrMtm 
^y^W^i  %1^  thinly  inhabiie^,*^ 

Andithe  pr»fat6  buHdings  ave-«acee<^giy  nieafi.  Tiioii^ 

'«<>»?»»M<e!^  «^fr%gf ft^  W^ilim  1ib«  m^ipba'  <jf 


todittd^  I  t**<hehvef  o£tb.«^-^^^ 


4^  jdKfr#  MfiilW^ 


•fev* 


1  p«.fc- 1 


'  '.'4' 


m 


wjitKiEit««i'AtrA; 


^1  hewn  in  the  folid  rock,  and  has  afmall  dome  dr'kn. 
tern  (m  lU  to^^iipp«9«ted  1^  UNl  ^Pl^Pkf^f'  th« 
clDiHer  roaivd  it  it  divided  iilto  feirend  chapen,  appro- 
nriated  to  the  di*|tr^iit  ^(e^i  ^'fM^t^s  who  refide 
there.  IC'his  cherch  is'tht  chu^"  Mi^poM  of  the  towni 
the  whole' bufineTs  <if  the  *'city  heiag  to  .^^peommodaie 
pUgriinsi  ^ta^'with  c^nvenien^eM  ml  th^^^rjvhicb 
th<y  pay  to  9ie  ffOvefi^nent;fbk>  ihe^iber^^^^^^^^^^ 
^nto  this  holy  ediHcei  tifro  yield  a  >ery  confiderable 
fev^enuf.  ^BcHdcs  ^  ^hykrs^i^ip  at*  f<m^i«^^ 
tSlcCtcd  by  the^me  «fBpr<ii%  :«ver  Cach  pla!^  as  wire 
fuppofed  to  h^Tpbe^  the/reene.  of  a^n^i^P^arl^^^'i'ainf' 
a4ioii  $  a$«  wh«re  ^hrift  atelits^a^  ^^'f  y^im^  Uie 
I^S^ce  of  Catapbas  flood,  in  which  our  5aviour  was  biijr* 
lete^l  sitid*teockcd ;  ilie  h<»^re,  of  /^oatiiis  Pilate  f  jhe 
Field  of  Blood  ;  tisatpartv^fUie  gffden^oiv  Meuni^i^^^ 
vet  whefe  Qhr»ft^pf»y«d  iji  his  ex«rerp^|^ony,r,;^nt^e 
fvxtainit  of  ^U  ttioun^a  <liap^l  is  buUt  ov^  thai»)f!!*e^of 
our  iSaviour*S  ^fceouoo,  tbe  ilo^  the/oud 

rofk$  aild  th?;i?r^ty  4>r»efts  pi?etei?d.|6  fliew  th^^  the 
'#^lprtnc  of  one  of  his  feet,  ^hJcH  haS'l^eipaiDj^d  ever  fif^.e 
that  petiod^     T^^$  impoftori  >tdo  not -iwholiy  ctefiat 
ti^^ti^(el«f$  io  the  ij^tes  DtHytti«ne4  in  the  New  Tefia^ 

to  an  edi8q|;(^aa|y  eiibits  f^lt^re^pd  itixiy  hi^,  they 

ti!MN-^P*^%^f^'^f  ^^^^^  At  the 

ll^rt  of  ?|h^:^iiyt  \#oa  there  is 

l#?^4(rjp%tl|ii.^?<l%,wb^<c  the  anpi^  lenopje  didi 

^^kt».^C9i#}9i^£(he^l>rejli4Uon^  ^vstoiir,  was 

-(^ll?jf&?4«l|ipl^^  ^lltmai%j^t  not  one 

}^!^^l^fli^^^!^^^^'^^    A^m  fevfifi  j|iik%.foulill" 
[Jto4%1t|e  qp^sfmolb  cltit-^f  Bcddehefl), 

cf^ilifini^lo'^Utiigi^  %  A  noble 
id^E^iljpfsrJNM^  ..flfveiri'the'. 


m 


^<k^n<' 


1.7.  .  .«■  •    -..■•--•_.■.  . 


411 


\. 


Artary 


Idlli^^Tsui  A^SIA. 


3?3 


,.:X?^i.,    .-    '^'*t-.:|*^     ^.jferiCv?",  '.^i^i.-^.J.Vr^;/^-...  •-    ,i;,-v 


•■.::i;  ■'^^i:. 


K"^.-  .<r 


■  , .  "Y^ 


^%  i: 


"-^ 


p" 


11A 


V    k* 


C     H     I     ir^    A. 


* 

piff^  the  vcM-ft tbcf  'mtOrUAk^'m  that  he ixmr  lin% 
GMrfike4!pkui^iiriif^#ofe^k'»^  iHRWili.     . 

.  rittM!^^  WM  the  fjMBffew  Z^di^WjNt^'<^       I>* 
i<o<4    Hk' a«lbe^(lkiu  ^feM  Itlmi  ife*^  whqi 
the-  Miifi^  r^tiNl'  t6  tht»'^1ifli|ieheiih'  'VMi/h  ^M 
iJ^Wfi^    tChe  W69A1M  k^ctm^ .an  in<i|i8iii3im 


r 


f6:$^i$.' 


1.^ 


4^Mlih 


,iiH'  iVm:  m'iifnt  <^)l'wiwii..-t^i  jnii^  A' 


^(•p*^ 


t  .  ili 


>p  CHmA:. 


ri  ■       ,'•• 


Jf     \  r' '!  •  •    .  ■■■    '  V.  .,1.  ,■  ..  ,,  .,y. 


j<i]r  ih«i?hSR«%^^^ 


^Mp4fi^lhc 


Injlif  :';a  >14>;  ;;^>«#1fV/W•■' 


;■'? 


« 


C^  Wv,  I     m:  fi. 


.»» 


iJbv 


M««W»i  |«W  <Mi  TO  iA# 

ail jj|M?M^a4^ /^^'^^    ^*  h^t^gatloii  li  flow,  iiiid 
thev]f^«li  rdiMp9«<^^^^^^^  10.0CS9 

bpa^i  firQin,-3oo  tops  an^vncfer^  «rc  mt  itt  Jii^  piibUe   ' 
--"%,  No  D^icaof^itt  arc  wancing»ljlM^|am(d U 

Wto^"Sr^ffe^iir<^ 


tC.>,%^ 


n^i^l 


^Wr« 


til 


'/■,    .-^"J 


17« 


C     HI   tN     A. 


Id 


i& 


c^M^i  rnVi  k:j 


vV. 


::^^^iSi»^! 


»*>*<6 


.":© 


;  %/  mki  i'Ka  a-> 


^»ltlitfa^»^1iitl^||tj|i^  

l&r  fll^  ft  the  frfe^^ifid  %y«ii*^  •I'W  I^mm^s^j^     >  . 


•is?'1 


-mm 


t* 


"g   "  H 


vI^'^^JB 


J!.,.    i*>« 


CiPJ 


Jla'i 


'f'MM 


4w 


fT^i 


;;T*:^; 


>:i5f!( 


^"^>: 


.>-,    'V'S'.'- 


Il-S^i 


>'^,r , 


^#iefHU]t  r!ttiw6W^  bcrreen  the  tw< 


:■*- 


M.^f 


.'<^ 


'■'ii^- 


mi 


■^.^ 


^: 


,1'* 


,1^ 


^\ 


.^?i 


W'--'^' 


im. 


.  .* 


^, 


M 


*■■■.«>■<-■-  .  '         -'  ■    "^  ^ '       ^ 


^  •- 


iT^ 


<* 


a 


:*w:i 


f^ 


hm 


^'^^^^^^gxd 


ili.v'i 


ii 


"i^ 


\P 


JiiwiPtA    Th«  ciuef  sirt  SaiiM«  or  i>iirniai|Mx>t*r, 
Coohin  ei^mu    'nia  ftnikioF  j(fi^^ 


fail  ,«i«ipi^«^  #11^1^  Mt^  t^^ 


Mmm^tji^smt^  M^  M 'MfJ^  ipillt  j^M 


■  f  i'^ 


% 


ij"*'*!! 


'^Kaft  na  vr    — !---«- —  * 

<|fju^di^44i^  b<>tK4^l»efttc  ai)dvHl^>:th|fc 

jai|ttrtra<fc^  Iw^ 

^^t,  and  <»^<ir\frecMs  toi»l.    t^^^ 


■i-:.;      ■>.. 


Oa 


TT»;' 


6f  Tgntfrai^  In 


II 


--?S{'>r'-'   •»ff*'Vi;' 


^^•..  rA 


>»■ 


3»fi 


9   S   %   S   f    A. 


•^' 


■  r 


tip;K  i»9l. 


l^telNL^ 


E  \    ,  ■  t 


>i'.-"l. 


Amt^  1  Ti^f  ODERN  Ptrfia  ii  botmdfd  by  the 
jnmamwtpj  jyj^  jooumaiijs  of  Ararat.  Of  Dightftan, 
wliioh  4mde  it  ^Qin  ClrcaffianTartafy,  on  the  North- 
weft  i  bj  <l^  Oafou^n^ea,  whrch  divides  it  Agpm  Raffia, 
2c>|i;%  Noi^  I  %  th/wer  Oxtw/SwhicH  divides  it 
'  ^^  JJ4>ec  iTartary,  on  the  Northeaft;  by  India^  on 
ic  J^ftj  by  th«lttdbi»iOeeaAr  i^  tKe  gu^s  of  Pe^. 


4«l^. y4>ec  iTartary,  on  the  Northeaft;  by  India^  on 
4^c  J^ftj  by  tb«lttdi(i»iOee«Ar  i^  tKe  gu^s  of  Pe^. 
Ill  il^  Cbiivfi,  oA  the  i}on(li|  j^iid  hjMSbhfpA  Ta^ 


1^0*  tbc  Weft, 

l^jg, ^:fine'-i^fcUi€«^  ■" -^^  .  - i -^z- --  :^^ 
pic  i^i%!IM94  ,*!|%|«imf  fC  |5wii  msiiaaoivitainowi 
|<^d^  Sis  fflP^o^ 

Jim€  inomjitains  .and  tewer  rivers.    The  prodiM^ 
#|Mbi  aise  iimilar  to  thofe  of  lud^  • 

|A  flttir  ediU' 


,;:t  *.'i^4^'5iit/^y  i.  J)y':tmJi'r 


■:viin;;     #' 


n 


^s 


A    R    A    t    r    A.  ^ 


3>y 


jji  yt:vrt  IMbre  iChrifti  A  ngjr  eiapireTfflfred  ^ 
Krthiaiiy  wtttfeiiDed  by  die  FAUm,  under  Arfitcet» 
35Giyeati  before  Chrift,;  b^^t  t^r  0.  ^19,  Arttterwr 
tvftoredit  toits  aiy^bt  tt^V  ^ndlii  6$i  the  Snfaeens- 
||q|t||ir^fDul  to  that  eaifiire.-  Ffom  tliis  tim<t>^er(1jl  ii»«li 
aprtf  tifh«rT|«||ir%  a^djiicll^  IndotlAttiT^ 

Wttk^P^Hi  |$k^o^ce|i^^  it  to  rpfimTm 

i^njnlDiii;    He  was  aiuiiuaatea  tii  1 74.7. 


:^ 


A- 

u. 


,  ■■   ^-   V       (         .-   ,  -    i  ,  t-    '       f        .  *--  , 


•too: 


1  w^* 


^Xrabiana  atucitcd  a  caravan  oi  mcr^rhanu  aad 

*^   pilgrims 


m 


ARABIA. 


pSgriim  mumiiig  fiwin  Mecci^  ]cillt4  about  6d,doa  per. 
C(MM0  an4  ^pdorcd  i^  oi,  e?crf  tlimg  valuabSoy  tlKNigh 
cTcdrted  bjr  4^;^m!k\(k^l»mf, 

A«  acoiifidenibl^^ptxt  <)f  jkii.  conrnrf  iie<  ttfldtDthe 
tQfxi4}SQmi  ^  air  til!  fixgdBiy^  4tf  and  b^ti  «hd  the 
^Qf^^fnH  f^tifi^^^^  vWlUdh 'often 

prove  £itai,  tfpeeuitif  to  Uraihgers.  Tne  Toilr  in'iHme 
pan%  if  notluiig;  ;;^i0re  inkm  iiMoaamXk  iWs»*  ^bick, 
^r]^  .«gi^tf 4,^^  ttif  firiiidMtitl  like  thettnubled  ofeean, 
andfimetbifih<oini|ii||lOi^  whieh  whok  cahk- 

taas  liATe  1^  bosM/olf  k>ll.  In^efeiefert^'tbc 
c»rky«na»  haviag-ao  irftcks*  aire  guidedr  as  at  ftsnt  hf  a 
coiap;^  or.^if  ^^3m»iar.ishvt  ^v^'  thkhy  it  tbe 
n\^U  Hei«y%rJDr.  8^w#  are  no  paAurcs  clothed 
^ith  flqcki,  nor  Ya)^iUiufiag  thick  pith  c6tii  it  be|re 
are  no  idneyair4taroUTe]nHtlf ;  huttWwholBif  «lonW 
Uimt  delblate  iyi)deiiicrs»  ^noi.otherwife  -dvrevfllted  llian 
bf  plaint  covered  with  ^td»r9aA^ma^Mtn  tllil  tre 
made  up  of  naked  jd^  imdfBMifio^k. .  Mtlier  ifliiit 
conntinr  ever.  ^^\fikJimf^|jfB^M  «h^mSa«i€«f'  re- 
freflied  wi^^  rai«  i;ii4rM4iilciiftilfiir 
ilieaig^  if  almoin  liqiifi^itm  ^^^^ 

#d  the  tkwx*  ^a1«#i4  withiM^  «iedieia.fi^  jri^ 
ral.  It  yMM^ 
arechjjmtt^^  ih^  t(iw«^'fi«itl>di^  iea  c^, 
bitii^  ^.p^M^.-ltpMsatv^  aloes. 

:eiMe»  fpiktnara*  and^  other  valnakilt  gtttnr.i  cia- 
ion>  ij^pfi^t  c^%A)^»'^nmges»  lettions,  pijaQc- 
'#BioatM>,:|^ ,«!«:, 4)^  .^a^d^^iittt  ia 

pimp  «i^  a,:^QPtali  qittanlitr  of  corn  ai^  w^r  :  Huft 

Tl»ag^i|^4ii|4^^^i^^^  are  c«ii«ekt»4 

•        -   •   ^^  1^^as^i#tMiM^attcd  b^ 
iraiWi^  the  4r)r  a^^^ 

'"^  l&Qii  th^ibina«4i^  te^  ONnr  throat^i^^^g^ 

iK^kiiir  >hiU|  i^  a^  1a£ra  qi4l)istej^  «i^  IbjBui^ 
4ri^  ai^iihOlr kiietl^a^l^^        and  ia  lol  ^ 


;•>(■ 


'•{ 


■■  V 


A  t'k  i  ^  ^^ 


391 


ettflfc''"' '  ,    ■'••'•'         ■*-  ■^■'  ^     -^ ''■   \   ^  '.J 

Bdrneo)  ftad^«t  loUg,^!^  f<^J^4,  ivsftto  Nc#^ 

It  H«^jiiii ')*di^l&^  is  riiino«».|bc 

biiag^tbe  nsUinc  cooiurr  oim  Q»m  Qvk^f agi  iKrhi«b» 
of  «f  ifroKte^Wa^ml?,'  «d-3Sw^^  ;,. 

Brucellas  pretty  ckarl^Tv-ikown^iit  thc,0|tnir  mentioii-^^ 
«dif^  the  fci:r{>tarQi4  is  ifi.A^c^^^^ 

tjirc  me  ridikiliarii  to(i  i%»(l  m  lUe  world*  The  nM 
tivet  csUl  it*,  with  ^ome  ihew  of  ^fal^v  the  Uferreflri4i 
^arsuUfe*  '  ttic)^  are  iiS^  tijd4Lndire^60t>i<ff  1)^i4ul>>^ 
m$ru    Thkinand  is  notodfor,  the.  cl n^amoo  trcf • 


;1  '•,.-'■' 


•I 


^Irv 


#"^ 


•.4^>- 


-   ■*'i 


■--.vxi,    %«i 


fpiiMi  of  a  fM^  ^aim^%iwi  to  Alboi^rbjr 
i#iMk  of  iMid,  About  60  *il«i  over*  bttwcffrm^  |M 
^  aird  the  Mhlitmi««iitf;i  Wl^Uy  c^^    thcmmus 


t^pnmeaa  ^ 


Stti 


1 


fa  Si$i,,^!ii^fi  fa- 
Ilk  {Oil  tl>A.$Qtttht 

by  tirt  S^uthc^  ptdm  >  »^l  J)i  tHc'  VW  br*^ 

The  #<3>ft  conlW^rjibt^  Tlvprs  in  ATncat  are  ti^c  Ni^cr, 
which  falb  i^io  thK  Atlajittc  or  Wc%rn#e^,.  afUfra 

Nilf,'  i^rijifi&lfts  :Ui*^  coiiiitty,. ao«!  WigVatni  CgSm'^ 


If  .    * 


M»imiilbt»rtL 


fat  lis  12.^ 


fear 


...  .....      ^      .,  . ,  ^  ^ 


'■.\ 


wr 


A  ^  »  ^  '0   », 

tWrieh 

dter  01  ^J  ,nan  enpire,  in  the  m  ^tuir,  tim 
mmh  01  ^jAflca  wii_of«ti^rt  by  Oif  V5»d4^  wJio  con- 
^fc«ura  uatTnore^ttt  4ie  df^aioQ  of  «w  tad  fti. 
^*^I  'JJ*. »  «^  to  Alt  couBiry^i^aamiiy.  tlw  S*r«- 
c6fti^»dc  a  ^deo  cofiqneft  <f  «)1  tbe  coafts  of  Ezvor 
'^^*7»Ja^^''^^"*^«"^«nr*    thefe  were  Ak- 

tjl_  feligloi^  ;%hqfe  proTeabrf  ciurw«d,d«folarion  with 
SS^^^ngfwr  tli*y  c^^  the  hliiiOf;  that  OBce  gour. 

«J;»«%,™y  >«  ^ivi^e^imo  ^t!5ulQit&i  «amuly,  p*^ 

^^  ^ff  **^  '^'S?»^i"2  *  lN»,»»iwp*»,v, 


•  —,—.'■     t 


>,;..,' 


>.;  ■ 


:3Sf^ 


K  ^  iY    T    T; 


>£ 


hfiics. 


6        T       P 


T. 


^Length  6qo7  i..,^,^ T2n*^&  ?2*  H.  lat.      1  . ,    , 

breath  ^o  j  ^««^^««*4  28*ind  36°  E, long. | ^^^'^ 

ik^^       1  T  "^  is'boon^ed  by  the  M,«dfterni!iean  Sea, 

/fomaaric.  j  X'  ^^j^^  *>y  ^^^^^  ^ca,  Eaftrby  Abyf. 

ilinia,  or  the  tipper 'BAiopI^,  ontheSoutfi ;  by  tbc  Dc^ 

A?Ft  p^  Barcat  and  the  i^nknown  parts  (rf  Africa,  Weft. 

i^tttdivicled  into -i«o^erai]d^Uppet  Egypt. 

CfimaiiJ^    -Itis  obfefVed  by  M.  Volaey,  that,  during 

^i^ght  mcnths  of  the  year,*  (from  Maydi  ro  November) 

die    heat  is  almod  HhAipprruble  .by'  »n  Europeaii. 

'^*;I)uirihg  the  whole  of  ihis  feaibn,  the  ak  is  infiattieil^ 

'tHe  (ky  tpaf^klingy  and  the  heat<t)ppreffl!]ve  to  aH  unac. 

^cuRomtd  |o  it.^  Tlie  c^et  tnonths  are  more  i  ti^mper. 

tSftf.    The  fowbcrly  winds  which  fometiihes  Mow  iu 

^Syptf  sii'fcf  by  the  natives,  called  p&ifmout  winds,  or  the 

^Lot-viinds  cf  the  defnil    They  ari  of  ibcb  extre|re  heat 

and  drynefs„  that  no  animated  ibody  exposed  to  it  can 

wUhftand  itf  fatal  Influence^     During  the  three  days 

whJch  it^enerally  lafts,  the  ftreets-  Are  deferted  ^  and 

"woeto  tlie  traveller,  whom  this  wind  forprifes  remote 

*from  ihelter-:  when  it  exceeds  three  days,    it  is  infup- 

iportabliu  /     .  - 

'The^ foil  IS; ' evc^edingly  fruitful,  occafioned  by  the 
"^oVerflowiag  of  tlie-Nile,  which  leaves  a  fattening  flime 
'behind  iL  Tho&  parts  not  ^overflowed  by  the  Nil^ 
^f  ttneultivntedv  '^ndy  and  barren.  Egypt  produees 
corn,  rlct>  iuear^  flax,  lioenv  fait,  ial  aramonisK,  bakikm, 
^nd.va|r|otUi^Fts,Qffruiu  and  dr^ 

A^ypt  19  goverojed  by  a  |Kaf^i|w,  fent  4rmn  Conllaii' 
tmople»  btJng  a'province  6f  the  Turirifh  enrpire.  The 
lVkfa<^  At^t^^^  Mahoipietanifm  is 

the  eKhiblifh'ed  religion'  of  E^^ypt ;  btit  ther^  are  aiany 
Chrifttans  called  Copts,  4nd  the  Jews  as«' Yeff|  |mi- 
^merbus* 

1%%  #u«i>fMr  fof  riiifeilMMimt  In  fEcypjtr  tccording  to 
M  ybin^,  it^^  ibottiF 3;30<i.9^i  or. wbick»  Cairo^ the 


\l* 


The  states   ov   ^ARBARY.       397 

!&g7pt  is  fsmous-  for  its  pymmids,  tnofe  ftupendeua 
works  of  jRiUf.  Tjie  Egyntians  were  the. only  people  ' 
VI  ho  were  acquainted  with  tne  jU-t  of  embalming  or  pte- 
iervinz  dea3  bodies  From  ptjltrefadlionb  Here  is  the 
river  Nile,  celebrated  fpr  its  fertilizing  ifiondftionsi 
ari^ferthe  fubtW»  Yoi^ioUs  drocddHet  which  h)fi:d>tt 
its  (hore^  'tkt  natives  at  the  ftead  of  this  faiHons  tivir 
pay  divide  honours  ta  tt\  Thpuf^|i4'  ^  ^ttle  are  ofier* 
ed  to  the  Beity,  wha.is  fuppoaed .to  t^idh  at  its  (bnree. 
This  wa$  the  dieatre.pf  tnofe  cemailcabM  tranfadions, 
which  make  up  the  beautif^^  and  itfeAihg  hi^ory  of 
Jofeph.  Here  PhaVaoh  exhibited  fccres  of  cruc!ty» 
tyranay  ^nd  opprefiion  towards  the  irraelites,  in  th« 
CfHirfe  of  their  4pGr. years  bon4<^&e  to  th^  Egyptians. 
Iler^  toth  Moles,  w^;jb<wm^  s^i^was  preferVed  in  the 
little,  ar^)  ati^ong^the  ^gs  on  ^he  banlcs  of  the  Nil<. 
Here,«  throiH^h  iJi^  Inftnimentatity.  of  this,  great  man« 
liie  Egyptians .  >v;crc  ^f3i(ae4  ,  witll!  ipany  grievous 
plagues,  wi^ch  iiiduc^d  them  at  laft  to  M  Jfrti^  go. 
Here,  Mofes,  with  iiis  rod,  divided  the  Red  Sea>  and 
Ifrael  oaiTed it  o^  dry  land;  which  the  EgypVanS,  at- 
tempting to  do,  were  overwhelmed  ^y  the  retunaing  of 
the  waters.-  To,  jtbis  itene  filcceeded  the  tfraelites' 
Inemqrable  40  yeai;s  march  through  the  deferts  of  Ara- ' 
bi^^  before  they  reached  Ihe,|4n4  of  Canaatt.* 


it*f>': 


--'^i- 


The  $TATK3   <^    SARBARY. 

-'•"■■  -  .^-    -y    ■  ,^.  i«'.   rf    -      >    •  i  •  *■  ■*.  , 

'♦Tl*Jt>ER  this  hea(I,>e  (hilfirknle  thfc  coilntrics  of, 
)LJ    I.  Mf?rocco  zx^iiii.  j    4.  Algiers  :    4.  Tunis ; 
4.  Tripoh  and  B  irca.  /.     .. 

^;^e  enipf^re  of  ^lor occcT^  ',iiilduiiirtg ;*te*,;  i^  bdtoded 
birthd  noklii  by 'the  M^dtt^rraneift  tea  \  oh  iM  footh^ 
hylVfilel^^VSnd  oh  thre^ft,i)y  Segeltiieflsi  and  the 
kingdom  of  Alders^  beingid6  miles  i!i  teogth,  And  480 
.iifreadtt'  'i*-    ■  '://  .7    -'.      ■• 

'  fttei«ff«^^4kto^ 

*  Fr^ficQ^IUIidjCondudted  bf  OcB.lBooNAtAaT«^  Ims  aguii  tttrvQef 
file  attention  of  the  world  to  thit^s|)cbrated  covotij.  tiHial  *re 
t%fc)p,|l|e  ultimate  fruits  of  this  cipedftldB,  caa^bt  be  foircfevi. 


i 


fl 


3^8        T^E  STAINES  OF  BARBARf  . 


Fe^,  whkh  is  now  united  to  Morocco*  is  about  125 
mikt  in  lc;ngdi^  an<f  naach  the  Time  in  breadj^  It  liet 
hmm  tm^ngdtlm  of  Al^ier^  ko  the  eaft;  and  Mb. 
rocipd  on  the  fpnthj  aiid^ts  ittrrdundetf  on  oth<r  parts  hv 

;  Algiers,  fonnerl^r  a  kingdom,  is  hounded  on  ^e  eaft, 
bjr  nirldn^doin  (jKfT^mik  i  otl  the  north,  by  tJie  Medi- 
teirraneah  ;  on  the  iou^',  by  Mbnnt  Atlas,  and  on  the 
wielh  bfthe  kihgdoini  of  Morocco  and  Tafilet.  )  Ac« 
cording  i;o  I)lr.  Wiy^,  who  itfidcd  12  yes^rs  at  Algiers, 
this^^onntty  extends  lii  length.  ^Sb'toil^s  aloiig  the  cpalt 
of  i!hellediterraneani  and  betwf  en  40  and  1 00  miles  in 
breadth:     " 

^  't'uniy  is  bounded  by  jthp  Medtterranean  00  the  north 
and  eaft  i  by  ^e  kingd^^iki  of  Algiers  on  the  weft  }  and 
by  TrfpolV  with  part  6f  Bilednlgerfd,  on  thtfouth;  b^- , 
ing  220  miles  in  length,  froni  north  to  fouth,  and  1 70  ii^  \ 
breadth,  from  eaft  toweft.    '''^  - 

Tri^bli,  iti,cluding  Bar^a,.  is  bounded  on  the  north, 
by  the  MedUerranea^  i$a  ;  on  the  fduihi  by ^e  .coun- 
try of  the  Beiii)erie9  ;  on  the  weft,  by  the  ktngdon:^  of 
Tutiis»  Bilejlulgena,  and  a  tcrrii^ty  of  th^  Gadainis ; 
atyion  the  ^aft,  by' Eg^pt  ;  mcn^g  about  xi  pa 
miles  along  the  f^a  coaft  ;  and  'thefifis'a&i  is  from  i  ta 

300  mucs. 


to 


Each  ca^^itai  beats  th^'  name  of  the.ftate  or  kingdom 
wjbich  it^beloiig^  but  th^  <;apital  ff  fifikdulgerifT  (die 

ancient  Numi&)i^  Bkr^/  ^  >,   .    .  •  ih  r  ■*'! 

The  Bafba>ry  ft%«?$  i<^^  h%^}^^^^}^^^^^^^^^^r 

though;  eacfi  is  independent' as  tp  the  Vzercife  of  its  in« 

ter;v^  policy.  - 

il)e  air  oCxhcfe  ftat^s  Is  mild  and  agreeal^le*  .  , 
tfridi^  the  B.oman  empire,  they  v'pre  juftly  dcnomi* 

iiated  ttcgfl?4»n  of^h«^>^|;14  V'a^J  to  have  a  refideno^ 

ti^j  wail  coniidtrjjjijiwjt^^^  ftate  of  luxury. 

"T^  produce  ofijtjgr^  thofe  magazines* 

W^jCliiu^Aed  ij^^^tf^  gi^eat  part  of  the  Romwi 
empSre^  'lif t&  cbfp, '  t^fne  ana  ^H*  Thoa^  the  land^ , 
ure  n^Wr  u&cpltiTitfldi  through  ^e^oppreliibn''ancLbar- 
barity  Of-^ircotiftitution,  yet  they  ve  ftill  fertilje,  not 
^OBFOlUk^i^afli^^  but  in;daus^ 

W  Hilt     .\\\t^:tn  h^in^fVA^  •iff?  iAVi'x.t  -.  ^' 


tHE  iStATE^  of.  ^ARBAkV.       3^ 

&i^  raifinS|  almpiK^Sy  apjiles,  jpears,  cherries*  Tilat^t» 
atronsy  UMoas,  (Drangesi  tomegvituit€s^  wit!a  pt^^^ 
i^obts  adid  herbs  in  their,  litdi^n  g^ens»     Excelletil 
hemp  and  flax  grow  on  the»r  piaim> 

I^ptpccoi  the  capital  of  th«  e^i^e;  P^uie  famf  "hamje^ 
ts  thought  to.  contain  ^5,^0  iril|j^bil^ftlf.    , ,  .  ;. , 

^T^ccitj^  of  Ali^iers  i^  i^d  CO  ^oi\it  Sfe* 

hoiSHst^s.  15,000  Jews^  ana  a,cop,  J^iftis^^^^  flaye*  J 
9imb^^whbin  were  a  number  bjfbiiroirt^iHite  A^^^ 
"^ho  were  re&afed  l>y  the  la^  bjb^ty  ^^UK  ijiej^y^^td 
rirgency  of  Algiers,      fio  jpftinute  caWbe  formed  as  to 
^ejPopttlouTaeis.oftu  territory.  .     ^      ^»,  < 

^'Ttinis  i^  tlie  mbtt'pblll^cd  t^hllc  of  "a^  the  Baf 

above  3000  tradermen's  fhops,  and  iu  fuburbs  confifk 
C^  1600  honfes.  The  TiirliriM  women  are  very  hand* 
lome  in  tfieir  pcrfons  $  and  tnoiiigh  yie  ,tnen  arc  fun- 
burnt,  theob^Jlektbn<rf^iheladi!Jsis  viry  delicate,  net 
arc  thi^  Icfs  neat  and  elegant  ii^lieir  drefs  $  b»it  they 
JiOpior^  Ibe  beauty  of  th<^ir  eyes  bf  art,  ^ntiftnlarjy  the 
foi^  dflead  ore»  ^  &bfie  fiigiifieni,  kccforaiiiff  w  tha 
t^«^  df^the^Med^r.  Biiav,  thtct  jfetebeS  Inildl  ufe 
0^hii^lht  is  ikid  <i  Kin^^t  chii^  it.  verfe  J[6>  to 
have  paiDted.het  face  |  the  words  of  d^e  original  biell^ 
ll^Ae  let  off  liqr  ^i^f  v^'thr  powier  of  md  ore/ 
WriJK>1i  «^t  dfite  me  rlch«it»  tnbft  pbjpoloQs.i^d  opu- 
lent bt  all  the  dates  on  ^e  cbaft ;  t^itt  it  is  now  inucli 
rediictdi  amd  the  Ihhabitanti,  ^ho  9X^  ikid  t^lSkBonhi  to 
between  4  and  50o,ooo»  hai^  all  the  vitei  of  the  Al- 
gerines.  ;.;■  -fi'y-' 

All  f9reigneB  kre  hire  laAo^ed  t)it  t^n  pMTeiiibn 
ifil Ibeii^reHgion,  but  th^  luhaHbitants  of  thiefe  ftat^s  ^ 
JUAhomtetans  {  ahd  many  iufijd^  of  Mon^tb  follow 
Uie  tenets^  of  one  iiimbdi  ^  AOderh  ft^H^i  lind^ 
enem^^tBe  ii)clentidbatlnfe)t^  (he  eitifitfi  mie  Moors 
of;  Barb|r%^  kl  the  hah^ytaifttftVf  theft  09^  Ik  ti<^ 
^pti^iUiicnotiflj^  called,  (bceatiffe  tKe  Sajiteetts  fitfteni^d 
£i^ifO|^  fromt  )Mbmntan%  thcr  couiot^  of  "dm  Moors) 
Uin  ad<H>t:^d  thcVeit  wOfft  paru  bf  ^0  MaJftintetan 

as  cOi^ehances  their  vites.  «( ,, 

II1C  Emperor  of  Morocco  is  an  krblti^ry  >rihde. 
Aljiett  is  governed  by  a  Prince,  called  the  Dcy,  eleaed 


400        Of  TT^  SJ-AVe  x,fX)-A&T,  »S;c. 

by  the  annj.^  ,^^|  /mfcignt.^ 
called  Beys^  a^  Q«t,  to  4p<ifi|»e|Kieiit  as  tbc  ibrmer. 
Tliefe  tliree  fta^t#^-.^J<k>iie4.lipoQ^at  rrq>ublicar  of 
^foldierti  uilder  tbc  j>f  o^i^ioii  (af^  ihe  Grand  Sei^ior. 
With  Algiert\thf  l|^||d<^|«s  have  IjtIttiT  negociated 
a  trea^^  J^c%c9t  i^^djiave  (CK^^Tmed  that  whTch  be- 
fore  exiftft^'f ^  Mtao^Q*  Qi\  thU ccMlft*  ftood  the 
iamotts  city  m  Carthage,  which  w^s  deftroyedhy  the 
Roinanf.  Ajnon^the^reat  men-Africa  has  p^dticed, 
are,  TertoJitaiiy  H^prian,  Julius  Africanus,  Amobius, 
LadandalB  and  fik.  Aiiftini  tall  BiHiops  of  the  church.. 
l*he  warriors  of  note,  arci  fiamilcar,  Hannibal  and  Af. 
dniba|.  ;  AQ^ong.  ^^  poc|s»  are,  Terence  and  Apuleitfs. 


;:••,♦? 


'^W'< 


Of  AFRICA,  from  iSe  Tropic  of  Cfitncer,  tiO, 
the  Cape  of  Gdod  Hop<N  '     ^ 


TliX^  immenfe  territory  Is,  coiMpaiathrely  Cpe^ldng^ 
1^  Kttle  Icnowni  mere  is  no  modern  tr^rel^ 
th4t  1^^  penetrated  intti  the  l^erior  parts  ;^fi>,thiit  ^ 
are  %noraiit  liot  only;  of  the  boards,  tat  even  of  the 
namcf  of  ^eral  inlan4'«ou^i^a^  in  xnas^i  mattriat 
circuinftaiii:e$>  the  ifihaj^it^ts  of  this  e^tenuye  A^- 
'ttent  i^gree  Willi, each  o^eB^  If  we  except  the  p«o|iJe 
nof.AliySpia,  they  iU  alt  of  a  black  complexkin.  In 
d^ir  wgion,  txcm  pn  theleaco^jiils,  which,  have  been, 
i^fitt^  jVid  fktied  by  ftr^ersj  ihey  are  Piigans  j.  and 
tfeejprm  ofj^overnipep  Is  every  where  inonarchicalqr 
idifp^tio.  I^w  pllnpes^  however,  poffefs  a  w'ery  ejcten-. 
iitejiprlirdi^liOff-^;.  for  ^s  the  nativei  of  this  paurt  of  A^<^ 
are  iu^  fe  biiigfofsly  ignorant  ip  all  the  art^  of  tttili% . 
oir  <  fttfinemeDiti  they  mm  be  little  acquainted  vi;h  oae 
aoo^F  S  and  ^diuii^jil^  lanited  i^  finall  fdcietiel,  e^h 
, .govtxned%;  i^«w[^.|mnce.  ,.\  . '  ^  4-^M 

Wtiare<)!i«r&p^6lya^qu;M0^^^^  m^m 

mi.m(hm$  ^^tbi^^  of  thU  exteofive  coa^a^ 

TlHBiiMifllmtfrfilSv^  tt«  hiy  Mr.  Bruce,  of  the  Atyfltp;!- 
mk^ipflll^a^mm^  lljjaihrte  of  very  great  bai^i 


^m 


m. 


TRr  SLAVE  COASftp  ftc.         401 

*nieir  naancr  of  feedii^  if  bcf  ond  a  panUldi  if  we  may 
bdiere  the  report  of  ^r  tfitnorj  He  htfniiis  as,  that* 
hating  fiUlen  in  with  fane  fol^irtilriving  a  cow  before 
ibeiBt  be  was  fnrpriftd  to  fee  them  throw  di9wn  the 
aaiBBalt  cot  off  pieces  «f  Her  &ft«  and  then  ftifvtng 
the  Qsih  o?er  the  woniidrinakc  htu  get  xk^  andww  oa 
as  6ifoiie.  He  ibond  this  to  be  th^  wmmaa  jfiUS^ 
of  the  country. 

The  religion  of  the  Abyfflnians  Irft  ntiztore  01  ^Unt^ 
tianityttudaifm  and  Paganifm;  the  two  hktter  of  which 
are  by  tor  the  moft  predominant.  There  iUe  here  mc«t 
ipharchc^  than  in  any  other  country  laifil  t^ot:^  it  is 
#ery  mountainous,  and  confequeiitly  ^  view , much 
obftniAed,  it  is  Very  ftldom  you  fee  lefsdian  five  or  fit 
churches.  Every  great  man,  when  he  dies^  tlfink^  hf 
has  atoned  for  all  his  wtckednefs,  if  h^  leaves  t  fund  (9 
bui}d  a  churchy  or  has  one(t>ailt  in  his  Itie  time. 

TH«>  churches  are  fuU  of  pi&ufes^ilovtnly  painted  tin 
j>arch*y:nt,  and  nailed  upon  the. walls.  ..There is  n6 
choice  m  their  faints,  they  a^e  iKWbf  the  Qhl  and  New 
Teftament,  and  thoftf  t^^t  jpwght  uc;  difpenfe4  ^ill^  firom 
lioth.  There  is  $t.  PonttU5  Fiiaie  and  bis  \iHfeV;thcPi 
is  6t. Balaam  amt'hisafs  j  Sampfdnund his jaw^lxm^ 
md  fo  of  the  reft,   '  /       /       . 

,  The  fertility  of  a^cmintiy  ib  pMdigiottlty  exm&v^t 
|ftight  be  (ttppofed  more  vs^ip^  ^mu  W-e  6nd  ixM  t  m 
htJ&f  there  li  no  medium  j^  this  jisfit  of  Afrl^  #ih  r% 
gard  to'6ie  a^an^ges  pi* fc^  t-'it is  ei0ier  petfetlf  bj# 
ren,  or  extremely  fertile  1  ^  ^arlilif^  jrom  tm  Utene 
heat  of  the  fun,  which,  wh^e  it  ^^ts  withfil"*  "^ 
inHoifture,  produces  with  the  iitrtmR  luxUrfaMcy/;  .,, 
'#oie  countries  wh^re  tb**t.  areiew  riverr,  ridit^  5* 
iurfacc  of  the  esrrth  «>  ji  barre/iSmd.  Of  thi*  ^^|^ 
v<he  countries  of  Ani^t^  and  %aara,  vrhi^iL^iat  i^m^ 
IJrater,  and  confrquently  of  41  other  oecef«hri«f>  W*  J' 
<4uced  to  pfrfea  4efcrt8>  W  Ae  namc^ the  »^^a^ 
jMotes^  In  ihpf«»  eoimtriea  on  the  othw:  handi  "fttmt 
liierelt  frilentrfif  water/and  particuUrly  ^«*«w.™ 

^miMt  kbdiy  arc  found  in  the  Jwrfdl  f«****^^ 


Wi 


7/'*,i  ,1 


402         Of  the  slave  COMT,  tec. 

greateft  abunJance.  The  countries  of  Mandingo,  EtJ),U 
opia^  Congd,  An|;6li,  Bama;  Truticufi  Monofh^Hipfi, ; 
Cai^*>  afkT  Mehti6eiiiii^r|ire«ttli^ittel7  ridi  tflf  gbM 
and  filrdr.'  '-  ^'-  ""'  >^*<'  "-''  .^  •''  *,-  '--^  ^'^'■- 
^  <^ndar,  the  inetf opolls  of  Aby 0thiat  is  ilttiated>iipbn 
a  liiU  ttf  confiderable  height,  the  to|>  of  h  neatif  plaini 
on  ^tdi  ttie  townlsplaeed.  It  cbnhlls  of  about  ro^oo^ 
^^  fanlilies  in  time  of  ^^aee.  The  hoiifes  are  cl^flf  of 
clay,  Ihe  roofs  thatched  in  the  form  of  cones,  vthich  is 
alwaf«  the  confliraAiOn  withih  tfte  tropical  rains.      •  \ 

The  Ab)riiIniails'i  froin  a  Yery-  ancient  tradition^"  ab> 

cordiilg  to  Mr.  Brttcc»  attribute  the  foundaiij[}ii  of  their 

inonarthj  to  Menilek,  Ton  of  Solomon,  by  il)et^«n^ 

Sheba,  (rendered  ^o  the  TUlgate,  the  Queen  of  theBon^- 

The  annals  of  tl^e  Abt^matis  fay,   ihe  was  a  Paj^an 

when  ihe  left  het'own  couhtry,' but  being  full  of  admi-. 

ration  'fl  the  fight  of  Solomon's  works,  (he  was  con.\ 

verted  to  }odaiSti  In  JerUfafem,  and  bore  bim  a  ^lil, 

whbm  fhe  called  Menilek/  and  he  became  their  firii 

King;  '' Shereturn^^with  her  foil  tojSbeba,  v''iiom,,!^« 

tcricee^ng  him  f^if^Pf ears,  (tie  fent  l>Hck  to  hivfather, 

to  be  iiiftruAed.    B^oti^n  did  (tot  hegledt  hts  charge^ 

and 'he  Was  anointed  and  crdwned  King  of  Ethiopia,  in 

the  t<^nle  ofjettff^^leito,  and  at  his  inauguration,  took 

the  ns^me  of  l5airicl ;  after  this  he*  returned  to  Sbcba, 

and  btoipght  wkh  him  a  colony  of  Jevrs,  among  \irhom 

%ei*  ininy'  dolors  of' ^  law  of  Mdibs,  particular^ 

e  of Wch  tribe,  to  make  judges  in  his  kingdom, 

'ijeh  ip&  came  alfo  Ataiias,  me  foif  oC  Zadoc  th<i^ 

ift,  and^  brought  with  him  a  H^rew  traiffcript  of  tl!^ 

^^^Jli^  was  di^vered  into  his  cuftcdyi;as  he  boret- 

*J^Nltk  of  Nebrit,\or  hrgh  prieft  j   arid  this  ch?ir^j> 

™"4h  ^  book  itWf  was  burnt  "with  the'  churbK  at 

^^i  Ml  theMooriihv^r  of  Adel,  is  flill  continued^ 

^>tWx«d..Jbtht  lineate  of  Azarias,  who  are  keepers 

of  the  church  of  Aium  at  \his  da^    All  Abyffinia  wis 

teempon  converted,  and  ^e  gownment-of  the  church 

W  Aatemo^acd  afecordi%  to  ^hat  iffas  then  in  ofe 

/^^e^€M^^weft<^  coaft,  thcEngmh  tradletb^ 
/Ws;*fl9,  ai4  oiher  (f  tOei^e  nt^  near  and  up  the  riw 
V       --  Gambia^' 


ij/%i% 


'V-: 


'^^■' 


'■jfkt 


Of  pn  SLAyE  fpfi&T^^fcc.  4P3 

Gambia,  whsre  they  exchange  thsli  woollen  and  linen 
msBufaatirdlj^/^thtir  luurd  ware  And  ipirknoiiiiJrquort^ 
fdr^e  ferTons-  of  thciiativMi  Bfwt  xho^fii  peace 
in  1783,  the  river  of  Senegal^  with  its  debendencies, 
were  gtiien  >  lip  to  IlVan^e.  Am9n#  >  th«  ^egrbes,  a 
mai^^  wealeit  confifts  in  Uid  .mimbiQr  ^  his  f^ity, 
whom  he  felU'lile  lb  tfn^ny  cattle,  and  olteiiat  a^  in- 
feriof  priee.  (Cold  and'  iirtory,  vnext  to  thcr  Have  ^itde^ v 
form  pHnciparhranehes' of  African  conmnerce. 

The  greateR  part  bf  the  profiift  oSi  Uie  Have  trade  Is 
raiied  ,tjt)  the  fugar  pfamations.  If  hj  efta)>.lHhitig  fac- 
tories, and,  encooragii)g  ctvtlt7.ation  on  the  eoaft  ofAf.' 
rij^^  and 'returning  fome  of  the  Weft  India ; and  (iithcjr 
Ifeies,  to  their  original  country,  feme  amends  jcould  hb 
made  for  paft  treaoiery  to  the  natives,  and  uie  inhabit-  * 
ants  could  be'  inftruded  in  the  ^hlture  of  tobaceo,  in« 
digo,  cotton,  rice,  .^c.  to  barter  with  us  for  tnr  manti- 
futures,  great  might  be  the  proBts,  and  much  would  it 
fcrve  the  ctufe  ol"  humanity;  'An  uiidertaking  of  this 
Ictnd  has  lately  b^n  fet  on  fopt  by^the  Sttrra  Ltona  et^rn- 
pany,  ^whtch  ^bids  fair  tp  be  jTucc^^,  aD(|  does^  very 
great Jionour  to  Uie  humane  gentiemien^  wbo«r^  ^Sl^^^ 
in  this  bbfinels*.  •      '  •      '  .• 

The  eftablilhment  which-the  I>uteh  Eaft  India^cte* 
pany  have  made  ird  either  fide  of  the  CJape  of  Goil^ 
lio^r^e  »«[tremcfouthern  poiRt  fef  that  great  coi^tU 
n^ntif)  %^'hich  eom^{)fehends  llat'o^e*  A^»  and. Afr rest, 
cirtendl,  aceording  to  compotai'on,  41^0  miles  esiftW^i^ 
and  we^'^atf^V  a<|d  2.^  towm^ds  thenortlik  In:  this  e^p 
tenfiVe  dbinain,  the  population -^mopntsie  I'^^db&M- 
habttants  of  European  dN^cent,  and  above  ^Oy-ooioNIav^ 
*  ^^ricaas  and  Arij^tcj.  /  » 

•  This  country  is  c»paWet>f  being,  made,  by  the  ijm. 
ffleft  means,'  a  poptilq^s  commercial  colonyi  ^  •'^^  '  ^ 
■  Tblt  ALorlgitiis  of  the*  country,, who  ate  called  :A^ft!^. 
/•//,  and  who  are'  of  a  mild  and  trKfable  djfp©flno|i, 
teVe  been  cafily  reduced  to^  the  'condition  dfdblcliirit 
Ifebjeasi  They  ar*  a  qukt,  molfenflve>^«>^fe-ti$f^^ 
t<^  the  Dutch  in  many  refpe^s,  pvticularlylp  tfle'tta^* 
4|{|ineDtQf|bcks  and  herdref  c«tle«  "^l^y^Vebeeii 
1^  mveh  ttiifreprelentedf  and  it  is  liW^iffliiiff,  Jmat'% 


% 


^ 


Ii4      th  inkiiLkH  t^biurt,  1^ 

^ehodds  which  havr  been  pn>|Nigaied  concemicf 
VsMnf  pioM  (p  ions  K»ve  fsantd  ctodtk  in  tlie  worlX 
It  it  not  jUiiCb  t&it  tEejr  are  in  the  fra&tce  olt^ting  raw 
ttfhf  or  that  thcfr  ^twine  dveii:  todies  with  the  cniraiU 
of  cattle*  Thej  prepare  their  food  with  Bxf  i  and  their 
«loatbinj[  conHiis  of  a  .drefl'ed  Udtp  which  is  tied  like  a 
^Qllar  rottnd  the  n^ck,  lianjgir^oiwn  over  theihooldert 
^eartothe  groundt.and  &i  liroadf  and  may  be  wrapt 
rdund  the  fore  part  pf  the  body )  beficles  th»t  they  wear 
anpther  covering  of  (hinroand^  loinf.  whidi  reaches 
half  ¥^aY  down  the  thighs.  Satnetitnes  they  have  a 
cap  for  the  head*  and  Iboes  for  the  feet  of , the  fame  ^. 
teria^s.  Thetr  ihoet  are  formed  of  a  piece  of  ^de, 
drawii  clofely  about  the  feet,  with  tho|igs  of  th^  ^nie. 
The  Hottentots  havmg  few  conveniences  for  baUiing, 
and  living  in  a  climafe  where  they  are  very  freq.uentl|r 
involveii  in  clouds  of  dull;  have  acquired  habits  of  dirtib 
nefs ;  but^eirikiiis»  when  waflied,  ^e  clear^  Uiough 
(allow.  '     ; 

Th^  employi;^^  of  the  Hottentots  is  piir>ly  ptAo. 
VatV  their^princimf  and  sdfnoft  ^V  <>€Cttpation<  bj^ 
the  «ai*  ^  their  nerds  of  fheep  and  kine,         *  ,,  ^' 
4  fta  officer  lately  vifited  all  the  chiefs  of  th^Ke* 
'    groec  ifl  the  Englifh  fettlements,  from  iS^ta  ApoUouia 
to  Athera^  which  i&  ufiwards  of  350^ miles,  and  ^und 
the  police  and  puni&ment  i>f  all  crimes  fupportcd  by 
|he  il'tve  trade.  Tlibfe  whp  commit  entries  or  trelpaflT^s 
*l|lgairft  their  U^s,  ire,  at^edecilion  iHTtw^Ve  elders, 
.  Imd/o^  (laves  for  the  ufe, of  their  ^vernmellt>.  amithe 
fupp<>rt9f  their  chiefs'.    I^efri  a£ildery;  and  murder, 
ire  the  highcift  crimes,  and  whenever  they  ifre  dete^ed,- 
fubje€l  the  whole  fajmiJ^  to  ilaver^.     Bat  any  indi* 
vidual,  condemned  to  nbivery  for  m  crime  of  his  re- 
lation,   rn^  redeem  his  own  -pex^n,  3y  ^rniflitag 
two  ilaves  in  his  room.    Or  when  a  Inan  commits  one  m 
the  above  cardinal  critnes^  ill.the  male  partof  his  family 
«re  forfeited  to  ilaverf  I  if  a  wpl^ian,  the  femi#  p^t  is 
fold.    <*^WhiIe  on  the  C9a$,  (fays  he)  I  faw  in^ncei  of 
this  (ftftlCa  %iily  ^niel,  u  made  py  very  bo^joD  bleed. 
This  tn!i||^  In  crimes  inalces  the  chiefs  vigiiant>  /  "^t  4o 
W  j>liripM^  ptftthafc^enii  ufe  any  psUfi^  1   ' 


^efM  in  teli^,  to  )n«k6th(^iD  Mcwiijofi  ihit  oppmtn 
fion  thus  tUTtKtd  oD  mat.  /I  «#  fonf  ii6fiiy  they  a:.4 
tiflfiatuta!ly  averfe  ttt  t^trf  tkbt  lihat  ^ndi  to  It  j  yet 
the  Fortttguefef^^  Freiiehi  iftid  Bpaiiikrtlfi;  iti  tticn  ftttlN 
mertts,  fucce^  itt  th^ir  ittem^t  t^i  infttna  theih,  »t 
much  to  the  advamage  f  cotntftercet  as  df  t^lfgiori.  It 
lifdr  thief  fate  of  Chriftriteitj,  an#thf  advantagfei  aceovr* 
panying  -  iti  that  Bngli(b'flave9  enxHra^  er^ry  ocd^fiM 
of  defeVf ?nr  to  the  fc rlUrtients  of  thcfc  naims." 

ttii  high  X\mg  for  ^9  Icgiflatu^e  to '  enforce  and  |||^t 
an  iBhd  to  this  fAoft  infamous  of  all  tiradetf  fo  otf- 
griicefulto  the  Chriftian«1iaiAe,  ji^nd  forepngiia^tto 
f  riiiciples  6f  81  f^ec  govemw^ot*     *' 

-  -      -  '       ■«•■-''■•.■ 

^■^^■*^— "^—i ^— >»^>Wf^'»wf'fT<  n  i    n      .11  im  I'll       >  I     II   I    — i— iHf^>^»^ 


th« 


■4y 


^  Tthiiino^fh  ofl^'l^ifiliiliiti&^ft^ 
iTX  '<uri  nor  call  6ocotftr4,  c>f  Sbcitra^  fiju^^^f  i|| 
aVges,  wh«c^ j^e'  efteeipcd  li^  beil  in  U^  vorld,    ^  *; 

Sailing  d6wn«  fouth ward,  we  cpikie  to  the  iHaiio.  pf    , 
H^dagafcar,  or X-awrerice* ll^><?nnd^Tlg  19 cattfieand cbrH^ 
und  inoft  of  t^e  neccfele W  ife,  tiut  n^fuffitietjt  mer» 


tftking  clothes,'  utehfits^'^d  oihcr  neceffaific*  In  rcjwfii. 


areiriljutat-y  to  thJroJ^tttgficfijJ  attd'ritaT  ihcfe  lies  the 
iffaiid  of  Boiirbo&;i'  ^iid,  a  llKle  liigiien  ?*^^urit^  fo 
called  by  thie'Dtttch^^whrtM  touched  here  iA'ij|9». 
It  is  nbwjn  poflefll&no/tll?  French,  and  by  th^nTMfe 

;MQ6itihig  the  ^afteB^Worldl  and  i)|e  Indfe^  ^^P^ 
Injg  rourid  the  Cabe  of  G'o<id  Hope,  into  th«  w»^«  A^- 

f^^$t-n^  ;4r^ch^£i^,:;a!i;t^^^ 


^^      Ni^     DISClivERIES.      . 

«Aii*Anuiiicin  Ball  Indiai  ft^  fiop^  to  get'WiUr  iihI 
freflk  pioyilloiist  in  dieir  Wiy  bointe,.  Near  this,  ari  the 
GuiMk  l(lAii4>>  9t/Mftthe^r|iu'i:^mau/aAd;othm^ 
net  fkr  from  the  coaft  dialer  ttic  cquino^lal  IDlei'  le- 
lonnnff  to  tilie'Pqrtiitt^re.  tWf  ireti^  To  vuuaied  by 
tbel!jiitof4»  %ho  (it(l.fott|id  tficnri^ii  the  feftlt ii]»  of  St. 
Helen,  8t.  Tliiomai,  iand  St.*Ma|Aew* 

Hicnce  hbithwj^r(|»  ai«  tkeCajpe  Ifcfd  lihndai  fo  call. 
^  from  their  Tefdiife.  ,  Thej  ne  w  l^elci^  to  the  iPor. 
^ttefe,  who  atre^^Urni^d  (tont  theode  With,  ihlt  and 
goaU'ihini. 

i^riher  noir^;ii«t)^  pleaAint  Cansbies^heknigih^to 
the  Spaniards,  fs^m  t»hedce  iKri)^  caine  Canary  ^ii>e, 
and  the  beautifnl  Aoging  birds,  called  Canary  Biri^. 
The  oneknts  calfed  them  t£«kFortanate  lfles,nnd  pb<;^a 
th^tre  the  Ely Aan  fields.  They  are  tan  ot  tweKe  in 
niimber^  the  chief  are  IVnnrtfi^  Goaiera,.Fe?DO|  and 
G^eat  Canary.  The  fettile  iihindi  of 'Madeiia  He  m 
^ther  oortli,  ani|  are  &mous  foif  tlie  bcft  ftomachie 
%hi^  l^y  W^^  to  the  tortt^ttefiU 


a^utmam 


■  'i^:> 


Pi 


CONTINENT  01  NEW  HOtiAlil. 


T*  Uet  jfon^^H.  of  ;die.  )|hind  of  JieiiiraA^Uk^  fc^th  of 

Iffftr  Outnea,  in  the  Gteat  ^ontli'Sea.  For  more  than 

fl  centiiry  after  itsfirft  difcofer^  by  the^DUtch,  in  i6j($, 

it  iKifi'liu^B^t  to  be  plit^  a  nft  foS^ern  cotltinem, 

ih0>)il^iijic«  ««f  li^lch  ?to;  l8f e       fatowlte;  ijde%  %ith 

New  Holland  gives  it  an  unquefUoniible  claim  to  the 
ikiUBC  of  Contiocni..  The 


^f         49? 


NEW    DISCOVER 

The  whofe  tmfktrn  coaft  of  thb  continentt  txcept  the 
ftff  foj^ibeni  petoty  wndliocff^ni  and  'explored  hy* 
C^^Cpok,  in  i|70,  and  is  palled  KfW  SoOtntWavii, 
It  it  claimed  br  £iiglaiid»  on  the 'd|d  principle  oC  prior 
dil):oyfi|^  ^  :         tf  f 

iThere  iii*a  great  Yariety  ofbMs  and  animaU  found 
here«  (ciTeral  of  which»  befbre  tht  diicoTery  of  this 
place,  were  non  defcripl^.*  '   ' 

Tbe.ottiT0  go  afnraj^s  uncovered^  although  it  is  pb- 
ffthr^d  ibex  fttmr  foaaedmes  ^^^"^  ^  ^old^  Thofi;  os' 
thebpvdeti  of  the  iea.coa(l '  fuHrift*  pf  l)ici($lUl7  on  fiflR 
On  Uiat  part  of  the  coaft  which  the  EngliOi  bite^nvad- 
e(K  <U}c;  nativef  have  retiredi  and^  fVoin' accounts,  are 
mucb  diftrefled  for  provifion/  A  )r bid  ^of  twine  is  ip<^n- 
ufadOTed.  among  them,*  whlcb»  with  their  filUing'neti*^ 
is  very  neatly  >  made  firom  the  Aax^'plahf.  This  plant 
pron^i&s  to  be  very  valuiible  for  the  purpbie  of  mai^in^ 
cordage,  jand  the  ineft  manufaAm'es.  -  .' 

In  May*  1787*  the  Bfritifb government  .fitted  out  a^ 
,  fquadfon  of  etipven  veQels,  with  850  convtds,  und^r  the 
command  of  Arthur  Phillip,  Efq.  ib  ordec  lt^for]#i 
fettlemtint  on  t)us  continent.  The  fituation  determined 
upo%  has  be^  named  Pk)rt  JacVibn ;  foutb  lat  52^  ^i\ 
«aft  long,  from  Oreenwich,  159*  19'  30".  This  place 
is  about  9  miles  from  Bqtanr  Bay,  and  has  a  harbour 
capable  of  contatidng  K>cK>  »il  of  th(i ')in<i  m  perfed  fe^ 
curity.  A  plan  of  a  town  has  been  regularly  laid  oU^ 
and^  ^om  the  latell  accotmts,  theprofpe^  w|u  flattering 
to  the  new  ftttlers»      ^  .  .   \^ 

Oitfi^  firft  arriv&l^  the  fiS^glifb,  the  natives  wet^ 
found  amicable;  hofpitable,  unaccuftomed  to  aft  with 
treachery,,  or  to  take  tbeies^  advantage,  aftd  every  pre* 
caution  was  i;lken  to  prevebt  this  harmony  from  being 
interrupted  j  .but  frpm  folnf  dUagreement  with  individ- 
uals, or  what  is  more  probable,  1»dHlike  of  the  fsncroach- 
ments  on  their  territoric?,  they  appear  to  avoid  every 
intjBrcottrfe  with  ^eir  ncvr  net|^bottrs. 


.1  ,'1 1 J 


■^A 


*  fhe  reader  ^Hl  itA  tiit;l>  aiid.adi^riptioiiaf  4a«p4iar  of 
thofe  animals  aUd  birds,  in  "TUe'Vi^^epC^veriiorPbtltill^li 
(otaay  Qay," pi^b^bed  b][ Stockilai^, ^doa,la  4fp<x 


iv 


i  ■ 


.*.-.: 


4o8         K2W    DISCOVERIES. 

The  inhabiunti  ar^  t>(2,Vv«ry  numerous^  and  are  of  a 
cWolate  colchir,  mldcUe' ftalurey  and  verj.aAive  arid 
courageous.  Their  food  It  cbie!;>  £ai,  birds  of  various 
kinds,  yamsi  fruit,  and  t^e  flelh  of  the  Kangufpo,  an 
a:iimal  refcrobliog  the  OpolTomy  and  peculiar  to  thfs  con- 
tinent.  Yhctr  weapons  arc  fpeari  and  laoces  of  differ, 
e  i\t  kinds  which  they  thrOW  Urith  great  dekterity.  They 
alfo  ufe  fhields  of  an  oblong  forski,  Inade  of  bark. 

7 hi  "New  HthridetA  This  hanie  was  given  byCapt. 
Cook,  to  a  clailet:  ofiiAinds)  fitUated  betVlreen  the  bti. 
tudesof  14*  29',  and  ao°4'fovth|  ahd  between  169° 
41',  and  170®  21',  ead  longitude. 

Not  far  from  the  t^ew  Hebrides^  and  fouthweHward 
cf  ;heni,  lies  NhW  Caledonia,  a  very  large  ifland,  firft 
difcovered  by  Capt.  Cook,  in  1774'  ft  is.  about' 87 
leagues  long,  but  its  breadth  is  not  confiderable,  cc^ 
any  where  exceeds  ten  leagtiest  It  is  inhabited  by  i 
race  of  Abut,  tall,*  well  proportioned  Indians,  of -a  (War- 
thy  or  dark  ehefhut  brown*  •  A  few  leagues  diftant  are 
twfoJinaU  ipands,  called  the  Ifl^d  of  Pines,  and  Bota- 
ny^IVandi 

Nn^  Ouinea  is  a  lotig» narroMr  i|Iajid, extendingnorih- 
eaft^  from  a**  to  i2**£uth  lat.  and  from  131°  to  159** 
raft  long;  but  lit  6ne  part  it  does  not  appeal!'  to  hz  above 
JO  milei  btoad.  The  country  confifts  of  a  mixture  of 
Vclry.  high  hills  and  v allies,  intefii>erfcd  Viih  groves  of 
cocoa  nut  trees,  plantains,  bread  fruit,  and  moll;  of  the 
trees,  flirubs,' and  plants,  that  a^e  found  in  the  oiher 
South  Sea  iflHnds.  It  affords  from  tlie  Tea  a  varie^ty  of 
delightful 'ptofpe^s. 

Ne^  Ireland .%jiXfi\M\%  li)  lengthy  from  the  nottheafl  to 
the  foutheaflt,  about  2  70  miles,  but  it  is  in  genera)  very 
narrow.  It  abounds  with  a  variety,  of  trees  and  plants, 
and  With  many  pigeons,  parrots,  Toalcs,  and  other  birdsi 
Northweftward  Of  ^fc\v  IrClandj,  a  clqft-r  of  Iflands 
V'cfe  feen  by  Capt.  Carteret,  lying  vefy  near  each  other, 
atld  fup,  <ed  toCortfiftof  20  of  "^6 in  number. '  One  of 
thcf^,  which  is  of  a  very  confiderable  extent,  was  flamed 
New  Hakotea  ;  but  th^  r^ft  of  the  cluft-T  recetweJ 
the,i|3uae  of  Ujie  AKMxaAVTV  t^L^NOs. 

oekerai.. 


geneI^al  remarks. 


*<  npHl  v^HillBfl  iittM  dMiiOiMrMi  (ftyt  Dr. 

are  Os.  Tb^'fidl  It  fi^iuMltuiiir  iKc  pottr  VtgM.  ^d 
e^il^hctMlii  i^  Upl#d|«l>  ^  t^tthnam  *BiilbuM, 
tmSan«dd  TAltMil,  file  inhableints  6#tlovi|  Xeoilbtay 
the  Bd£iiidi|iMS9^^/6mnllndmp.  and  tlie  people  of 
KamfthltlMM  ilw  vtfiigt  of  nia  Jii^tM^  emnifrct  it 
lMCiiM(  tbriftd  I  tbt  QM*  iii«i:4  Aort  t  |^e  efe*  oC  a 
yefidvpiai  brdWl|»  ^lliiag  m  1i|acka«i%  i.  ^;  cEeek' 
hQ^^ti^t^nm^j  %h  I  i^iaetiUi  lai^^ ;  thfj^^yud^ 
ill  mmiag  o$tlvardf  V  ike  voieli  Ihin  $wi  noeflpflf  ; 
!aiU % i^  f  darl^ Kr«| c<i^. '  lliefCfHHC •'ciHort 


-r'*  ,D02e 

.  jNor  t<j ^  .       _ 

'  fApwi^§tf^^  rifitij  in^the  fiu«iao  f|^ieiek. 

^beic:  c6iii\{^ti<i«t  ^are'  ^roail  4Qd  'W|fiii|de(L.  fi«ii%  in 

4%tbe  l^cl^t  an|  l^^re raf  inches  alimer  t  th«|r  t iheek 
bones  al^l^hiVlb^  $e(|tb  of  a  large  H<e  aftd^ftpiirate 


I)a^f  ^\bla«k*    ']^^fit  nationtV  tti  i^o^j,  excdptmff  the 
J^pioej^  a^d  C^^  ft!ial(n^  ilf>  iettliS  up- 

tlo^s.of  j«i0n^,  aiill  J|t^4«t<^  Qf  beba^iurn    Tke>; 


aili  <%{^flf  >r6|^i:s  v^^l^  [b  horfc^^and 

4%  th!r<i  j*^  «r  ##"5^ !« ^^  of  *^  Mw 

A.fiati«%of  ,tfo  ii4aMt#«  <^^^  Thcfe.ifijJPpi 

Njo^d^t  ftj^f,$a#c  gig  fti|«%JiV^!!  ba^t*.  *>6  <pmer- 

^^  tl^jiiijRoiEl^    Th^j^^leattflotblul|l^i^t^^ 

■-'■•-■'■■'  ^    '  '-  ■  '  ■  LI''    .   y^ ■  -  '  ■-"'■ 


iit- 


i'. . 


•  V 


^■/ 


w-^ 


n   ;c  ! 


4ii»         GENEHAX    ^EMiAR,IfA 

Of  Mauty  kl«ftiiiA^|iTei  tbe  doomy  We| . 
And  featarjcs,  grols :  .^Mr ;v«or(^tto  nitblef»  decii*. 
Mad  leadotfiy;  liHud'ra^  ^nd  fed  itVt^,  ^ ' 

The  foft  i^afdf,  t)^eieiidenieCr<ikf  lift, 
ThrMnl^M  lear,|h' iif^^dfH^  , 
Of  fMreet  liiBuuutT<: ,  tliiefe  em^ 

IThis  rage  fuiaMe$,kaihiivi»  wi|b  hofrid Jre.  ^ ;       . 

Tile  l<|e^oei^^,'Alna^  CQi^  i(b^  firiiung 

irariply,^  ^  hwipp  ^cMis>^ut,th«y  di%;ififidcly 

aii4:arf^i|^i^te4^ifriui  ao^  diias^^bleuunep^,    TlicI 
Kfg^awt  In  gien^/^^  j  the  downy 

ifaftnefs  ^.haptW'f^^  gi^s  upon  ^  fkin^givesa 
iiaaQ0tl)fi«(9  «<>  t|i^  f^fcm  ^  viqlvcu  th^  hair  of 

,th«ki||$t4i!  ij8-iw%»^^«^  .««»?*  Wa«k  i  to  .^#  *>««^s 
^m^uimp^ff^  fini(|jBtte»  white.  ,  !l^eir  nofes  are 

Ilie  bti^l^uai  and  inom  j»fit^^^^^ 

^§mA!i\'9n?>:kB^^^  to  the 

|i|ci§  iiiir^ajr^^  4iSp60^  f^c  fiivage  tyrints,:  w^o 
f^lapT«r  "^e^  iii^e  hii^n 

mmr^i^mtW^^-^^  %»?  familiei,  tt^Jf  wMi, 

M^tfiiir  jte^e  3^d^a?Ut.^^^^  life  tajsilfer;, 

^  8ip4<l>^<ib^e.  ^  J^!(it  ,bc^^^  ihocb^d  to  i^qm 

Mj^  j^t'i^  infem4  c^nr^Vqi;  tt  Ci^Ttied  oa  by  the 

A  Q^^  iea|rtffn  ^vai»  by  dtdM^  tnwtmkt,  mw- 
to  a  coifOiia  lutflioittv  with  a  lading  of  ^kly  ilav<s» 

^  ^  who 


>t' 


C^lrft 


jitK^AK^S.       4ti 


who  took  cV^  bjpportunfty  to  tlnjow  thcmfelv^  oTcr^ 
board,  wlien  pr^ght  i]^pon  4ieck  fiv  the  1;^iicClt(  ^^irefh 
air.    T^C;  camaia  perc«kil|g»  l^QDf  oth«.i^  M  ff^insde 

a  proper  cMmprcYof  ihfi^^ft;  •  A:«  h^  fu)^pti»f«a;  t^^^^^  ihey 
riid  not  know  tJje^ierVp)^  Jit^^ep^^  (^derca 

the  woman  to  be  itied  )^lt|.',R  rap^  ^»ffcf  t<ie  arm-t^t 
and  let  dpwAinta  the  water.,  V^n  ^€  pw  qrcaturiJf 
"was  thus  pliingtd  in,  andatyi^it'lialf  wajr  t^wn,  (he  was 
beard,  to  give  a  terrible  (hriek,  which  at  firrtj  wj^s/iC- 
cribed  to  J^r  f*aT;s  of^diti^rfinS  ff  l^tfopn  a^^^    Oie  V'|i- 


1i 


Wappe^i^d,  red  arottnd^  itp,ianid  R 

V  ;X*h6  native  inhabitams  dC«^ca  niakeii  fijfth  jn^ 
ottocii.  1?hty  *are  of;^  coppc**  colour,  fi«v^  blit^ll, 
th?bk»'  fttait  hw  ff^t  iidfe,  %t<' die^k  bones,  atid 
(mall  -^yei;  *  The^  paiijt  tN  b(^^ WitcPfeDce^t^^ 
coloars^  and  etadict^t  e  the  Hair  hf  tiiSV4feii^fl1kP<HKlW' 
\Miil  afadetprmity,"  TlfcTVlimbssitenoi^^lfi^l^^ 
nHiuTf  Ws  thoie  of th^  Etir^i]^««nil-  'H!^  '^ndiirf'ft^i. 

ticnce  J  ao4  tjjourfa  ci;u^  to  fbc»  c^i^fi  |l^  w 
%i^rf'S^itta^^^1ja»n^^-''--'^  .^-f  ^'' '"'■'■  ''-''■  r^:-  ■'• 
,  The  Earbjpeans  ihay  .^  vonfid'tfi^d^s  ihrlaft  fitrit^ 
"^  the  hdman  kind;  'Th«y'«qd5^(ingtiMadvanU^8 
firbiio  the  fkJtneft^ W^ti^r^nipWfini^  -  -T)*  ft<f«^  ^f 
tbii^  ;^cjMi '^tW^^t^  ^  tki^^ct^ttT^  A<%tte^1s 
Ta  Ycri  impeffca  fedex  of  tWe  nilBt;  -^^ftd  tri^mir  die 
iiro«^etaed  maiJ^  1ft  jay  i^c^  ^j'J^s^  m^l^tiikd 
Stmr*  m^  and  <^;?ij'r 'fiawie^^knd ibeafe  The 
l^iplb ai'e  fa^.t^  l5|W:fli| faittft  cf  tbeEi^^ 
iiii  we  miy  .tIii&eifir)^lili«iCB^  Jifcat^  ^eit  'coti^f '*''^^- 
fcefi  cxpreiii  t^ie  vanatl<^  ol  tfti  i^a^Toiis,  iind 
tu$^  of  dtfeafe.  Bit  tliw  imelJeaual'i^  m^f^l 
jjf^i'riftfcs  of  tbe  d^iieire^'  natibos,'wakicb  coii^»l^1^^ 
^^rt<a'  of  the  gl6bei''ikb  <Sf  more  imipotv^t  to  ht 
kftowtrr   Thi^^^^^i^iTV  tS!f<J<5«il^dtf#1lft4€^ 


FEDE&M. 


'  1 
1 


W: 


*■  ■ 


% 


4i2  P»K©tlt:4J]^^I«ttNB«J 

X    **  iP^o/«i»f.  that  the  Standard  ojQ^l^tfdBratcs  bf  AiJiehca, 
forgdd  and  (Uver,  fhall  b«  eleven  parts  fine  aad  one  part  aUoy 

ink 


idvOcHts;  ■  {■ »  yxiimt  ♦  ^*^'* #<{ •  ^-mfH^  i  -x  ■  •  ■■■'■■ 

^  fllMii<^yif tacei4^i{i  a  de«ttid^4r  tcnlbld  profwrti^; 
any  A«n|W0fdoU«f#,,ikiM9«^ceiM^^  ««prtftf;^A» 

TmM»^^|  ^^|kr«i|;^^^  and.  J^xnSU&  arie  etpreficd^ 

AfttU 

EOpMli  par^  oit »  dotoarVtiie  decimal  point  (,; 
,  te9Htw^ent|iedoUava:and.4iniea.  / 
.  Thmfolr&^iaeCipuntt^  thr  tieuAi  Ei^te^^Oid  Diine  «iay  bir^d- 
nMt||^l'i^(|»|fj;e  of  iktmimng  tlie  pl&tlif  titiuforeenbi  auiil 
t]ie  right  hiand  figure.  Or  place  o/jmiu  lor  Ba^Heit.  kUl]b<  tfaft 
pli4bc.^0fti^'/ar;tla]||;t^        .,.■-:.,' 


jipiiiliil   l|iiii|-|l|itif,l  <,|i|  Dill^',  t 


HiiM'nU  ^Miii'li 


■**!    I> 


*f* 


f-;f  Aiw  nri  and  Mr^l^ffiM.   ^ 


D.    d.'>e 


'.».'    .'). "  :mm 


•««»• 


»■■■       ^'^..Am 


■III  II  «  «  n»      il 


41  ii-)iaii[»; 


■^;*a.:'.-i/ 


*/, 


>;.. 


.:^> 


:>;?V>lt    ii^A 


. .  ■!  •  ;,x^  :u  t  •  *B•4|m«JEyra^o?^'^"'■ 


INT^t^rnNO  CALCUiATtONS.     4i3r 


■ij*U 


at prefent  ( i^bo)  Uiht^mOhii,,  v^lildi k y^ 
near  the  exad  nuiiibcr,--^dtliat  tWi'iiimlitfr;  Sr  i^t- 
ural  ihcreafc,  attd  Sjr  enii^tion,  wiH  be  doubled  in 
20  ycars^  9Ad  ^ontiiMic^ . ^\  mcre^^* ii^i^tt ratiofor  a 
ceiuurjr  to  comt,  at  4atfei^od,  (1906)  ih^e  iwttbe  ia 
United  Americs^ieoin^kMis  of  iiflialttt^^s  flii^ 
miUibxw  mofoiban  thepearof  at  prdiait  p^^  Ei.ro|^ 
A^d  wbeii«^  i^n(ider^]Mrobabk  a  1^  peo- ' 

plc'by  foreign  i mmig^tidnB;  aiiliTtimr  tfae^ 
\\vSm\^^ms  iiX  ^-mtick^H^am^  toprok- 

vide  for  this  nutsiber,  the  prefuinpd<^n  n  jkm^ldtaii.  this 
cftimatc  waitiot  4ifferidaterianyfroii  tl^^i^^^ 

It  has  been'  comtndii  m  domi^te  the  riurdbir  of  iV 
habitaiits  o^ thi^|Jobc;  in^^md  toumh^jfs,  >*t  qm>  mil-  ' 

iions,  -Viji.  -V'-"  -  ■■■■^".^- ":';,:,  r  "--^ ;._  ';;  ;;■:;::;  .;■.; f P'- '  :r ' :: 

Aaacrica^frjo  imUi(iMl:ih--£i)rOp^  150  |litliop»l^^C|i^  ^ 
50Q  n^illiomi  and  Afiks^  *5o  millipnj.     fliaiceji  li#{ 
bei^ii  reckottedMhat  asW'ijenefatidri  Ms  50  y^rs/'m 
thiit  fpace  950  millions  of  pcctoU  imitllje'Wrn  arid  ttii^^^ 
fame  nuuiber .  die  ;   and,'  cohieq^lntly,  tftut  about  H 

m  this ptoportton*  .-    ^      t4^    • 

Englaod,  m  vfkch  Jbe  tj^^Jcons  tbf  ii^,4btifti^  'Ji^^ 
world  at>aboat.|^t>.niiHiQ»t" ■>  6f  «&»  Wn 


:af; 


Pagam 
Mflloaietam,, 

RoiMi  CathtUict 


i-t» 


'*'^11%* 


,*4, 


AM'll^^lLOllaUi: 


/  ' 


TABLE 


OF 


REiit/lKABLB  fiyZSn^,  I)iI8GDV£iU£&  m%  Il^EKTIONS  } 

CtiiQprel^cQdinKi  ii>«>D«.vicw,<IWi  Ai^^i«lth»  or  CtVTtiNCs  <>f  Qkutn. 
iiAx.  HilToftT,  fr«m,the  CliiATioii  (0  tlie  prcr^9t.T<MJu 

"  *'  i*"*wm(iBW— Pw*nt,' '.'■,"1 1  ■■ : 

♦09«^!rFI|E  er«4Jtlta^Qf  |1)*  w«ritf,  and  ot JijS9Af9sA%tt 

934!  "tlie 0|4iiQrl4deftf4^c<) ^<i  dehigc;w]iic^cMitihiie4377  ^7«^ 
as0.  "Ili*  ^l^er  <!i  9i«^  i9^<)iiu)t  ^^omt  ^hi«.tti^:i>yN(]»b;*9  poftc^i^ 

^,lilU^s.4i%(w■,th#ii19tD  4iu«kent  nations. 
4i8t  Mi(«im)t|lte4<^«f ilaqi,|q!im4^  £gypf, which. 

iafil4;|Mj  yean,  to  the  cooqueft  of  Claihhyfes^ 
'  90J9  Uli^-tofii^of Ddusrfouodi the kin^4om^f Airy»ia,which, 

19^1  Tie  coireiMmt  bf  Gbd  mad?  with  Atkra^jun/  ix^vnt  he  leaves 
I^Ammpi  iote  Cmm^mb;  wl^lchhei^  the  4,39  years  oC 


^$97  TlM  ci^,i9C1ESp9^'  and.Ooi$ipi^h  arii  dt^oye^  fo»thei« 
.  i, ,     '  iM«;!lfife^iVty^reiwhhe»^cn^^^ 
t^  MoiVBOii  the  Igviwiaid  invents  the  lettei?i. 

iiS  jofe|ah  diet  M^tt.'^di  conel^u^  thl  M(^  i^f  6enefis» 

t|)^4  Aftronbcu-nin^l^yft)  Z4^ApfiM)U»^D^^ 

■.  (f!fijb# I^Utes.'i;-;   ■  .^■".  ■  ?'  '■' 

X5T^  |ySof^j^her|f»  j^ta^jM^jNtfn  i^  Ejgyitt;^  |dt^|):dhy  Fha* 
::-l''   w ia<4i*l.dftttCwia&      ,..■•'■>.  .    /.'■  ;■■:...■•-'.',.,.- 

15^1  fiiSpW©eSea«*^t4toT|lefliyfc^^^  -:■.  ^ 

---■■■*         th69O>oQ0|i!ra^^t,l>eridea 
Lje/t1b^iii|^  from  %ypt 


«Hthiai 


fa 


id^erilie  dS^d  the  feu  loUoWin^ 


;<>;  ^' 


'>  Vf 


5cC  Chiift.  , 

arc  hd  undeV  |^i|«i^  %i^(bt  l4fld>of  Caisun,where  they 

11918  The  w|M:ofH^lenby  Paris,  wl^cH,  In  1x93,  give  rift  to  the 
Ti  oi^  wHf,  and  Ucgc  of  Troy  by  thej,CJr<rek»,  wh'n^i  con- 

3104X  DaViU  kfolcKiwgoflfracl.         v 

'ipb4  the  Templt  i$  folrfliihl/ dKflf eUtrfi  b^  Solo-iiions:  , 

g96-  ll^ih,  tW prophet ;  *<  trtwflit^ ;t<»he*v««t,  .   >i 

8y4  M«jn.ey  firft  nMuC  of  gold  anj  filver  at  ArgO». 
$69  Tii£  (My  of^aitiwgiiialWlliiiiitii)  <bua<U4:^)r  <^ 
814  TftekiiTgdomofMac^tloi^lHrjjma.  ^^*^   ,     ', 


Queeo  Di4c^; 


?K-i 


Ittatlovertai'owa'ny  aaimapaii^Tt'  isi«g  w'/m 

:  '/*''■■  ■carradUietcnttrib^lM^i^^if% 
'  'ff^^JIIi^firfttt^ipf^btUJertjooiib^  . 

^ /■  ■■ 'iJiaiU.'-    '    '     ■;':■•■"■'■'"'-;■"  «^  ■*-•■.  :v''.  ."   .■•;-,!,.;■; 

vf  io4  By  brdc»  of 'Ne^ho,  Kfog;of  M|t,jl|ttk  HxWUHta*  <4«lc<J! 
.^l  J-  j    (xxm.  the  R?d  Sea  round:  :Afi:iba^  ahA  retiHriied  by  the 
■-  'Mcditoranc^n.^  \- -.    /    •  ■    ■   -     ■■;-••' 

4(30  1?Wesofiv!Jika4«^v|i^iirtotgi^^ 


fQ7  >fchoi»fo%Kmgof  Ju*^HJieari^«<Jii*^^ 
<8?  The  qity  Of  TcrttfalCTi  taken/ aAife*:' *ftBfe^  «|^ 
.Ijl^XhciMgto  gf  BaWloi»df^k6y<*5.^t^^  taken  by 

JPft  TairquMii  the  fevfeniJi^id Ji*:K'«4^THiWfl^^ 


/■'■' 


-  *         , .    caii<i»  to  ,_^  . 


,>%t»'t- 


416'^    ASriMP&OVED  CHROMOLOGICAt  TA8L&  ( 

BeflChtia  , 

4  ti  Nmeteen  jrcaM  qrclje  anfaified  by  Metoai. 
430  the  hitWrv  of  the  Old  TyeffaiiieaJpkdie*  aUttt  Uuv  time.. 

Malathi,  the  U(kW;t!ic  propliets. 
4Pi  Retmt  9^ Jio^ocK)  clbrc4Hu»  ttiida  XeiMt^ 
400  Socrai^  fne  founder  of  titori^l  p4iib!if!D|ih7  staoag  the 
Oretlu,.ptifeco  litnkh  l>y  cite  AMei|iMis»  who  kioii»  6ftcr 
rqtcnt,  and  e^etft  to  his  memorj:  t  (bfu^  of  bri^      .    .  ^ 
37  9  l^oeotiaa  war  coxQiBcacet  1^'  Oiecce«  fiiiiQaediii.566;aAe|'the 
ileatho^Epantinoiidas,  th^:  Uft  of  thtf  CrecunlHiro<9.Ji'/ter 
his  deaths  Philijp;  broihev  to  ^lie  Ring  of  Macedoa,  wha 
.    had  beckr educated  un^enhimp  privatelyfct  iMit  fo^  that 
country,  feJ2ed  the  Idngdom,  and  aftcgr  a'cpodaual  courfe   . 
of  war,  trcacherjr,  and  di^i|iu}atioD;  put  att^d  to  the. 
liberty  of  the  Greeks  by  tlMpliattle'0f  .(Qfaeroncsk  : 
336  Philtp,  &iag  pf  Mftccdon  murdered, '  and  fucc^fcded  by  hi& 

.  foity' Alexander  th^Qreat.   t 
3311  Alcxaad|ria  in  Sgypt  built,  i     v- 

^31  Alexander,  iUog,of^|i^cedan,  coafqerarj^a^a^  i&ilg«f  I 
-J  ^,  Perfiaaad'oth^^hatloiM^pf  Afiik^.:^ -:;r'>;t'!:;^^^^^^  ,J\ 

323  I)ie>,  it  Babylon,  and  h^  empire  jb^Vided  by  hi*  tenerak 
'^     iutofoujc  kii^doma,  aftet  defllcoying  hia  «»l1|^^«hildrcOk 
br<^her,inot|^r»:«nd'fiftd^       ,  < .       3 

;-»oi-  I)artaEiciVa^.|loiae  atnponday^'  ■.';         '■  .y,  '^■<?-.?.v""^  V;  -.  ■' 
1185  Diooylitts,  (i^  Ak^andtia,  bee^ 
Moa^av,.  |ttac  a^/beias  t 
*  toednm  e»u£tly  of  3631  dayi»  five  hoiira  a^  4^  nunutea.  r 
284  Pt«>l^T  PhUa^lphuft  Kii^  of  tf^  ^ittniitlova  icv|imr-tw(» 
^ '  iftts^iiCmlp;  t^aliflate  the  1^^  .Greek 

1anMS<U^ch>sca11e4  tlie  Sej^iiagitt     ^^''[J^>^-f^.<' 
ad^  T1ie1(»ft*«©jWgi«f  filww  a#ltefte-!  ^^^^^;/: 
«5o''WMUieMi^^|tttcaa|M^d^ti^  v 

lao  The  SrA  p,^m!H^  »rn^^«mh%A£fii  atifd^itcmthft^^ 

X70  Eighty  ^otkfaod  j^v;s  maifatr^by  Aqtt»dlniii^^'£pl(ihao(i8. 

maa  ,kintdoii^  .  "^  '- 

1^3  The  gav^ffttttiit^f  ;p^^d# 

146^  Carthluae  Ai»l  QorifttK  rafal  to'lhc'ctouibd  bjr^  lUnfiMtat. 
1^;  i4ln  lM||i4M  ll^^^ 

^p^diiiii  ioto  Brka£ft;  j' ^ 

a4d;kitM;»d^  iir,ft 


5» 


41 


fief.Chrift. 
27  (><5U72U9,b)L»  denscd'b^thiB-fonatei  oboioallii:  title  of  Au^- 
g.uj|u#i.iifli£ii^ihd^<altfailutt  Momfition  ^om  the 
i|«id  l«  proj^ly  the  firt  il^Niii|n  Ehl|KtN^  ,^ 

^8  The  temple  iW«ina»fb  iii(»tl>y  Au|guftut,^a>aB  emblem  g£ 
uaiveEfatY^«fel  apd  JBSUB  eHlti6ti<i)>  fuppofed  to  jiavf: 
f. .   been  boitt  iok^pte^ber,  <m*im^  Mbadv]^  UeccmWr  %5. 

rifCiUfilrdi%tt^(^*i(tthtikeIlodbHia«h^-ten^         ^ 
29  *.i-i..MM.{rMrljmjidj^  in  the  wildcrpe£iir)rJoKa.K  '  <  r  --^ 
.^      .    H     nlfuci^doh  f  ri<Uff  'April  .tf  »r  3  o!*docki  F.  M. 
.  HisJilefatteAftei'mi.  ^dV  dav^  lAs^^i  Hlf  ATccuSioi^jr 

j^.St  PBuic<in^erte4:  ^'I'-'-'-'V' *'    .   .^     v ' 

a9  St.  Matthew  widiesitii  bbipcl.  .  < 

,    V    fPontliii  Pilate  fciiJibiaitfelf.  '      ■ 

40  TKen»iQeofChrifttaiu.firftgi«eiiiKt  Aatioclvto^ 
•     ■   '  .   eM.dfClmft.  ; ;'    ,  '-.;■'•  ,■:,.:•■'•''■■  ^    ^'■^      ■' ■ . 

45  CldiidiQ«Gc^'i^cpedtrioitli}to;Si^ilftt%     ' 

44  St.  Mark  writes  his^Gp^l.  :  ,  .^ 

■  ■  '46 ■■•  CJirillitihfty  earned- !»•»  Spaitf.    - •  •  '^  ■  . ■■ ' ' . * .  ^  ■  '*   ^  .^ ,  ..'•  ■  •■**"''^' 

4^  llipaidg)ii«ii»'|^i^ed<'h^^^ 

j[a  Tlie  e(i3^il  of  the  4poiiU<^«^itt^|e£i*^^ 

ij^  St  I^ufcx  write?  hU  GoI>cl*f?  %  '    V 

.        ^tl^fof  (oi2af^li»^^ptc^  lmt^i^-imH,'  ^     ' 

^n,  iOnferl^iti^tfif^lt  p«^^ 
'iT^  $t.>ctBr.^-6t'^Nul|mt<t9  ^bmhi   .    im-:- 
70  T&iit  tak^t  |tfitw^Ten/whi0^^,4^^ 

■  'ptoiigh'mfuittQf.pt.fti^verifsii'.f..-  M.  .-I  \,vv\.   .'■  ■'•■■-.>:;  I „>■  < 

'  ■   in  97^■■' -  \" .  ■ -"  "■"■''*  '■"i;-<-'*"-       4i.:j%r-|  ,>  ,' 


reoQfc«ra(<i^. 


U^\Mi^ 


:i' 


imx^'^-n. 


mi 


u 


^•"^ii^  Jii;;:^^  *i?^-"\' ' '^'■^^*7\; 


10 


->,*■<,  ,•■* 


/■ 


vji.J^^;';^  tv 


•>t      AH  IMPROVED  tHItOlkdLOdiciiL  tABtl 

Aft.  qhrfft.  ',- ^ 

>»i  The  firlj  wjici^-cpugf^r  at  ir|c<. w^  ^t»i^d 

•gainftAniM^wncrem'aaooinpq^tltefiuliottiMiccneCreedL 

3tiS  Cooftartti^e  xcnmifGs  tKf  ^o'f  Ittipint  from  R6m«  |o  Bf - 

3  «X  Conftatttine  ordei^ j!|  ;l{ic  HmiIim  1^        ^  be  4fJ)royed. 
30^  Thie  Empeit)r  Julian  fttrBan£[pa'tMApoAate»en^ 

vaija^or(l^it4ihf  temple  of  Jferui^lon.    ^  .  ^ 

3^4  The  Romaii^bifejp;  diluted  ia^^      ^atUrt  (^wfitMi' 

to  be  tne  eapitai  ;)  cfa<^  .beii^  kvw'':^»^  toe  govern- 
.  mcntof  di£^ent  Etnperorv. 
Bella  iaV^ebdBy  KKfiop  PauKi 


hj  blffiop  Pautinu*  of  No  la  i^  Campan;a 

Id  nUvD^derir^  by  i^j^^  jciiig  of  ^  Ooth*    ' 


400 

410  Rome  taken  am 

4  X  » '  The  Vandal*  begin  V^^.^  -r .»-j—  ^-t  --r—T 

4^1^  THo  kIng4oii|iprf ranee  begiiu  i»|KMa  tl^  Ii^cr  Rhkie,  under 

■'(';  ; '  _  lPK?rani|^d.     , '  ",', .  .    ,  -   ,   '  ;  !,    '  /    ['  '         , 

i%6  The  RomaiAi  Withdraw  their  troops  ^offi  l^r^juntMAtxeyrost 

retqrn^^yi^ng  the  Bri^Qi,  to^aj^,  in  d^r  i»;n^n  4cfcncc^ 

.  aAd  ti^rt  td  iMir  Qwi|i'vaIop.'^^^^^  ;,        V  ■ 

J^  St.  Patrick  Ijf^aiji  to  preM%  in 'f reWd  i  lif  il|e4  li^Kh/Uxi:^ 

4$'J>agc^x»a  years. 

edtf 


•06  tdhi^rft  lifed  ito  chvrehes.         .   .      ' 
ibe  7 he  potiircr  oitiie  P6t»e  b^o|  hfiW'^ 


^:lriPK(«»> 


'^<=«#ffe^  oCMSi%«&?tr, 
tiieSarMfi^dt&egr.an^ 


in 


"A-: 


r  ^ 


AftChrift. 

7  $'  l%irtj  tbo^i^iuul  hooks  burnt  by  or^er  of  the  Bfnpcror  Lea 
7W'  IV  nupUceJayeffinctii  or  tbcP^nn^rkm^iiitrodttced  into 

i!Rerw|rcli  tMid  t1&  vtOtfn  r  ^jre,  and  cti4i»T0iin  ia 
'  '  vain  to  tjcllorClw^rnp^ 

Jti»  f<%  bf  EHff  }m^#  W^fffuui  into  co^tikhkindrdbi 
and'%tBfim  mi^  fi^)^^^ 
fityaSiSSril«iu^^iit1i^/^     , 
936  The  ^acei|  Em^tire  diTid«<tiilt(»fi^4n9,)cuii^fe,  by  ufiir^ 

940  t^&^lJRabllfl&^inDtnmule. ' 

9'9t  The^liati^liitfHt^etMre  brought  intf!^^  theSa^ 

,  xacentfXcoin  Arabia,.    |i.ette^»of i;!^  Alp^bct  were  bilh- 

1600  npe^niad^d'f  cotton  ri^^fli^^ 

1004'  AU  thcpldchu^chesart^l-ebwl't  aCoUt^  9  netgr  {lyle. 

1015  Chl^f ^  ft^bldtlei^  C>|r law  to  tiel^ld  ^f^^^pitf^um^ 

1 0*5  Mt|%Al  £sunu0ny<m|e4  by  Giiido,  a  Beheduftine  friar. 


•^'■: 


4,07  J  nc^nrj  <vi  jpuipcr^  «i  vfcon^^jr,  1100  inc  r^pw^  quarrel 
, ,  f   ab^ut  thf  noininatioa  of  tb/B  German  bi^ 


ip8o  Tbel^wipr  of 


•$^!i^1 


orsohetni4l»lMtt: 


Kv.'»^j^3/f^gS&Sli»k^  \iSi,v-t  .>'js");>,Ti     ■1%'*%. 


■i  .,.■'4 


j^ti 


>    •  < 


4%o     iiN  IMPROVED  CHROli0LQPl,9AL  TABLE. 

9  SI  J  AfngiltCliiMrta  U  rigiMdb|kM)g  John  tod  tIieiMr«Ai«{  andllbe 
"  '■■•  "-■  ^mkmiag  fwf  hjfpmnttd  to cht  Irifl^bt  ««iry  flf. 
J 117  ThcT»rta>«,  apcw  race  of  b«Th»iiMHi'tt»q»f  JcajMi  KIud, 
emerge  ftomiiKe  noptbern  ]MMil  of  yi^coiM|v<r.tlif  great- 
eft  pert  Kf'tKat  tfonciMMi^lNid  te^MyciratltftN^  upwards 
of  r4iniiti«m««fpcfliile.-^         - »  •  .  , 
a  13  3  The  inquifitkw, VgtMUi  ttott ii^aow  troft^  to  tiie  DtNnin- 
.^    ••  '     ica^^   •  ■• 

Thelioufea  of  I><v:..Joni«iyd  othtr  citin  hk  Snglaml.  Fraote, 
«»«  O««oitit^  llOf  itaiichcd  WitH  Ibav. 
t%g^  Mi;giiffy*ty?^i«re<^nv«^c4  bf llOigv  -  , 

185ft  Th«  Tartar*  tal(«,aa^ad,  irMdtpail^  ^dtt>  the  empir^ 

''ofthC'SaTareotf.*'''  •   •      ■>  ■     -.^: 
1 27 3  liktewpiDe  of  Che  pr^fattMtidMpfifaiRily >c^ iA  Cermanjr. 
ia«0€hlop(m4cr4n!rif«!it%|l(a|e^'88eOB^         v 
%  lit  Llewellyn,  prince  of  Walct»Ief<tated  and  IsiNc^^llfEdwaM  L 

i*^*  i  Vliib  MIH#  t1itC>|i«iOe}|«^ 
tl98  T))eprefiTi|^rktfh«mpirehci:iitoi«8M^ 

SiH^r  hafle^  kut^$,  rpooaa»awl  ciu«i»  a  gir^illURtry.  SpUn* 

Wmemldi>yapot)tMineaoiil^MacoNiS«L      >  ' 

I1i»^9  «^«odihiH«  kurtnred.  ^    '  ^     -^^^^^^^ 
1 300 " Aboy  t  thM^lilne  the  oiiM^crVi  eOi>»p»f»  <!iNifr^r«tilledy  or  im 

prfl«!ed(}1r]}oho<lioi{^V<}»!$'i'l^ 
)le1i#MhV*rmf  of  irM  dftke«if :>U^/tW  k^ 
i^i(t'p^«eed^btV<n«iih»iwt^^ 

IJP7  T>ie-be«i»nii^^«fl*«"«*»'l;^'|^^   >"^-'      ■,:/'.'    ■     ,. 

pioettv  t^'caiHiMlft^likfc^eqptttrmo 

^mtetvffp'r  ■  <'  ''■  ■^':-   ■■  ■  -' ' '"^.  ■"■  *:.:-;:-  ■■' :' 
-  0}l>f||^inr M  ina^^^  0f  by  Jolsn  tSJKtflj.  v- 
.■;ty!rt Thi^^*Ptt«teflli^«i^«'BliiMp#^  ^ ■  ^^- :  "^:- v  ^%^^'-  --"^ 

43iS^>^««^i)y:  <4Hliirtei|  i*eij9m  Mm  4h<;  |iiM^       eftab- 

,-    .  ^  ■  i^(he4i»Lo^^.'^'-~:■'^■•f::'-TV•■ ;  •;'  «'v,-^  -j:;  "''-  ' ', 

-1404:  :^i^:4«iSi^>fey^^ 


*         pu(<^ifed  with  ^ejat ate  wootiert  nr^^  af- 


'\ 


,.-.v.'V.;£--:to,fc:|S|i 
M4^  The  Va?i<faft 

v  \>.^1ie 'Seii^i|r4d^»^S^|^'i 


T 


pnB(rt)g 

i^'««#d«OwiW^^X>^ 
|*.>M    f453  €of^^it»qppte 


4wi;  chfiQt  '  -'.,  ■  '.^-  r,*^T''''*  ■  ■  *'  ' 

;nIic  |«i*Mr*^pif»;- " 
B^40!t  >  aacm4  »  CMimMii,  Mmnu-lliv  aitvfwiqipwv 

kan:  f  iM.  iudgmcm  <tf  (M 
•  9460  Bif|tii«iiii|i fMet^Mt^lfi eoMpMr Jarenitl. 
1471  tHQ\PMi  arithmetic  tuveftM/aM  tl^  »fc  of  T^i|T|li  irif  • 

't48j  Rtelf»r4  llf4l^r««^.B^j^Mi  «S)^^  ManttigeKctm 

(tu^)  If l^l^bklLf^  »Ii>^«c4Jm:  civil  wftcf  bctwen 
thr  hbiiCet  orTmrleaad  LandtiAef.  *. 

X4«^  ^a  MMatfTitiEai^       by  %i^«ulii£|kk««l^ 

i4}t6  Henry  e(lalMtviirj«itf^»<tf«i«^g^^ 

SbtttH  ^t)ca  4ift!6vi»rdl  Ity  i^lkierioNi^C^itiBi,' W  ^   .  // 


*-  > 


;     -1mti»iU,ihNi>brikVA9ef#^Mkiy^  4.    ^ 

.       .  dirt  of  Sptro  in  Oerflwny.  J  ' ' 


ipAi 


■*' 


\;^^^^mmM^hi^ 


J?/ 


r 


..%! 


^•■* 


imMJomii'm^ 


.^565  Putaioet 


'^v^Wt^^ 


*i 


5rl§§E?iS^»i-lsi?j;fi 


boro  in 


i5w^**?^» 


y\ 


.# 


B 


;:i*.v. 


A'-i:  J*. 


Si^'i'l**?^*^ 


^-^i«i^^5«?E^^SSr 


{-',:'■     'I' 


*a«ilfiM^ti|:*>a^ 


y^>^. 


.•*4' 


-,  A 


)|iUli  t^uMtm  to  the 


ji  ■ \^    i  ■  •       '  ,"1    •• 

.  i.  f ;       -..»■■ ''      i»-.i-...  -,  .-  4         .i.1?i,   i»i.^,^  ^;>»-*.';.  ■,  »'a    !l  S^r 


my,  aft«r  an  da^i^«*>«*1j*'t«| 


■<is 


ki^m 


i.^Ci' 


.^W»«"-r   .-j'W5 


gb^^to: 


,:^i^^ 


t:' 


I^^''     . 


jEtrc:;^  Csi;  W    -// 


l6|i|«P^  cdi<^^ff2i|]it#idto«iiify  1^  and 

lit?  the  pM|ff^  1MH^<4;|^«'^«lsU,'«i^(ht>i*^  .Lc«tfs  XFV. 

^1^  Xh^$>yi^iSHiMmii^httn^»S^  to 


\ 


i^.if 


meric^  and  €«ittcd  it  Catedoaia. 

Yali  Ct>lk|;e  cAaMiAied  at  8a]r^«k>kv€onfltAicu^-^reituiT- 
^.  ^^:-'    .^\«d>o'Htw-H«Vjeft, i7'i4.-:. '    ^...-,1;/.  ..-^i  ,i^'^7  ■.*'^'-.'  i^^i 
'■«isa-5^i  Pr.MdS».ef^4J»te-aiynf*oiBs^i7^  ^-■*' ,  ■  a.''.;  ^ 

,  Spct^V  %fe(fc«  propHgit^tcA  of  tlie  0<U'pcl  iiribi^jni  partis , 

,  "u^y     AWneiJi  daufkf  crto  ^tmiat  Jl/vtbcv  tvitti^^  tiie:£f»peror  andt; 
St4|e«  ditiier^W  teili«r»  the. war  a^ainft  France  aAd  Sp»iU' 
i|)M  OIlMfaUca  laken  from  the  Spanlai^bT'Adtilii^ 

«i3'«4  'iheilf^iM^lf  of JJMofi  betittralngbiid^d  Scotland,  ilfmd '. 

1707  The firftBrltrfli TMuliamcRt.         ^^^"-     -     .*  ? 

,  6af4JskM^iift€k4^<S'kingd#i,raAd^i^     the  Culecof 

t9l#  %ce&i>b9e cfnii^littKk  liflHg'M  tnOi'*^  '**• 

•vocable  t^4h4e>mtcr«ilb^etWoth1»r^^rh^^ 
&i  :■'  ^^kfl^ri^lfd^i\xh^tihf4'ShiW9M\fho^iiil^  sir 

,,-,}*■  V     ■  ojfji^dply.oo.toi^/l:- ■  ■  ■"'  ■■      -   ' :  '  ■  '*■' 

iP^JI|if#j^ce  idlflaecthti  «Mi^>lci*fBiiiiliVttid,|s*ATa  ^o* 
tia,  Me!ff  Ihritaih,  wi^iltMtt^gjl  Bk^i^Un  Ko^  Amen^^^ 

9714  <^eiiiMmetti«^al^?a««o^50iauf(Mi A^^         George!. 
iBtma  reduced  to^ii^  per  edit,  in  Bii|JN!ad> 


a;  1 9  Tb«  KliflEifijpui  fcheme  tt  tt»  l^ii^btriii  ffrtnre. 

eieiflMI  «t  Biqpbjr  ^taUict^tt^  dBiB'«ig]|Mii^<yf  ifhUii;  one  wa^ 
work*  3itjQMl»y4»«iti<^l<w<tegfclfcthHt»jl  > 


beiglit  at  the  eatfiiifiMiei  M  ^ila>i(K0k  aUiit Jri^t.  29*. 

Inociilation  ItfA  cried  1kal6«npinlila<»itb  IIm^^ 
jf  »S  North  Ctraim.  ftt»k4lbiRirjhIi  «iiR0  WiN  Xi%Uih. 


"  Kottli  &aai^tirp^the.Pcii&Mthraiaei  cmitte 

•  'lioni  ftcrliag..  ■■  «4&;;- '''•■*(■-''  *"-''.'ir!i.> '-■'••  j^,"-  ' ' 
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f       iMM  CcnjHmhm*,**  iiinl  (til  jift  iif  ^mJMiiijimafhihii  afe      ^'^ 

•  ,  »i, ..  ;r  ^:vBttfii|tr<fir^M»fiushlB(<^ 

1737 /the  eanh  firoved  t4;be  flahediowardiiMl^^l^  "^ 

4(j^.  war^deoardd  ag§iittft  f raiitUtt^^ 
4»01tnzM)#H^Aii|a<^tttAr«|UL.f^ 

army  defeased  fi^  d^e  i^ukc  of  Cumticrlartdi  ^af ^CiiUoden , 
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U^  Xlma  aiid^iUiMi^aibv«d.Up  Irj^aa  4»rth«9»,itir!&v 

•  1.748  The  peace  of '  AijE  la  Chapellc,  by  wWcli  ^^^rjiCHuilton  of  aH 

tf  49.  Tbt:  inl»«ift  oetrue;Bra^  fibdrr^ 

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^;  .%^^bqF''b«raf.ciB>ttntc4|h0iV(^  .',« 

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:  '  W  biiUdmtt ttvni HimiidKf<tdnip».  '» •- -  ^ 

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xJ9'5^,Oneh««<lifdl.iaQdinfipkfirJ^  the  .; 

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go  Vfi  Id  tfeidHMro/  ^^BfqiiiiN^  9ri«h  (Mrfnitioit  for 

ItUmred  liy  die  moA^otliig  rMvin  tlie  cHiMftf  London 
artid.99iidkiv9fMiirjfeir«i»L|ai^  '  «-  ^ 

Fire  Engtiih  Eaft  Indiai9jBO^«ai|4,fifty:.w}gBfi> -lliereit^nfe' 

^;:      flei^ts  of  France  asu^  Spaio,  Aiigl^^  :  .•.,., ^ 

.,  ^     i^ri  ^Si^M|Wfa(lHii^«%,vi43il^         ^MoatOitli*  near 

W^^  V  n]r,i<feap«|.  tp  ltei<tor&yjiiMl  w<m«fi««  Bi%u|^  General 

Tifr  ^Ottlleor^  X«iieif»viiv«i8^^  the 

Tow(^^  orilM^  fKiitit  of  KigK««tliioll»4^ 

'VAi^Uoni».miid«4ii  |RmM^K^b«Ml«  8t>JUIiaa;^Du^^ 

r  ^     ^irertcan  Academy  of  At t»  atuflf 6eik»ffiM>»flli<«jliiJ  «n  3tf tf> 

1^8*  The  Duilfe  »ini^ 

ii«d.Q«n|et*l  :^\igbiim  ¥«hisa»i^^  vR^akeik  hy  tJ»« 
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»ff«  'flw  fNtffti  Iloure  of  Commom  addi«e|U  the  JCnf astmift in)r 

MdttMiiiWric*,  NMvl^il r«ntf'1^li^^^^^ 

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/lktfiMr,|»rofrcuti<m  of^ffimilve  W^ 
cr        '  M^A^Hclir,  «ir  rKr|IUiff^Wrt)Iacibg«h#iM^olced. 

Admiral  Hodney  obtaint  »  vt^lMy-qva^thrVr^cb  (!<et  en* 

A^il  16.' '  TlKf  1>itfnM«netf^«f  lri(^fki«liircM(r4kti^dt 

The  l^ciiKt|^^^Moli'«nd^«ff&foy^^^  tl«i  fiH«l  ii1a4if«Meinent8  xnt 

Tb^  8^i^iar«l«  4cf«ttiMl  ictheif  grdOitf  «lMek*«tY  C^'brattetr 
■'    September  fj.  -•.•-:.r^  ■•',•  v,  -'i- "  \-"' '^  V"  ■'■■  "       * 
;  vTl«iit¥  «ofiek4e«!(%)rt^fi  tb^  t^blk  df.  iVonittiMta^  (be 
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^  Pfo^i JiftnkI  uriMtM  of  ptace  fi^feOWt  PMs;^#ten  tbe  Hj  it-  > 
*      *  il^'atfai  AQ«Wi>%b  etilnmiffidilera.byw^  Ami:- 

'  ^  «^<'»rkiMf'«blmiiM  i<f#«}kilQ^k(l^  by  bf»iBrUM9^^tajcfly  ^ 
tabt  free.  fovvrrign,»nd  independent  htat<ii,(!(it|yi^ 
Sft f  ^«Httaif ^"^nlclwife  pe«e«  bft««^  bk  ^juUMlr  Mk|ic^ 

»> « TAtm«WBcbjfi*.«titl>iil»i»rUiii^^^  xf  ^ 

•  '  B;axtlkaU?n  ?if  the  di^nhfiWtV«lft»^i^  ^^  '^' 

"  -  '^il^^jl«Nillb«r3i<^■<^7  ■»  ■•'  c'--'?»^^>/"?  -^"sf-A  ■''  '  •■ 

The  fir«JbaUo««  iijvf iii«lv1»«'  Montjsoliierr  ^  Ll|<»»  ;  ^r^n  ', 

f>t4  Tlie  dsfi»J*ivc  ireaty  -trfmetlKrtlfteWl??"  iar-Bijtaiia  aqd 

r'        -:  ' laild^> Jl^tiiibiBl  rj^' ■.-■'.,  *^'  ■    >?''-f^-  . 

J785JI  pongirfs  cCreprcfeijittWi*.*w«.»be  e©tin^e<  •f  Uc1mjcI». 

ifM  Gon«Vii<rnm«fr«'Mim£»v««k)^<>f  tbe  l^hud  Stat«9  feiM^Hd  at 
't  ApaMMii»i$fl|HI!^ 

....   lft(ttrre(fi|i>«^a^iffii<iiirttt»4.^ . ^■^- 

Cli^He«  <^}vi»  ir||||^«^pl A  Bofton  and 

Ci>«rlcfk»af  Atiliftifkenfe  of  rlfcdol. 
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cot^rKt*     <n,  wbicii  haifiiict  Men  rMinra  1i|  miki^ft  State*. 

Cooftitution;  march  4.  ...    ..^    -  .      ,M.^ 

ofAiriciica.  r  ':       '      '^    ^'r-^'rij" 

17^  Vi^^andl'Tench.Coiife^tcation,,  in  tbtcl^^mp^  Mar*. 

Ewrft  1  oh>>,  and  rojwtn^iujj^  ^^ibM  pduK<.d,(ii jm  by 

I&i»lv  ThoBHH,. Mi9t«c  M  WoCCItilef »Jk|^chH^ 


ft  df  prance. 


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er«  bjr  the  Ftvattau ;  tM  M«r^w(».va{^  m  cjofe  con^ 

t\it  National  ACenftly,  e^i»fimn|  <if  7.^|  Mntliera,  of 

voiot  of  tbe  iri^tiiM  b^  w|^ 

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